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Moon SM, Kim B, Kim HB. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of antimicrobial usage: the first step for antimicrobial stewardship. Korean J Intern Med 2024; 39:383-398. [PMID: 38715229 PMCID: PMC11076899 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of antimicrobial use patterns is essential for determining key targets for antimicrobial stewardship interventions and evaluating the effectiveness thereof. Accurately identifying antimicrobial use patterns requires quantitative evaluation, which focuses on measuring the quantity and frequency of antimicrobial use, and qualitative evaluation, which assesses the appropriateness, effectiveness, and potential side effects of antimicrobial prescriptions. This paper summarizes the quantitative and qualitative methods used to evaluate antimicrobials, drawing insights from overseas and domestic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mi Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam,
Korea
| | - Bongyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam,
Korea
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Murungi M, Ndagije HB, Kiggundu R, Kesi DN, Waswa JP, Rajab K, Barigye M, Serwanga A, Manirakiza L, Kasujja H, Kaweesi D, Joshi MP, Namugambe J, Konduri N. Antimicrobial consumption surveillance in Uganda: Results from an analysis of national import data for the human health sector, 2018-2021. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:45-51. [PMID: 37926595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) is critical to developing appropriate antimicrobial stewardship interventions. It is a key component of World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance and the Uganda Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan 2018-2023. Our study's objective was to determine the national consumption of all antimicrobials. METHODS Data on all imported antimicrobials were retrieved from paper-based records and entered in the web-based National Drug Authority (NDA) management information system from 2021. The import data for the year is a proxy for nationwide consumption because they account for 95% of all medical products. The NDA authorizes all imports to the country regardless of final distribution in the supply chain. The data were analyzed in accordance with WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes and defined daily dose (DDD) methodology. We also retrieved consumption data for 2018, 2019, and 2020 that were previously submitted by Uganda to WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System. RESULTS In 2021, the average DDD per 1000 inhabitants was 29.02 for all antimicrobials; 80.7% of antimicrobials consumed were oral. Penicillins (27.6%) were the most consumed antimicrobial class, followed by sulfonamides and trimethoprim (15.5%). Based on WHO's Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) antibiotic classification, 62.91% of AMC was from the access class, with watch class averaging 14.51% in the period 2018-2021. Watch class AMC spiked in 2021 (34.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic compared to 2020 (24.29%). Azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were the most consumed watch class antimicrobials in 2021. CONCLUSIONS The relatively high consumption of injectable antimicrobials and year over year increase in watch class AMC requires urgent stewardship interventions. Further work is needed to establish a system for longitudinal AMC surveillance that is well resourced and funded to overcome the challenges of estimation and provide more accurate data on consumption and use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Murungi
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Reuben Kiggundu
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - J P Waswa
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kalidi Rajab
- Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Leonard Manirakiza
- Department of Corporate Planning, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hassan Kasujja
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ddembe Kaweesi
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohan P Joshi
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Juliet Namugambe
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niranjan Konduri
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USA.
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Park S, Kang JE, Choi HJ, Kim CJ, Chung EK, Kim SA, Rhie SJ. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Community Health Systems Perceived by Physicians and Pharmacists: A Qualitative Study with Gap Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E252. [PMID: 31817468 PMCID: PMC6963390 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is one of the most important strategies for managing infectious disease treatment and preventing antimicrobial resistance. The successful implementation of ASP in the community health system (CHS) has been challenging. We evaluated perceptions of current ASP, potential setbacks of ASP implementation, and future demands on ASP services among physicians and pharmacists in the CHS. The qualitative research was conducted through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions with 11 physicians and 11 pharmacists. In addition, a quantitative gap analysis was conducted to assess the different awareness and demands on services of ASP and preferred antimicrobial-related problems (ARP). In overall, perceptions of ASP varied by profession. The identified setbacks were unorganized institutional leadership, the undefined roles of healthcare professionals, a lack of reimbursement, the hierarchical structure of the health system, and the labor-intensive working environment of pharmacy services. Although demands for ASP improvement were similar among professionals, they had different preferences in prioritizing each service item of ASP/ARP development and the profession responsible for each service. Continuous administrative and financial investments, understanding ASP contents, ASP-specific information technology, and interdisciplinary collaboration with good communication among healthcare professions are needed to continue the progression of ASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacy, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.J.C.); (C.-J.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Chung-Jong Kim
- College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.J.C.); (C.-J.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, 260, Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea;
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
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Rodríguez-González A, Zanin M, Menasalvas-Ruiz E. Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics: Can Artificial Intelligence Help Future Global Challenges? An Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance and Impact of Climate Change in Disease Epidemiology. Yearb Med Inform 2019; 28:224-231. [PMID: 31419836 PMCID: PMC6697502 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1677910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an oveiview of the current application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of public health and epidemiology, with a special focus on antimicrobial resistance and the impact of climate change in disease epidemiology. Both topics are of vital importance and were included in the "Ten threats to global health in 2019" report published by the World Health Organization. METHODS We analysed publications that appeared in the last two years, between January 2017 and October 2018. Papers were searched using Google Scholar with the following keywords: public health, epidemiology, machine learning, data analytics, artificial intelligence, disease surveillance, climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and combinations thereof. Selected articles were organised by theme. RESULTS In spite of a large interest in AI generated both within and outside the scientific community, and of the many opinions pointing towards the importance of a better use of data in public health, few papers have been published on the selected topics in the last two years. We identify several potential reasons, including the complexity of the integration of heterogeneous data, and the lack of sound and unbiased validation procedures. CONCLUSIONS As there is a better comprehension of AI and more funding available, artificial intelligence will become not only the centre of attention in informatics, but more importantly the source of innovative solutions for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-González
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Zanin
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernestina Menasalvas-Ruiz
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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