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Kim BR, Hwang HH. Analysis of Major Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of the Elderly in Korea in Preparation for a Super-Aged Society. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159618. [PMID: 35954970 PMCID: PMC9367845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In preparation for the expected super-aged society in 2025, this study attempted to prepare basic data that can help design development measures for the welfare of the elderly so that everyone can prepare for a healthy and happy retirement. Accordingly, the major factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in Korea were verified. To this end, the questionnaire consisted of 22 questions in total, and a mobile survey was conducted between September and October 2021; in total, 250 copies were used for the final analysis, and the following conclusions are derived. The major factors that were found to determine the quality of life of the elderly were age, subjective health status, monthly household income, leisure activities, and health inequality fairness. It was found that the higher the age, the lower the quality of life. Further, the higher the subjective health status, monthly household income, participation in leisure activities, and perceptions of health inequality as fair, the more the quality of life of the elderly was affected. Therefore, policy support such as leisure activity, health programs, and medical welfare services for the elderly and sufficient attention from our society are all required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyang-Hee Hwang
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biohealth-Machinery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-2363-9332
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Sung ES, Lee S, Lee Y, Lee S, Park J. Analysis of energy intakes, physical activities and metabolic syndrome according to the income level in Korean elderly people: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016‒2018. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:28-35. [PMID: 35982627 PMCID: PMC9395252 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To determine the correlations of differences in the income level with the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), energy intake, and physical activity across Korean elderly populations. [Methods] We obtained data from 2,139 elderly individuals (aged >65 years) based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2016‒2018). We analyzed the levels of physical activity (PA) and energy intake using the survey data. Moreover, we analyzed the differences in energy intake and PA levels according to the income level and MetS. [Results] Compared with the non-MetS group, the MetS group displayed significantly higher levels of waist circumference (p=0.000), triglycerides (p=0.000), systolic blood pressure (p=0.000), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.016), and fasting blood glucose (p=0.000) for both high and low income levels. However, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in the MetS group than that in the non-MetS group (p=0.000). The level of smoking in non-MetS men was significantly higher than that in MetS men across all participants (p=0.047). Except carbohydrate intake, the total energy intake (p=0.022), fat intake (p=0.009), and protein intake (p=0.005) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group for high income levels. We obtained similar results for low income levels. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not identify an interaction between the income level and the presence of MetS; however, the total energy, i.e., the level of total energy intake, was significantly lower in participants with low income levels than in those with high income levels. For high income levels, transport PA (p=0.002), vigorous recreational PA (p=0.001), moderate recreational PA (p=0.001), and total PA (p=0.000) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group. For low income levels, moderate occupational PA (p=0.012), transport PA (p=0.018), and total PA ((p=0.000) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group. The total PA, i.e., the level of energy consumption, was significantly lower in the elderly with low income levels than in those with high income levels. [Conclusion] Regardless of the income level, the elderly with MetS exhibited low levels of energy intake and PA, compared with those without MetS. In addition, regardless of the presence of MetS, the elderly with low income levels exhibited lesser energy intake and PA. These findings implied the need for balanced nutrient intake and increased participation in PA as well as education and program development to prevent MetS in the elderly.
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Choi DW, Lee SA, Lee DW, Joo JH, Han KT, Kim S, Park EC. Effect of socioeconomic deprivation on outcomes of diabetes complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study of South Korea. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000729. [PMID: 32611580 PMCID: PMC7332202 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to examine the effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the outcomes of diabetes complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a cohort study using claims data and 2005 national census data. We included of 7510 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM from 2004 to 2012 and aged 40 years or above. We excluded participants who had onset of diabetes complications and hospitalization within 1 year after initial onset T2DM, aged less than 40 years and with missing covariates. We used the regional socioeconomic deprivation index and classified study participants into five categories according to the quintile distribution. We calculated the adjusted HR and 95% CI for hospitalization related to diabetes complications and all-cause mortality by applying Cox proportional hazards model and the adjusted subdistribution hazards model. RESULTS The percentages of participants in the first quintile (least deprived) to fifth quintile (most deprived) were 27.0%, 27.9%, 19.5%, 14.8%, and 10.8% for socioeconomic deprivation; 25.4%, 28.8%, 32.4%, 34.6%, and 37.6% for hospitalization due to diabetes complications; 1.3%, 2.1%, 2.5%, 2.9%, and 3.6% for deaths from diabetes complications; and 5.7%, 7.2%, 9.7%, 9.7%, and 13.1% for deaths from all causes, respectively. Participants with higher socioeconomic deprivation had a higher HR for hospitalization and mortality from all-cause and diabetes complications. These associations were the strongest among men and participants in their 40s in hospitalization related to diabetes complications, 50s in diabetes complications-specific mortality and 50s and 60s in all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Patients with T2DM with high socioeconomic deprivation had higher hospital admission and mortality rates for diabetes complications than those with low deprivation. We cannot fully explain the effect of socioeconomic deprivation on diabetes outcomes. Therefore, further studies are needed in order to find underlying mechanisms for these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woo Choi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Doo Woong Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jae Hong Joo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kyu-Tae Han
- Division of Cancer Management Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - SeungJu Kim
- Department of Nursing, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Department Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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Kim S, Kim H, Lee JT. Interactions between Ambient Air Particles and Greenness on Cause-specific Mortality in Seven Korean Metropolitan Cities, 2008-2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101866. [PMID: 31137847 PMCID: PMC6572360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) and greenness with cause-specific mortality and their interactions in seven Korean metropolitan cities. We obtained the annual standardized cause-specific mortality rates, annual mean concentration of PM10, and annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 73 districts for the period 2008-2016. We used negative binomial regression with city-specific random effects to estimate the association of PM10 and greenness with mortality. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and spatial autocorrelation. We also conducted stratified analyses to investigate whether the association between PM10 and mortality differs by the level of greenness. Our findings suggest an increased risk of all causes examined, except respiratory disease mortality, with high levels of PM10 and decreased risk of cardiovascular-related mortality with a high level of greenness. In the stratified analyses, we found interactions between PM10 and greenness, but these interactions in the opposite direction depend on the cause of death. The effects of PM10 on cardiovascular-related mortality were attenuated in greener areas, whereas the effects of PM10 on non-accidental mortality were attenuated in less green areas. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Kim
- BK21PLUS Program in 'Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction', Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Honghyok Kim
- BK21PLUS Program in 'Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction', Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- BK21PLUS Program in 'Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction', Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Shin HY, Kang HT, Lee JW, Lim HJ. The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Adherence to Health Check-up in Korean Adults, Based on the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Fam Med 2018; 39:114-121. [PMID: 29629044 PMCID: PMC5876046 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2018.39.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the association between socioeconomic status and adherence to health check-ups in a Korean population aged 40 years or older. Methods This cross-sectional study included 12,311 participants who participated in the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess each participant's socioeconomic status (household income, occupation, and education) and adherence to health check-ups. Results Men with a higher income (highest vs. lowest: odds ratio [OR], 1.799; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.296–2.497) and men with a higher education level (≥12 vs. <6 years: OR, 1.488; 95% CI, 1.078–2.054) and office workers compared with manual workers (men: OR, 1.431; 95% CI, 1.077–1.902; women: OR, 1.783; 95% CI, 1.256–2.532) appeared to undergo more health check-ups. In particular, men and women with a higher income and education appeared more likely to undergo opportunistic health check-ups (men: highest vs. lowest income: OR, 2.380; 95% CI, 1.218–4.653; ≥12 vs. <6 years education: OR, 2.121; 95% CI, 1.142–3.936; women: highest vs. lowest income: OR, 4.042; 95% CI, 2.239–7.297; ≥12 vs. <6 years education: OR, 2.475; 95% CI, 1.283–4.775). Conclusion A higher socioeconomic status was associated with a higher rate of participation in health check-ups. More efforts are needed to identify the factors associated with disparity in adherence to health check-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and Institute for Health Promotion, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ji Lim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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Shin HY, Kang HT. Recent Trends in Blood Pressure According to Economic Status: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey From 2005 to 2015. Asia Pac J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539518761482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our study assessed recent blood pressure (BP) trends according to economic status based on data from 2005 to 2015. In total, 56 873 participants were included and were defined as low, middle-low, middle-high, and high according to their house income quartile. In men, the mean systolic BP ( P < .001, β = −1.95; P = .01, β = −0.61; P = .35, β = −0.19; and P = .04, β = −0.47, from the low to the high group, respectively) and diastolic BP were decreased significantly in all groups ( P < .001, β = −2.18; P < .001, β = −0.77; P = .02, β = −0.40; and P < .001, β = −0.69, from the low to the high group, respectively). In women, the decreasing trends in systolic BP and diastolic BP were statistically significant except in the high-income group. In addition, the percentages of less-than-normotensive and less-than-hypertensive BP in both sexes and the control rate of hypertension on antihypertensive medications increased in all groups. Decreasing BP trends were observed in the recent decade and the gap in health inequities has been decreased, particularly in men in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Shin
- Myongji Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-city, Republic of Korea
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Lee J. Health Inequality in Health Checkups. Korean J Fam Med 2018; 39:65-66. [PMID: 29629036 PMCID: PMC5876050 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2018.39.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jungun Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Gunpo, Korea
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Jeon YJ, Kim CR, Park JS, Choi KH, Kang MJ, Park SG, Park YJ. Health inequalities in hypertension and diabetes management among the poor in urban areas: a population survey analysis in south Korea. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:492. [PMID: 27286953 PMCID: PMC4901480 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and diabetes differed by residential areas. In addition, the rate of good hypertension or diabetes control was examined separately in men and women, and in urban and rural areas. METHODS This study used Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination V (2010-2012) data, a nationwide cross-sectional survey of general South Korean population. Residential areas were categorized into urban and rural areas. To examine differences between the residential areas in terms of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and diabetes we performed a multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking, marital status, monthly income, and educational level. To investigate control of hypertension or diabetes within each residential area, we performed a subgroup analysis in both urban and rural areas. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension is higher among men in urban areas than among those in rural areas (OR = 0.80; 95 % CI = 0.67-0.96, reference group = urban areas). However, the subgroups did not differ in terms of diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Regardless of both sex and residential area, participants in good control of their hypertension and diabetes were younger. Inequality in good control of hypertension was observed in men who lived in urban (≤Elementary school, OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.60-0.92) and rural areas (≤Elementary school, OR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.46-0.99). Inequality in health status was found in women who resided in urban areas (≤Elementary school, OR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.37-0.75). Good control of diabetes also showed inequalities in health status for both men (≤Elementary school, OR 0.61, 95 % CI 0.40-0.94; Middle/High school, OR 0.69, 95 % CI 0.49-0.96) and women in urban areas (≤1 million won, OR 0.56, 95 % CI 0.33-0.93) (Reference group = '≥College' for education and '>3 million' Korean won for income). CONCLUSIONS After correction for individual socioeconomic status, differences by residential area were not observed. However, when the participants with good disease control were divided by region, inequality was confirmed in urban residents. Therefore, differentiated health policies to resolve individual and regional health inequalities are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jee Jeon
- Department of Family Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Reen Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Sung Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Choi
- Center for Health Promotion and Cancer Prevention, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Joo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Guk Park
- Departments of Family Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Jun JH, Yoo JE, Lee JA, Kim YS, Sunwoo S, Kim BS, Yook JH. Anemia after gastrectomy in long-term survivors of gastric cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2016; 28:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Khang YH, Kim HR. Socioeconomic Inequality in mortality using 12-year follow-up data from nationally representative surveys in South Korea. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:51. [PMID: 27001045 PMCID: PMC4802872 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigations into socioeconomic inequalities in mortality have rarely used long-term mortality follow-up data from nationally representative samples in Asian countries. A limited subset of indicators for socioeconomic position was employed in prior studies on socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in mortality using follow-up 12-year mortality data from nationally representative samples of South Koreans. Methods A total of 10,137 individuals who took part in the 1998 and 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were linked to mortality data from Statistics Korea. Of those individuals, 1,219 (12.1 %) had died as of December 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relative risks of mortality according to a wide range of socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators after taking into account primary sampling units, stratification, and sample weights. Results Our analysis showed strong evidence that individuals with disadvantaged SEP indicators had greater all-cause mortality risks than their counterparts. The magnitude of the association varied according to gender, age group, and specific SEP indicators. Cause-specific analyses using equivalized income quintiles showed that the magnitude of mortality inequalities tended to be greater for cardiovascular disease and external causes than for cancer. Conclusion Inequalities in mortality exist in every aspect of SEP indicators, both genders, and age groups, and four broad causes of deaths. The South Korean economic development, previously described as effective in both economic growth and relatively equitable income distribution, should be scrutinized regarding its impact on socioeconomic mortality inequalities. Policy measures to reduce inequalities in mortality should be implemented in South Korea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0341-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Khang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryun Kim
- Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, South Korea
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Lee H, Kim BH. Physical activity disparities by socioeconomic status among metabolic syndrome patients: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:10-4. [PMID: 26933654 PMCID: PMC4771146 DOI: 10.12965/jer.150269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an important role in preventing further progression of metabolic syndrome conditions to cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. This study investigated physical activity disparities by socioeconomic status among metabolic syndrome patients. The fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012) data were analyzed (n=19,831). A revised definition of the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was used for screening metabolic syndrome patients. Using International Physical Activity Questionnaire, physical activity adherence was defined as participating in 150+ minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, 75+ minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. Socioeconomic status was measured by level of education and house-hold income. Among metabolic syndrome patients, physical activity adherence rate of first (lowest), second, third, and fourth quartile house-hold income group were 28.31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.14–30.28%), 34.68% (95% CI, 32.71–36.70), 37.44% (95% CI, 35.66–39.25), and 43.79% (95% CI, 41.85–45.75). Physical activity adherence rate of groups with elementary or lower, middle-school, high-school, and college or higher education degree were 25.17% (95% CI, 22.95–27.54), 38.2% (95% CI, 35.13–41.00), 39.60% (95% CI, 38.24–41.77), and 36.89% (95% CI, 35.77–38.03), respectively. This study found that physical activity adherence rate was lower in socioeconomically disadvantaged metabolic syndrome patients, which may aggravate health inequity status of Korean society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Lee
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
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Choi KH, Kim DH. Trend of Suicide Rates According to Urbanity among Adolescents by Gender and Suicide Method in Korea, 1997-2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5129-42. [PMID: 25985313 PMCID: PMC4454959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to quantifiably evaluate the trend of the suicide rate among Korean adolescents from 1997 to 2012 according to urbanity. We used national death certificates and registration population data by administrative district for 15–19 years-old adolescents. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were estimated by the Joinpoint Regression Program. The suicide rate in the rural areas was higher than that in the urban areas in both genders (males (/100,000), 12.2 vs. 8.5; females (/100,000), 10.2 vs. 7.4 in 2012). However, the trend significantly increased only in the urban area (AAPC [95% CI]: males 2.6 [0.7, 4.6], females 3.3 [1.4, 5.2]). In urban areas, the suicide rate by jumping significantly increased in both genders (AAPC [95% CI]: males, 6.7 [4.3, 9.1]; females, 4.5 [3.0, 6.1]). In rural areas, the rate by self-poisoning significantly decreased by 7.9% per year for males (95% CI: −12.5, −3.0) and the rate by hanging significantly increased by 10.1% per year for females (95% CI: 2.6, 18.2). The trend and methods of suicide differ according to urbanity; therefore, a suicide prevention policy based on urbanity needs to be established for adolescents in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Hallym Research Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Hallym Research Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea.
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea.
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Kim C, Cho Y. Working conditions and leisure-time physical activity among waged workers in South Korea: A cross-sectional study. J Occup Health 2015; 57:259-67. [PMID: 25752656 DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0028-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although waged workers' working conditions have notably diversified in South Korea, there is little research addressing this issue. This study explores the relationship between working conditions and engagement in leisure-time physical activities (LTPA) among waged workers in South Korea. METHODS Data from 19- to 64-year-old waged workers (men=2,562, women=1,627) from the 11th wave of the Korean Income and Labor Panel Study were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between LTPA and working conditions by gender. RESULTS More than 75% of employed persons did not participate in any type of LTPA. For male workers, those in manual, precarious, overtime, and non-shift positions were less likely to engage in LTPA, while for female workers, only manual and overtime work positions were significant factors influencing a low level of LTPA. CONCLUSIONS Some negative work-related factors were associated with low LTPA, especially for male workers. Further studies should be conducted to clarify the pathways and barriers precluding engagement in LTPA due to work-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungah Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University
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Min JW. Trends in income-related health inequalities in self-assessed health in Korea, 1998-2011. Glob Public Health 2014; 9:1053-66. [PMID: 25096263 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2014.931448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses income-related health inequalities in self-assessed health (SAH) and its trend from 1998 to 2011 in Korea that covers important time periods of financial crisis and post-crisis. Data came from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2011. A population-representative sample aged 46 years and older was analysed. SAH was used as an indicator of health status, with household equivalence income as a proxy for socio-economic position. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of SAH were analysed to estimate both absolute and relative measures of health inequalities and the trend over time by the relative index of inequality (RII) and the slope index of inequality (SII). Results indicated that the highest level of health inequalities was found among men aged 46-59 years, especially in 2001 and 2005. For men, there was no clear, consistent pattern of increase or decrease in the trend over time. On the other hand, increasing trends in the RII and SII were found for women, except for women aged 46-59 years who reported a decreasing trend in the SII. Trends in health inequalities over time were influenced by economic crisis, demonstrating the need for macro-level economic policies as well as health policies addressing health gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Min
- a School of Social Work , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
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15
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Shim E, Cho Y. Widening social disparities in alcohol-attributable deaths among Korean men aged 40–59 years during the transitional period of the economic crisis (1995–2005). Int J Public Health 2013; 58:521-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kim HS, Shin DW, Lee WC, Kim YT, Cho B. National screening program for transitional ages in Korea: a new screening for strengthening primary prevention and follow-up care. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27 Suppl:S70-5. [PMID: 22661875 PMCID: PMC3360178 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.s.s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening can effectively reduce mortality and morbidity in some diseases. In Korea, a practical national screening program for chronic disease was launched in 1995 and several problems were discussed. The program focused primarily on disease detection without follow-up care. In addition, the test items were uniform regardless of subject's age, sex, or risk factors; and people with low socioeconomic status were excluded. To improve the quality of program, a new national screening program called the "National Screening Program for Transitional Ages (NSPTA)" was initiated in 2007. It targeted two age groups, ages 40 and 66, because these ages are important transition periods in one's lifecycle. Follow-up care and education for lifestyle modification has been intensified; screening tests for mental health problems and osteoporosis have been introduced. The pool of eligible participants has been expanded to include people supported by Medicaid. This review aimed to describe the contents, process, and characteristics of the NSPTA and to compare it with the previous program. In addition, some preliminary results from 2007 to 2009 were presented. Lastly, we suggest several points that need to be considered to improve the program such as enhancement of participation rates, necessity of specialized committee and research for current screening program to be supported by evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Su Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Taek Kim
- Division of Chronic Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Belong Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Khang YH, Lee SI. Health inequalities policy in Korea: current status and future challenges. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27 Suppl:S33-40. [PMID: 22661869 PMCID: PMC3360172 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.s.s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, health inequalities have become an important public health concern and the subject of both research and policy attention in Korea. Government reports, as well as many epidemiological studies, have provided evidence that a wide range of health outcomes and health-related behaviors are socioeconomically patterned, and that the magnitude of health inequalities is even increasing. However, except for the revised Health Plan 2010 targets for health equity, few government policies have explicitly addressed health inequalities. Although a number of economic and social policies may have had an impact on health inequalities, such impact has scarcely been evaluated. In this review, we describe the current status of research and policy on health inequalities in Korea. We also suggest future challenges of approaches and policies to reduce health inequalities and highlight the active and intensive engagement of many policy sectors and good evidence for interventions that will make meaningful reduction of health inequalities possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Khang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Blakely T, Pega F, Nakamura Y, Beaglehole R, Lee L, Tukuitonga CF. Health status and epidemiological capacity and prospects: WHO Western Pacific Region. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:1109-21. [PMID: 21343183 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article on the state of epidemiology in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) is the first in a series of eight articles commissioned by the International Epidemiological Association (IEA) to identify global opportunities to promote the development of epidemiology. METHODS Global mortality and disease data were used to summarize the burden of mortality, disease, risk factor and patterns of inequalities in the region. Medline bibliometrics were used to estimate epidemiological publication output by country. Key informant surveys, Internet and literature searches and author knowledge and networks were used to elicit perspectives on epidemiological training, research, funding and workforce. Findings The WPR has the lowest age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) rate per 1000 of the six WHO regions, with non-communicable disease making the largest percentage contributions in both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs, 68%) and high-income countries (HICs, 84%) in the WPR. The number of Medline-indexed epidemiological research publications per year was greatest for Japan, Australia and China. However, the rate per head of population was greatest for Micronesia and New Zealand. The substantive focus of research roughly equated with burden of disease patterns. Research capacity (staff, funding, infrastructure) varies hugely between countries. Epidemiology training embedded within academic Masters of Public Health programmes is the dominant vehicle for training in most countries. Field epidemiology and in-service training are also common. The Pacific Island countries and territories, because of sparse populations over large distances and chronic workforce and funding capacity problems, rely on outside agencies (e.g. WHO, universities) for provision of training. Cross-national networks and collaborations are increasing. CONCLUSION Communicable disease surveillance and research need consolidation (especially in eastern Asian WPR countries), and non-communicable disease epidemiological capacity requires strengthening to match disease trends. Capacity and sustainability of both training and research within LMICs in WPR are ongoing priorities. China in particular is advancing quickly. One role for the IEA in building capacity is facilitating collaborative networks within WPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Blakely
- Health Inequalities Research Programme, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
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HONG JIHYUNG, KNAPP MARTIN, McGUIRE ALISTAIR. Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviour: a 10-year trend following economic crisis. World Psychiatry 2011; 10:40-4. [PMID: 21379355 PMCID: PMC3048505 DOI: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of health inequalities has steadily gained attention in South Korea, as income inequality widened and social polarization increased following the country's economic crisis in the late 1990s. While official figures indicate a general trend of worsening mental health, with rapidly rising rates of suicide and depression in particular, the extent of socio-economic inequality with respect to mental health problems has not been well elucidated. This study aimed to measure income-related inequalities in depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in South Korea and to trace their changes over a 10-year period (1998-2007). The concentration index approach was employed to quantify the degree of income-related inequalities, using four waves of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The study found persistent pro-rich inequality in depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts over the past decade (i.e., individuals with higher incomes were less likely to have these conditions). The inequalities actually doubled over this period. These findings imply a need for expanded social protection policies for the less privileged in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIHYUNG HONG
- London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - MARTIN KNAPP
- London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, WC2A 2AE, UK,King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry,
London, UK
| | - ALISTAIR McGUIRE
- London School of Economics, Houghton Street,
London, WC2A 2AE, UK
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Kim M, Chung W, Lim S, Yoon S, Lee J, Kim E, Ko L. [Socioeconomic inequity in self-rated health status and contribution of health behavioral factors in Korea]. J Prev Med Public Health 2010; 43:50-61. [PMID: 20185983 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study is investigated socioeconomic variations in self-rated health status and contribution of health behavioral factors in Korea. METHODS A nationally representative sample (2,800 men and 3,230 women aged 20-64 years) from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Self-rated health was lower among lower socioeconomic groups compared with higher socioeconomic groups, with gender being irrelevant. This association was attenuated when health behavioral and socio-demographic factors were adjusted. When each health behavioral factor was considered separately, mediators such as smoking in men, and stress or exercise in women explained a large part of the decreased socioeconomic health inequalities. CONCLUSIONS In Korea, subjective health inequalities arise from different socioeconomic status, but this difference is decreased by health behavioral factors. Therefore, socioeconomic inequity in self-rated health status can be corrected more effectively by promotional health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Korea
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Seo JH, Kim H, Shin YJ. [Analysis for the impact of adulthood and childhood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility on adulthood health]. J Prev Med Public Health 2010; 43:138-50. [PMID: 20383047 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are at least three conceptual models for the effects of the childhood social environment on adult health: the critical period model, the social mobility model, and the cumulative risk model. However, few studies have investigated all three different models within the same setting. This study aims to examine the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility over the life course on the health in adulthood based both on the critical period model and the social mobility model. METHODS This study was conducted on 9583 adults aged between 25 and 64 years old and they were the respondents to the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2006). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out, using the critical period model and the social mobility model out of the life course approaches, to look into the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility on the health status in adulthood. RESULTS Household income and occupation out of the adulthood socioeconomic position indicators had an independent influence on the adulthood health status. The childhood socioeconomic position indicators, except for the place of childhood residence, affected the adulthood health status even after adjustment for the adulthood socioeconomic position. The effect of intergenerational social mobility was also statistically significant even after adjusting for the adulthood socioeconomic position, but it became insignificant when the childhood socioeconomic position was additionally adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS Adulthood health is indeed affected by both the childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions as well as intergenerational social mobility. This result shows that a life course approach needs to be adopted when dealing with health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea
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