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Shi X, Yu X, Yang L, Duan X. Ethyl acetate extract of Gastrodia elata protects Caenorhabditis elegans from oxidative stress and amyloid β peptide toxicity. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:405. [PMID: 37522064 PMCID: PMC10375435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history, which has numerous pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and protection of nerves. The present study investigated the regulatory effect of ethyl acetate extract of Gastrodia elata (EEGE) on the β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). First, the main components of EEGE were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the total phenols, total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity of EEGE were determined. Next, the regulation effect of EEGE on Aβ-induced toxicity of C. elegans was evaluated through experiments on nematode paralysis, lifespan, oxidative and heat stress, locomotor ability, reproductive ability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, Aβ aggregation test, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Finally, the mechanism of EEGE was elucidated using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the expression levels of related genes were verified using quantitative PCR. The present study revealed that the main components of EEGE included phosphorylated (p)-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane, possessing strong in vitro free radical scavenging and reducing abilities. In addition, after the intervention of EEGE, the paralysis of nematodes could be delayed, the survival time of the nematodes was prolonged, the survival rate of the nematodes under stress (high temperature and oxidation) conditions was improved, the activity capacity and reproductive capacity of the nematodes were improved, the activities of SOD and CAT were improved and the levels of ROS and MDA were reduced. Notably, EEGE directly inhibited Aβ plaque aggregation in nematodes. RNA-Seq analysis showed that EEGE regulated metabolism and longevity-related genes, and these genes were regulated by the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that the regulatory mechanism of EEGE was significantly related to the IIS pathway. The present research results demonstrated that the protective effect of EEGE on transgenic C. elegans was to reduce Aβ protein aggregation, improve the in vivo antioxidant level, effectively remove free radicals and to regulate the expression of genes related to IIS pathway, thereby reducing Aβ-induced toxicity and delaying nematode paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhi Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Liping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Tan W, Qi L, Hu X, Tan Z. Research progress in traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921794. [PMID: 36506569 PMCID: PMC9729772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world's leading cause of dementia and has become a huge economic burden on nations and families. However, the exact etiology of AD is still unknown, and there are no efficient medicines or methods to prevent the deterioration of cognition. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made important contributions in the battle against AD based on the characteristics of multiple targets of TCM. This study reviewed the treatment strategies and new discoveries of traditional Chinese medicine in current research, which may be beneficial to new drug researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Tan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingjun Qi
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenghuai Tan
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Lee SH, Choi BY, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park MK, Lee SH, Choi HC, Song HK, Suh SW. Combined Treatment of Dichloroacetic Acid and Pyruvate Increased Neuronal Survival after Seizure. Nutrients 2022; 14:4804. [PMID: 36432491 PMCID: PMC9698956 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During seizure activity, glucose and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are significantly decreased in the brain, which is a contributing factor to seizure-induced neuronal death. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) has been shown to prevent cell death. DCA is also known to be involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a gatekeeper of glucose oxidation, as a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor. To confirm these findings, in this study, rats were given a per oral (P.O.) injection of DCA (100 mg/kg) with pyruvate (50 mg/kg) once per day for 1 week starting 2 h after the onset of seizures induced by pilocarpine administration. Neuronal death and oxidative stress were assessed 1 week after seizure to determine if the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA increased neuronal survival and reduced oxidative damage in the hippocampus. We found that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA showed protective effects against seizure-associated hippocampal neuronal cell death compared to the vehicle-treated group. Treatment with combined pyruvate and DCA after seizure may have a therapeutic effect by increasing the proportion of pyruvate converted to ATP. Thus, the current research demonstrates that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA may have therapeutic potential in seizure-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Sports Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- College of Medicine, Neurology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- College of Medicine, Neurology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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4
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Huang H, Zhang Y, Yao C, He Q, Chen F, Yu H, Lu G, Jiang N, Liu X. The effects of fresh Gastrodia elata Blume on the cognitive deficits induced by chronic restraint stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:890330. [PMID: 36105220 PMCID: PMC9464977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.890330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is a classic animal model of stress that can lead to various physiological and psychological dysfunctions, including systemic neuroinflammation and memory deficits. Fresh Gastrodia elata Blume (FG), the unprocessed raw tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume, has been reported to alleviate the symptoms of headache, convulsions, and neurodegenerative diseases, while the protective effects of FG on CRS-induced cognitive deficits remain unclear. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of FG on CRS-induced cognitive deficits through multiplex animal behavior tests and to further explore the related mechanism by observing the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins in the mouse hippocampus. In in vivo experiments, mice were subjected to the object location recognition test (OLRT), new object recognition test (NORT), Morris water maze test (MWMT), and passive avoidance test (PAT) to evaluate the learning and memory ability. In in vitro experiments, the expression of the AKT/CREB pathway, the fission- and apoptosis-related proteins (Drp1, Cyt C, and BAX), and the proinflammatory cytokines’ (TNF‐α and IL‐1β) level in the hippocampus was examined. Our results demonstrated that in spontaneous behavior experiments, FG significantly improved the cognitive performance of CRS model mice in OLRT (p < 0.05) and NORT (p < 0.05). In punitive behavior experiments, FG shortened the escape latency in long-term spatial memory test (MWMT, p < 0.01) and prolonged the latency into the dark chamber in non-spatial memory test (PAT, p < 0.01). Biochemical analysis showed that FG treatment significantly suppressed CRS‐induced Cyt C, Drp1, and BAX activation (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), promoted the CREB, p-CREB, AKT, and p-AKT level (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001), and inhibited the CRS‐induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐1β, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) level in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results suggested that FG could attenuate cognitive deficits induced by CRS on multiple learning and memory behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yao
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghu He
- Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Han Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Xinmin Liu,
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Xinmin Liu,
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Para-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Delays the Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Models of Caenorhabditis elegans through Activating Multiple Cellular Protective Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8986287. [PMID: 35401930 PMCID: PMC8989581 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8986287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata (commonly called “Tianma” in Chinese) has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, headache, and dizziness. Phenolic compounds, such as gastrodin, para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and vanillin are the main bioactive components isolated from Gastrodia elata. These compounds not only are structurally related but also share similar pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and effects on the treatment of aging-related diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on neurodegenerative diseases and aging in models of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results showed that HBA effectively delayed the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease in models of C. elegans. In addition, HBA could increase the average lifespan of N2 worms by more than 25% and significantly improve the age-related physiological functions of worms. Moreover, HBA improved the survival rate of worms under stresses of oxidation, heat, and pathogenic bacteria. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that HBA could activate FOXO/DAF-16 and SKN-1 to regulate antioxidative and xenobiotic metabolism pathway. HBA could also activate HSF-1 to regulate proteostasis maintenance pathway, mitochondrial unfolded stress response, endoplasmic stress response and autophagy pathways. The above results suggest that HBA activated multiple cellular protective pathways to increase stress resistance and protect against aging and aging-related diseases. Overall, our study indicates that HBA is a potential candidate for future development of antiaging pharmaceutical application.
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Guo P, Zhang B, Zhao J, Wang C, Wang Z, Liu A, Du G. Medicine-Food Herbs against Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Their Traditional Functional Features, Substance Basis, Clinical Practices and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030901. [PMID: 35164167 PMCID: PMC8839204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that currently has reached epidemic proportions among elderly populations around the world. In China, available traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) that organically combine functional foods with medicinal values are named “Medicine Food Homology (MFH)”. In this review, we focused on MFH varieties for their traditional functional features, substance bases, clinical uses, and mechanisms of action (MOAs) for AD prevention and treatment. We consider the antiAD active constituents from MFH species, their effects on in vitro/in vivo AD models, and their drug targets and signal pathways by summing up the literature via a systematic electronic search (SciFinder, PubMed, and Web of Science). In this paper, several MFH plant sources are discussed in detail from in vitro/in vivo models and methods, to MOAs. We found that most of the MFH varieties exert neuroprotective effects and ameliorate cognitive impairments by inhibiting neuropathological signs (Aβ-induced toxicity, amyloid precursor protein, and phosphorylated Tau immunoreactivity), including anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, antiautophagy, and antiapoptosis, etc. Indeed, some MFH substances and their related phytochemicals have a broad spectrum of activities, so they are superior to simple single-target drugs in treating chronic diseases. This review can provide significant guidance for people’s healthy lifestyles and drug development for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.G.); (B.Z.); (J.Z.); (C.W.); (Z.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.D.)
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Chen X, Drew J, Berney W, Lei W. Neuroprotective Natural Products for Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1309. [PMID: 34070275 PMCID: PMC8225186 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the number one neurovegetative disease, but its treatment options are relatively few and ineffective. In efforts to discover new strategies for AD therapy, natural products have aroused interest in the research community and in the pharmaceutical industry for their neuroprotective activity, targeting different pathological mechanisms associated with AD. A wide variety of natural products from different origins have been evaluated preclinically and clinically for their neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and attenuating the multifactorial pathologies of AD. This review mainly focuses on the possible neuroprotective mechanisms from natural products that may be beneficial in AD treatment and the natural product mixtures or extracts from different sources that have demonstrated neuroprotective activity in preclinical and/or clinical studies. It is believed that natural product mixtures or extracts containing multiple bioactive compounds that can work additively or synergistically to exhibit multiple neuroprotective mechanisms might be an effective approach in AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Joshua Drew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Wren Berney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
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Heese K. Gastrodia elata Blume (Tianma): Hope for Brain Aging and Dementia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8870148. [PMID: 33424999 PMCID: PMC7781687 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8870148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since aging-related diseases, including dementia, represent major public health threats to our society, physician-scientists must develop innovative, interdisciplinary strategies to open new avenues for development of alternative therapies. One such novel approach may lie in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata, tianma) is a TCM frequently used for treatment of cerebrocardiovascular diseases (CCVDs). Recent studies of G. elata-based treatment modalities, which have investigated its pharmacologically relevant activity, potential efficacy, and safety, have employed G. elata in well-characterized, aging-related disease models, with a focus on models of aging-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, I examine results from previous studies of G. elata, as well as related herbal preparations and pure natural products, as prophylaxis and remedies for aging-related CCVDs and dementia. Concluding, data suggest that tianma treatment may be used as a promising complementary therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133791, Republic of Korea
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Ma Y, Yang MW, Li XW, Yue JW, Chen JZ, Yang MW, Huang X, Zhu LL, Hong FF, Yang SL. Therapeutic Effects of Natural Drugs on Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1355. [PMID: 31866858 PMCID: PMC6904940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized as a chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with aging. The clinical manifestations of AD include latent episodes of memory and cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders, as well as limited activities in daily life. In developed countries, AD is now acknowledged as the third leading cause of death, following cardiovascular disease and cancer. The pathogenesis and mechanism of AD remain unclear, although some theories have been proposed to explain AD, such as the theory of β-amyloid, the theory of the abnormal metabolism of tau protein, the theory of free radical damage, the theory of the inflammatory response, the theory of cholinergic damage, etc. Effective methods to predict, prevent or reverse AD are unavailable, and thus the development of new, efficient therapeutic drugs has become a current research hot spot worldwide. The isolation and extraction of active components from natural drugs have great potential in treating AD. These drugs possess the advantages of multiple targets in multiple pathways, fewer side effects and a long duration of curative effects. This article summaries the latest research progress regarding the mechanisms of natural drugs in the treatment of AD, providing a review of the literature and a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Man-Wen Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Wei Yue
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Zong Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mei-Wen Yang
- Department of Nurse, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lian-Lian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fen-Fang Hong
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Transformation Mechanisms of Chemical Ingredients in Steaming Process of Gastrodia elata Blume. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173159. [PMID: 31480235 PMCID: PMC6749462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the transformation mechanisms of free gastrodin and combined gastrodin before and after steaming of Gastrodia elata (G. elata), a fresh G. elata sample was processed by the traditional steaming method prescribed by Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 version), and HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS method was used to identify the chemical composition in steamed and fresh G. elata. Finally, 25 components were identified in G. elata based on the characteristic fragments of the compounds and the changes of the 25 components of fresh and steamed G. elata were compared by the relative content. Hydrolysis experiments and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of 10 monomer compounds simulating the G. elata steaming process were carried out for the first time. As a result, hydrolysis experiments proved that free gastrodin or p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol could be obtained by breaking ester bond or ether bond during the steaming process of G. elata. Enzymatic experiments showed that steaming played an important role in the protection of gastrodin, confirming the hypothesis that steaming can promote the conversion of chemical constituents of G. elata—inhibiting enzymatic degradation. This experiment clarified the scientific mechanism of the traditional steaming method of G. elata and provided reference for how to apply G. elata decoction to some extent.
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Optimal Extraction Study of Gastrodin-Type Components from Gastrodia Elata Tubers by Response Surface Design with Integrated Phytochemical and Bioactivity Evaluation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030547. [PMID: 30717352 PMCID: PMC6384970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata tuber (GET) is a popular traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was performed to optimize the extraction parameters of gastrodin-type components (gastrodin, gastrodigenin, parishin A, parishin B, parishin C and parishin E). Different from the conventional studies that merely focused on the contents of phytochemical, we gave consideration to both quantitative analysis of the above six components by HPLC and representative bioactivities of GET, including antioxidation and protection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Four independent variables (ethanol concentration, liquid-material ratio, soaking time and extraction time) were investigated with the integrated evaluation index of phytochemical contents. With the validation experiments, the optimal extraction parameters were as follows: ethanol concentration of 41%, liquid–solid ratio of 28.58 mL/g, soaking time of 23.91 h and extraction time of 46.60 min. Under the optimum conditions, the actual standardized comprehensive score was 1.8134 ± 0.0110, which was in accordance with the predicted score of 1.8100. This firstly established method was proved to be feasible and reliable to optimize the extraction parameters of the bioactive components from GET. Furthermore, it provides some reference for the quality control and extraction optimization of TCMs.
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Novel Strategies Using Total Gastrodin and Gastrodigenin, or Total Gastrodigenin for Quality Control of Gastrodia elata. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020270. [PMID: 29382151 PMCID: PMC6017842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for treatment of various neuro dysfunctions. However, its quality control is still limited to the determination of gastrodin. In the present study, two novel strategies based on quantitative evaluation of total gastrodin and gastrodigenin with base hydrolysis and total gastrodigenin with base-enzymatic hydrolysis followed by HPLC-FLD were put forward and successfully applied to evaluate the quality of 47 batches of G. elata from eight localities. Meanwhile, a systematic comparison of the novel strategy with the multiple markers and the Pharmacopeia method was performed. The results showed that the parishins category could be completely hydrolyzed to gastrodin by sodium hydroxide solution, and gastrodin could further utterly hydrolyze to gastrodigenin with β-d-glucosidase buffer solution. The contents of total gastrodin and gastrodigenin ranged from 1.311% to 2.034%, and total gastrodigenin from 0.748% to 1.120% at the eight localities. From the comparison, we can conclude that the two novel strategies can comprehensively reveal the characteristics of overall active ingredients in G. elata for quality control. The present study provides a feasible and credible strategy for the quality control of G. elata, suggesting a revision of the latest Chinese Pharmacopoeia or European Pharmacopoeia methods for the modernization of G. elata use.
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Chen KH, Yeh MH, Livneh H, Chen BC, Lin IH, Lu MC, Tsai TY, Yeh CC. Association of traditional Chinese medicine therapy and the risk of dementia in patients with hypertension: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:178. [PMID: 28356117 PMCID: PMC5372260 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hypertension (HTN) reportedly have a higher risk of developing dementia. However, it remains unclear if use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the most common form of complementary and alternative medicine, can help lower the risk of dementia for these patients. So the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of TCM on dementia risk among patients with hypertension. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study used the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to identify 143,382 newly diagnosed hypertension patients aged 20-90 years who received treatment between 1998 and 2007. Among them, 52,365 (36.52%) had received TCM after the onset of hypertension (TCM users), and the remaining 91,017 patients (63.48%) were designated as a control group (non-TCM users). All enrollees were followed until the end of 2012 to record the incidence of dementia. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compute the hazard ratio (HR) of dementia in patients who received TCM. RESULTS During the 15-year follow-up, 3933 TCM users and 10,316 non-TCM users developed dementia, representing an incidence rate of 8.41 and 11.55%, respectively, per 1000 person-years. TCM users had a significantly reduced risk of dementia compared to non-TCM users (adjusted HR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74-0.81). The predominant effect was observed among those treated with TCM longer than 180 days (adjusted HR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.62-0.69). Among the commonly used TCM products, Tian-Ma-Gou-Teng-Yin, Dan-Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Chuan-Niu-Xi (Radix Cyathulae), Ge-Gen (Radix Puerariae), Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, and Jue-Ming-Zi (Semen Cassiae) were significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS Results from this population-based study support the effects of TCM on reducing dementia risk, which may provide a reference for dementia prevention strategies.
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Liu Z, Wang W, Feng N, Wang L, Shi J, Wang X. Parishin C's prevention of Aβ 1-42-induced inhibition of long-term potentiation is related to NMDA receptors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:189-97. [PMID: 27175329 PMCID: PMC4857013 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizome of Gastrodia elata (GE), a herb medicine, has been used for treatment of neuronal disorders in Eastern Asia for hundreds of years. Parishin C is a major ingredient of GE. In this study, the i.c.v. injection of soluble Aβ1–42 oligomers model of LTP injury was used. We investigated the effects of parishin C on the improvement of LTP in soluble Aβ1–42 oligomer–injected rats and the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms. Parishin C (i.p. or i.c.v.) significantly ameliorated LTP impairment induced by i.c.v. injection of soluble Aβ1–42 oligomers. In cultured hippocampal neurons, soluble Aβ1–42 oligomers significantly inhibited NMDAR currents while not affecting AMPAR currents and voltage-dependent currents. Pretreatment with parishin C protected NMDA receptor currents from the damage induced by Aβ. In summary, parishin C improved LTP deficits induced by soluble Aβ1–42 oligomers. The protection by parishin C against Aβ-induced LTP damage might be related to NMDA receptors.
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Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kwon DY, Kim DS, Lee YH, Kim JE, Park S. Anti-Diabetic Activities of Gastrodia elata Blume Water Extracts Are Mediated Mainly by Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Increasing β-Cell Mass in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Animals. Nutrients 2016; 8:161. [PMID: 26978400 PMCID: PMC4808889 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is an important modulator of glucose metabolism, and is known to respond Gastrodia elata Blume water extract (GEB). Therefore, we examined whether long-term administration of GEB has hypoglycemic activity, and its action mechanism was explored in partially-pancreatectomized rats that exhibit similar characteristics as Asian type 2 diabetes, non-obese insulin-insufficient diabetes. The rats were provided high-fat diets supplemented with either of (1) 0.5% GEB (GEB-L), (2) 2% GEB (GEB-H), (3) 2% dextrin (control), or (4) 2% dextrin with rosiglitazone (20 mg/kg body weight; positive-control) for eight weeks. GEB dose-dependently improved hypothalamic insulin signaling, enhanced whole-body insulin sensitivity during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and reduced hepatic glucose output in a hyperinsulinemic state. GEB dose-dependently increased the area under the curve of the serum insulin levels at the first and second phases during hyperglycemic clamp compared to the control, whereas the positive control had no effect. Insulin sensitivity during the hyperglycemic state also improved, dose-dependently, in response to GEB compared with that of the control, but was less than the positive control. GEB-H increased the mass of β-cells by potentiating proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. In conclusion, GEB could be a therapeutic agent for treating Asian type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Gastrodia/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Pancreatectomy
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Solvents/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Water/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Kwon
- Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Da Sol Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
| | - Young Hyun Lee
- Department of Nanobiomechatronics, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiomechatronics, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea.
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Proteomics in Traditional Chinese Medicine with an Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:393510. [PMID: 26557146 PMCID: PMC4628675 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This increasing demand for TCM needs to be accompanied by a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of TCM-based therapy. However, TCM is often described as a concept of Chinese philosophy, which is incomprehensible for Western medical society, thereby creating a gap between TCM and Western medicine (WM). In order to meet this challenge, TCM research has applied proteomics technologies for exploring the mechanisms of action of TCM treatment. Proteomics enables TCM researchers to oversee various pathways that are affected by treatment, as well as the dynamics of their interactions with one another. This review discusses the utility of comparative proteomics to better understand how TCM treatment may be used as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, we review the data from comparative AD-related TCM proteomics studies and establish the relevance of the data with available AD hypotheses, most notably regarding the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
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Neuropharmacological Potential of Gastrodia elata Blume and Its Components. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:309261. [PMID: 26543487 PMCID: PMC4620291 DOI: 10.1155/2015/309261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research has been conducted in various fields in an attempt to develop new therapeutic agents for incurable neurodegenerative diseases. Gastrodia elata Blume (GE), a traditional herbal medicine, has been used in neurological disorders as an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and sedative medication. Several neurodegenerative models are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, which lead to cell death via multiple extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways. The blockade of certain signaling cascades may represent a compensatory therapy for injured brain tissue. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from natural resources have been investigated, as have various synthetic chemicals. Specifically, GE rhizome extract and its components have been shown to protect neuronal cells and recover brain function in various preclinical brain injury models by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The present review discusses the neuroprotective potential of GE and its components and the related mechanisms; we also provide possible preventive and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders using herbal resources.
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