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Sposito AC. Accelerated Pace of Atherosclerosis in Steatotic Liver Disease: Implications for Risk Stratification. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 17:e017376. [PMID: 39288208 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.124.017376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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Nakatani S, Mori K, Sonoda M, Nishide K, Uedono H, Tsuda A, Emoto M, Shoji T. Association between Serum Zinc and Calcification Propensity (T 50) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and In Vitro Effect of Exogenous Zinc on T 50. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090337. [PMID: 32916995 PMCID: PMC7555216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc inhibits vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus show hypozincemia and are at an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. Recently, an in vitro test (T50-test) was developed for determination of serum calcification propensity and a shorter T50 means a higher calcification propensity. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between serum zinc and T50 in 132 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with various kidney functions. Furthermore, the effect of exogenous zinc on T50 was also investigated in vitro using separately pooled serum samples obtained from healthy volunteers and patients with hemodialysis. We measured T50 levels using the established nephelometric method. The median (interquartile range) levels of T50 and serum zinc were 306 (269 to 332) min, and 80.0 (70.1 to 89.8) µg/dL, respectively. Serum zinc level showed a weak, but positive correlation with T50 (rs = 0.219, p = 0.012). This association remained significant in multivariable-adjusted analysis, and was independent of known factors including phosphate, calcium, and magnesium. Kidney function and glycemic control were not significantly associated with T50. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that addition of a physiological concentration of exogenous zinc chloride significantly increased serum T50. Our results indicate that serum zinc is an independent factor with a potential role in suppressing calcification propensity in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nakatani
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6645-3806; Fax: +81-6-6645-3808
| | - Mika Sonoda
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Inoue Hospital, 16-17 enoki-machi, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Kozo Nishide
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Hideki Uedono
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Akihiro Tsuda
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.); (K.N.); (H.U.); (A.T.); (M.E.)
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
- Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Tyson J, Bundy K, Roach C, Douglas H, Ventura V, Segars MF, Schwartz O, Simpson CL. Mechanisms of the Osteogenic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030088. [PMID: 32781528 PMCID: PMC7552614 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by the hardening of arteries, vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the arterial tissue. Calcification is now understood to be a cell-regulated process involving the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. There are various pathways of initiation and mechanisms behind vascular calcification, but this literature review highlights the wingless-related integration site (WNT) pathway, along with bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and mechanical strain. The process mirrors that of bone formation and remodeling, as an increase in mechanical stress causes osteogenesis. Observing the similarities between the two may aid in the development of a deeper understanding of calcification. Both are thought to be regulated by the WNT signaling cascade and bone morphogenetic protein signaling and can also be activated in response to stress. In a pro-calcific environment, integrins and cadherins of vascular smooth muscle cells respond to a mechanical stimulus, activating cellular signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in gene regulation that promotes calcification of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM). The endothelium is also thought to contribute to vascular calcification via endothelial to mesenchymal transition, creating greater cell plasticity. Each of these factors contributes to calcification, leading to increased cardiovascular mortality in patients, especially those suffering from other conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. Developing a better understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification may lead to the development of a potential treatment in the future.
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Byon CH, Kim SW. Regulatory Effects of O-GlcNAcylation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Diabetic Vasculopathy. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:243-254. [PMID: 32821734 PMCID: PMC7379086 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications from uncontrolled hyperglycemia are the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous reports have shown a strong correlation between hyperglycemia and vascular calcification, which increases mortality and morbidity in individuals with diabetes. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced vascular calcification remain largely unknown. Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteoblast-like cells is a known culprit underlying the development of vascular calcification in the diabetic vasculature. Pathological conditions such as high glucose levels and oxidative stress are linked to enhanced osteogenic differentiation of VSMC both in vivo and in vitro. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a bone-related transcription factor, in VSMC is necessary and sufficient for the induction of VSMC calcification. Addition of a single O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety to the serine/threonine residues of target proteins (O-GlcNAcylation) has been observed in the arteries of diabetic patients, as well as in animal models in association with the enhanced expression of Runx2 and aggravated vascular calcification. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and tightly regulated process, that is mediated by 2 enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. Glucose is metabolized into UDP-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine, an active sugar donor of O-GlcNAcylation via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Overall increases in the O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins have been closely associated with cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, the authors provide molecular insights into cardiovascular complications, including diabetic vasculopathy, that feature increased O-GlcNAcylation in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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The Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vascular Calcification. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2875189. [PMID: 31065272 PMCID: PMC6466855 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2875189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by hydroxyapatite crystal depositing in the vessel wall, is a common pathological condition shared by many chronic diseases and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Recently, VC is regarded as an active, dynamic cell-mediated process, during which calcifying cell transition is critical. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a multidirectional differentiation ability and great potential for clinical application, play a duplex role in the VC process. MSCs facilitate VC mainly through osteogenic transformation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, several studies have reported the protective role of MSCs. Anti-inflammation, blockade of the BMP2 signal, downregulation of the Wnt signal, and antiapoptosis through paracrine signaling are possible mechanisms. This review displays the evidence both on the facilitating role and on the protective role of MSCs, then discusses the key factors determining this divergence.
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Zhang L, Sun H, Liu S, Gao J, Xia J. Glycemic variability is associated with vascular calcification by the markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis, Wnt1, galectin-3 and BMP-2. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:67. [PMID: 31452690 PMCID: PMC6701112 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study identified whether glycemic variability (GV) was associated with vascular calcification and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Eighty-four consecutive type 2 diabetic patients with unstable angina (UA) were included from January 2018 to June 2018 to calculate calcification scores using computerized tomographic angiography (CTA), and the patients were divided into 2 groups: high calcification score group (HCS group) and low calcification score group (LCS group). Intergroup differences in GV were determined via comparisons of the standard deviation (SD) of blood glucose. Calcification staining, content measurement, apoptosis evaluation and Western blot analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis, Wnt1, galectin-3 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were compared in cell cultures from rat vascular smooth muscle cells in the different degrees of GV. RESULTS The SD increased significantly with the increases in calcification scores from human studies (HCS group 2.37 ± 0.82 vs. LCS group 1.87 ± 0.78, p = 0.007). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that increased SD and serum creatinine were independent predictors of calcification. The high GV group had a higher apoptotic rate, higher calcification content and higher expressions of glucose-regulated protein, caspase-3, Wnt1, galectin-3 and BMP-2 markers compared to the low GV group in the in vitro studies (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We report the novel finding that GV is associated with vascular calcification, and ER stress-related apoptosis, Wnt1, galectin-3 and BMP-2 may be involved in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Haichen Sun
- Surgical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Surgical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jinhuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jinggang Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
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Kamenskiy A, Poulson W, Sim S, Reilly A, Luo J, MacTaggart J. Prevalence of Calcification in Human Femoropopliteal Arteries and its Association with Demographics, Risk Factors, and Arterial Stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:e48-e57. [PMID: 29371245 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial calcification and stiffening increase the risk of reconstruction failure, amputation, and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease, but underlying mechanisms and prevalence are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fresh human femoropopliteal arteries were obtained from n=431 tissue donors aged 13 to 82 years (mean age, 53±16 years) recording the in situ longitudinal prestretch. Arterial diameter, wall thickness, and opening angles were measured optically, and stiffness was assessed using planar biaxial extension and constitutive modeling. Histological features were determined using transverse and longitudinal Verhoeff-Van Gieson and Alizarin stains. Medial calcification was quantified using a 7-stage grading scale and was correlated with structural and mechanical properties and clinical characteristics. Almost half (46%) of the femoropopliteal arteries had identifiable medial calcification. Older arteries were more calcified, but small calcium deposits were observed in arteries as young as 18 years old. After controlling for age, positive correlations were observed between calcification, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and body mass index. Tobacco use demonstrated a negative correlation. Calcified arteries were larger in diameter but had smaller circumferential opening angles. They were also stiffer longitudinally and circumferentially and had thinner tunica media and external elastic lamina with more discontinuous elastic fibers. CONCLUSIONS Although aging is the dominant risk factor for femoropopliteal artery calcification and stiffening, these processes seem to be linked and can begin at a young age. Calcification is associated with the presence of certain risk factors and with elastic fiber degradation, suggesting overlapping molecular pathways that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kamenskiy
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
| | - William Poulson
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Sylvie Sim
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Austin Reilly
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Jason MacTaggart
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
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Constitutive modeling of human femoropopliteal artery biaxial stiffening due to aging and diabetes. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:50-58. [PMID: 28974476 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic obstructive disease of the femoropopliteal artery (Peripheral Arterial Disease, PAD) is notorious for high treatment failure rates. Older age and diabetes mellitus (DM) are among the major risk factors for PAD, and both are associated with increased arterial stiffness. Our goal was to develop a constitutive model describing multiaxial arterial stiffening, and use it to portray aging of normal and diabetic human femoropopliteal arteries (FPA). Fresh human FPAs (n=744) were obtained from 13-82-year-old donors. Arteries were tested using planar biaxial extension, and their behavior was modeled with a constitutive relation that included stiffening functions of age. FPA diameter, wall thickness, circumferential, and longitudinal opening angles increased with age, while longitudinal pre-stretch decreased. Diameter and circumferential opening angle did not change with age in subjects with DM. Younger FPAs were more compliant longitudinally but became more isotropic with age. Arteries with DM stiffened significantly faster in the circumferential direction than arteries without DM. Constitutive model accurately portrayed orthotropic stiffening with age of both normal and diabetic arteries. Constitutive description of FPA aging contributes to understanding of arterial pathophysiology and can help improve fidelity of computational models investigating device-artery interaction in PAD repair by providing more personalized arterial properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We have analyzed n=744 human femoropopliteal artery (FPA) specimens using biaxial tensile testing to derive constitutive description of FPA aging in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The proposed model allows determination of FPA mechanical properties for subjects of any given age in the range of 13-82years. These results contribute to understanding of FPA pathophysiology and can help improve fidelity of computational models investigating device-artery interaction in peripheral arterial disease repair by providing more personalized arterial properties. In addition, they can guide the development of new materials tunable to diabetic and non-diabetic arteries.
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Dos Santos VM, Fonseca Menezes FE. Abdominal Challenging Image in an Elderly Woman. Balkan Med J 2017; 34:378-379. [PMID: 28783025 PMCID: PMC5615973 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Ichii T, Morimoto R, Okumura T, Ishii H, Tatami Y, Yamamoto D, Aoki S, Hiraiwa H, Furusawa K, Kondo T, Watanabe N, Kano N, Fukaya K, Sawamura A, Suzuki S, Yasuda Y, Murohara T. Impact of Renal Functional/Morphological Dynamics on the Calcification of Coronary and Abdominal Arteries in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1092-1104. [PMID: 28392544 PMCID: PMC5684475 DOI: 10.5551/jat.39271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Fast-progressing vascular calcification (VC) is accompanied by renal atrophy and functional deterioration along with atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between VC progression and renal functional and/or morphological changes remains unclear. Methods: We included 70 asymptomatic patients with CKD without hemodialysis in our study. To identify temporal variations, the coronary artery calcification score (CACS), abdominal aortic calcification index (ACI), and renal parenchymal volume index (RPVI) were determined via spiral computed tomography scans taken during the study. We investigated significant factors related to annualized variations of CACS (ΔCACS/y) and ACI (ΔACI/y). Results: During the follow-up period (4.6 years), median values of CACS [in Agatston units (AU)] and ACI increased from 40.2 to 113.3 AU (p = 0.053) and from 13.2 to 21.7% (p = 0.036), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that CACS at baseline (p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (DM) status (p = 0.037) for ΔCACS/y and ACI at baseline (p = 0.017) and hypertension (HT) status (p = 0.046) for ΔACI/y were significant independent predictors. Furthermore, annualized RPVI variation was significantly related to both ΔCACS/y and ΔACI/y (R = −0.565, p < 0.001, and R = −0.289, p = 0.015, respectively). On the other hand, independent contributions of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and annualized eGFR variation to VC progression were not confirmed. Conclusion: The degree of VC at baseline, DM, HT, and changes in renal volume, but not eGFR, had a strong impact on VC progression in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ichii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of CKD Initiatives Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yosuke Tatami
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Dai Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Soichiro Aoki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Hiraiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Furusawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toru Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoaki Kano
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Fukaya
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akinori Sawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshinari Yasuda
- Department of CKD Initiatives Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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The Involvement of miR-29b-3p in Arterial Calcification by Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6713606. [PMID: 28164126 PMCID: PMC5253168 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6713606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a risk predictor and common pathological change in cardiovascular diseases that are associated with elastin degradation and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells via gelatinase matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). However, the mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationships between miR-29b-3p and MMP2, to confirm miR-29b-3p-mediated MMP2 expression at the posttranscriptional level in arterial calcification. In male Sprague Dawley rats, arterial calcification was induced by subcutaneous injection of a toxic dose of cholecalciferol. In vivo, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that MMP2 expression was upregulated in calcified arterial tissues, and miR-29b-3p expression was downregulated. There was a negative correlation between MMP2 mRNA expression and miR-29b-3p levels (P = 0.0014, R2 = 0.481). Western blotting showed that MMP2 expression was significantly increased in rats treated with cholecalciferol. In vitro, overexpression of miR-29b-3p led to decreased MMP2 expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells, while downregulation of miR-29b-3p expression led to increased MMP2 expression. Moreover, the luciferase reporter assay confirmed that MMP2 is the direct target of miR-29b-3p. Together, our results demonstrated that a role of miR-29b-3p in vascular calcification involves targeting MMP2.
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