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ZHENG X, GUO L, LAI S, LI F, LIANG M, LIU W, MENG C, LIU G. Emodin suppresses alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation and neovascularization by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signaling pathway. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2024; 44:268-276. [PMID: 38504533 PMCID: PMC10927407 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20240203.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of emodin on alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation and neovascularization. METHODS The ability of emodin to target vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was predicted by molecular docking. The effects of emodin on the invasion, migration, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were determined by cell counting kit-8, Transwell, and tube formation assays. Analysis of apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry. CD31 levels were examined by immunofluorescence. The abundance and phosphorylation state of VEGFR2, protein kinase B (Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and P38 were examined by immunoblot analysis. Corneal alkali burn was performed on 40 mice. Animals were divided randomly into two groups, and the alkali-burned eyes were then treated with drops of either 10 μM emodin or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) four times a day. Slit-lamp microscopy was used to evaluate inflammation and corneal neovascularization (CNV) in all eyes on Days 0, 7, 10, and 14. The mice were killed humanely 14 d after the alkali burn, and their corneas were removed and preserved at -80 ℃ until histological study or protein extraction. RESULTS Molecular docking confirmed that emodin was able to target VEGFR2. The findings revealed that emodin decreased the invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation of HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. In mice, emodin suppressed corneal inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibited the development of corneal neovascularization induced by alkali burn. Compared to those of the PBS-treated group, lower VEGFR2 expression and CD31 levels were found in the emodin-treated group. Emodin dramatically decreased the expression of VEGFR2, p-VEGFR2, p-Akt, p-STAT3, and p-P38 in VEGF-treated HUVEC. CONCLUSION This study provides a new avenue for evaluating the molecular mechanisms underlying corneal inflammation and neovascularization. Emodin might be a promising new therapeutic option for corneal alkali burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying ZHENG
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| | - Liang GUO
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| | - Siyi LAI
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated People's Hospital (Fujian Provincial People's Hospital), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
- 4 Eye Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Fengyue LI
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| | - Mingli LIANG
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| | - Wanting LIU
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| | - Chun MENG
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350104, China; Eye Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Guanghui LIU
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated People's Hospital (Fujian Provincial People's Hospital), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
- 4 Eye Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
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Zhang X, Qin Q, Lv X, Wang Y, Luo F, Xue L. Natural emodin reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating the RUNX1/miR‑142‑3p/DRD2 pathway and attenuating inflammation. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:745. [PMID: 36561980 PMCID: PMC9748643 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although timely reperfusion could attenuate myocardial ischemia injury and reduce mortality, it causes severe secondary injury to the myocardium known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) with unmet clinical needs. Emodin has a protective effect on MIRI in rodents. However, the precise mechanism underlying its pharmacological effect remains poorly understood. Accordingly, the present study used mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing based on MIRI mouse models to determine the mechanism involved. Emodin was found to prevent MIRI and attenuate the inflammation of myocardium in the MIRI model. In addition, by using an interdisciplinary approach, the present study uncovered that emodin suppressed the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), which is a transcription factor of miR-142-3p, in either MIRI or the hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model. Furthermore, miR-142-3p can negatively regulate dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), which acted as an anti-inflammatory factor to suppress NF-κB-dependent inflammation and prevent MIRI. These results were demonstrated by both cellular hypoxia/reoxygenation and mouse MIRI models. Overall, the present study provided an unrevealed molecular mechanism for emodin function. Emodin could inhibit NF-κB-triggered inflammation in MIRI by regulating the RUNX1/miR-142-3p/DRD2 pathway. Therefore, the RUNX1/miR-142-3p/DRD2 pathway presented a novel target for MIRI treatment, and the application of emodin in clinical practice may improve the treatment of MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xuezhi Zhang, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 369 Shanghai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoji Qin
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, The Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Tu YJ, Tan B, Jiang L, Wu ZH, Yu HJ, Li XQ, Yang AD. Emodin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Activating Autophagy in RAW 264.7 Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:345-352. [PMID: 32840732 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of emodin on inflammation and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and reveal its underlying mechanism. METHODS 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was conducted to find the appropriate dose for emodin. RAW264.7 cells pretreated with different concentrations (0-50 μmol/L) of emodin or vehicle for 2 h prior to exposure to LPS for 16 h. Cell morphology was examined and propidium iodide staining was used to examine cell cycle. Expressions of inflammation-related proteins [nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κ B) and I-kappaB (I κ B)α] and autophagy-related proteins [light chain (LC)3, P62/sequestosome 1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-mTOR] were examined using Western blot analysis. Expression of inflammation-related cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Autophagy was examined with LC3B fluorescence intensity and aggregation. The effect of emodin on autophagy was conducted with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA). RESULTS The expression of NF-κ B in LPS-induced cells was significantly increased (P<0.01) and simultaneously I κ B α decreased compared with the normal cell (P<0.05). The expressions of TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6 proteins in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were significantly higher than in the normal cell (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LPS increased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, which was recovered by emodin at different doses (12.5, 25, and 50μ mol/L, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The medium-dose (25 μ ml/L) emodin decreased the expressions of NF-κ B, P62 and p-mTOR (P<0.01) and increased I κ B α expression, LC3B II/I ratio as well as LC3B fluorescence intensity (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, the enhanced autophagic effects of emodin, such as the increment of LC3B II/ratio and the decrement of P62 expression, were suppressed by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. CONCLUSION Emodin could inhibit inflammation of mice RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, possibly through activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tu
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Wu
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong-Ji Yu
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ai-Dong Yang
- Research Centre on Application of Classical Prescriptions, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ding Y, Liu P, Chen ZL, Zhang SJ, Wang YQ, Cai X, Luo L, Zhou X, Zhao L. Emodin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury via Inhibiting the TLR4 Signaling Pathway in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 30186181 PMCID: PMC6113398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Emodin is an anthraquinone with potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, the possible molecular mechanisms and protective effects of emodin are not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms and protective effects of emodin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the Raw264.7 cell line and in Balb/c mice. Methods: This study established an inflammatory cellular model and induced an ALI animal model. TLR4 was overexpressed by lentivirus and downregulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 and downstream molecules were detected in cells and liver tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in supernatant and serum were determined by ELISA. The distribution and expression of mannose receptor C type 1 (CD206) and arginase 1 (ARG1) in the liver were tested by immunofluorescence. Mouse liver function and histopathological observations were assessed. Results: Administration of emodin reduced the protein and/or mRNA levels of TLR4 and its downstream molecules following LPS challenge in Raw264.7 cells and in an animal model. Additionally, emodin suppressed the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant and serum. The inhibitory effect of emodin was also confirmed in RAW264.7 cells, in which TLR4 was overexpressed or knocked down. Additionally, ARG1 and CD206 were elevated in the emodin groups. Emodin also decreased serum ALT and AST levels and alleviated the liver histopathological damage induced by LPS. Conclusion: Emodin showed excellent hepatoprotective effects against LPS-induced ALI, possibly by inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Qin Wang
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Song YD, Li XZ, Wu YX, Shen Y, Liu FF, Gao PP, Sun L, Qian F. Emodin alleviates alternatively activated macrophage and asthmatic airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1317-1325. [PMID: 29417945 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are not only associated with asthma but also lead to asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling. Inhibition of AAMs is an alternative therapeutic strategy for treating asthma. In this study we investigated whether emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), isolated from the rhizome of Rheum palmatum, alleviated asthmatic airway inflammation and reduced AAM polarization in a murine asthma model. Mice were sensitized with a triple allergen mix containing dust mite, ragweed and aspergillus (DRA). In mice with DRA-induced asthma, asthmatic inflammation was significantly enhanced. Intraperitoneal injection of emodin (20 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) 1 h prior to DRA challenge on days 12-14 significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration, mucus secretion and serum IgE production, as well as IL-4 and IL-5 production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In response to emodin treatment, activated markers of AAM Ym-1, Fizz-1 and arginase-1 in the lung tissues were remarkably decreased. In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro, emodin (2-50 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited IL-4-induced AAM polarization and STAT6 phosphorylation. Collectively, our results suggest that emodin effectively ameliorates asthmatic airway inflammation and AAM polarization, and it may therefore become a potential agent for the treatment of asthma.
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Jing D, Bai H, Yin S. Renoprotective effects of emodin against diabetic nephropathy in rat models are mediated via PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and Bax/caspase-3 signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5163-5169. [PMID: 29201232 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is the main active component of the Chinese medicine rhubarb, which has a variety of pharmacological effects and a high clinical value. Its anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects have been widely studied. The aim of the present study was to determine whether emodin has renoprotective effects, and to identify the potential underlying mechanisms in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The changes in mean blood glucose levels, normalized kidney weight, urinary albumin excretion, serum creatinine levels and tubulointerstitial injury index (TII) scores of the rats with DN were significantly attenuated by emodin. Furthermore, treatment with emodin significantly inhibited inflammation-related factors and oxidative stress, suppressed the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax), increased phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase 3 (p-GSK-3β) expression and inhibited caspase-3 activity in diabetic rats. These data suggest that emodin protects against DN and that the underlying mechanism may involve the suppression of inflammation, ICAM-1 and Bax, and activation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Shinan Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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Yang B, Gao P, Wu X, Yu J, Li Y, Meng R, Li Y, Yan J, Jin X. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of carotid artery injury by inhibition of high mobility group box 1 expression. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1975-1982. [PMID: 28962112 PMCID: PMC5609174 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a kind of polyphenol compound, called catechin, and is extracted from green tea. EGCG has a wide range of biological activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of EGCG on neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury and to explore the molecular mechanisms involved. Various experiments were performed to assess the effects of EGCG on thickening of neointima, expression levels of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Results demonstrated that EGCG decreased the intimal area and the ratio of intimal area/medial area compared with the balloon injury group. The expression levels of HMGB1 and RAGE induced by balloon injury were markedly inhibited by EGCG treatment. Furthermore, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress damage, which have close correlations with HMGB1, were restrained by EGCG. Finally, EGCG treatment markedly inhibited NF-κB activation. The present data provided evidence that EGCG attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in a model of carotid artery balloon injury, which indicated that EGCG may serve as a potential drug for restenosis in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jixiang Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Ranran Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Jingqiang Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Dong X, Fu J, Yin X, Cao S, Li X, Lin L, Ni J. Emodin: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1207-18. [PMID: 27188216 PMCID: PMC7168079 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that occurs in many widely used Chinese medicinal herbs, such as Rheum palmatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum. Emodin has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years and is still present in various herbal preparations. Emerging evidence indicates that emodin possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, emodin could also lead to hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity and reproductive toxicity, particularly in high doses and with long-term use. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that emodin has poor oral bioavailability in rats because of its extensive glucuronidation. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Jing Fu
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Sali Cao
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xuechun Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Huyiligeqi
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao028000PR China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
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