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Huang Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Yuan M, Zheng C, Xu H. Xanthone Glucosides: Isolation, Bioactivity and Synthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:5575. [PMID: 34577044 PMCID: PMC8465223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones are secondary metabolites found in plants, fungi, lichens, and bacteria from a variety of families and genera, with the majority found in the Gentianaceae, Polygalaceae, and Clusiaceae. They have a diverse range of bioactivities, including anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-tuberculosis, and cytotoxic properties. Xanthone glucosides are a significant branch of xanthones. After glycosylation, xanthones may have improved characteristics (such as solubility and pharmacological activity). Currently, no critical review of xanthone glucosides has been published. A literature survey including reports of naturally occurring xanthone glucosides is included in this review. The isolation, structure, bioactivity, and synthesis of these compounds were all explored in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaimo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
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Santos CMM, Freitas M, Fernandes E. A comprehensive review on xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1460-1479. [PMID: 30282319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucosidase plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other related complications. In the last two decades, considerable interest has been given to natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives in this field of research. Herein, a comprehensive review of the literature on xanthones as inhibitors of α-glucosidase activity, their mechanism of action, experimental procedures and structure-activity relationships have been reviewed for more than 280 analogs. With this overview we intend to motivate and challenge researchers (e.g. chemistry, biology, pharmaceutical and medicinal areas) for the design of novel xanthones as multipotent drugs and exploit the properties of this class of compounds in the management of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina M M Santos
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, QOPNA &University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:667-736. [PMID: 28490237 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China.,† College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- † College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
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Anti-mutagenicity of Swertiamarin and Its Metabolite in Incubated System of Human Intestinal Flora. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wu HY, Kan XQ, Sheng Y, Mou LY, Yang QS, Hu QF, Li GP. Two new phenylpropanoids from Swertia atroviolacea and their anti-5α-reductase activity. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1431-1436. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1261340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Kan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Yun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Gan-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
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Tian C, Zhang T, Wang L, Shan Q, Jiang L. The hepatoprotective effect and chemical constituents of total iridoids and xanthones extracted from Swertia mussotii Franch. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:259-266. [PMID: 24746481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Total iridoids and xanthones (TIXS) were extracted from Swertia mussotii Franch, one of the most important eight Tibetan medicines in China, which was recorded in the book of Jingzhu Bencao and used for clinical treatment of cholestatic hepatitis for many years. Our aim was to study the hepatoprotective effect and chemical constituents of the TIXS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude extracts were prepared using 90% ethanol, and individual fractions were collected following HPD-300 macroporous resin column chromatography. HPLC/MS was applied to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the TIXS. Then, the alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate-induced liver damage model was used to assess the hepatoprotective effect of the TIXS. RESULTS A total of 12 compounds were identified by the fingerprint chromatography of the TIXS, and swertiamarin and swertianolin were shown to be its two main components. Oral administration of the TIXS at a dose of 35, 70 or 140 mg kg(-1), swertiamarin at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) or swertianolin at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1), for 7 days in mice significantly reduced the alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate-induced levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and the total and direct bilirubins, and increased the bile flow (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the TIXS exhibits significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. Its active constituents include swertiamarin and swertianolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwang Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Linghuo Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Liu Y, Ma L, Chen WH, Park H, Ke Z, Wang B. Binding Mechanism and Synergetic Effects of Xanthone Derivatives as Noncompetitive α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13464-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4067235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-Ku, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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