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Lamberth C. Isosteric Ring Exchange as a Useful Scaffold Hopping Tool in Agrochemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18123-18132. [PMID: 37022306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Replacing one ring in a molecule by a different carba- or heterocycle is an important scaffold hopping manipulation, because biologically active compounds and their analogues, which underwent such a transformation, are often similar in size, shape, and physicochemical properties and, therefore, likely in their potency as well. This review will demonstrate, how isosteric ring exchange led to the discovery of highly active agrochemicals and which ring interchanges have proven to be most successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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Lamberth C. Ring Closure and Ring Opening as Useful Scaffold Hopping Tools in Agrochemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18133-18140. [PMID: 37223957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ring closing acyclic parts of a molecular scaffold or the opposite manipulation, opening rings to produce pseudo-ring structures, is an important scaffold hopping manipulation. Analogues derived from biologically active compounds through the utilization of such strategies are often similar in shape and physicochemical properties and, therefore, likely to exhibit similar potency. This review will demonstrate how several different ring closure techniques, such as replacing carboxylic functions by cyclic peptide mimics, incorporating double bonds into aromatic rings, tying back ring substituents to a bicyclic structure, cyclizing adjacent ring substituents to an annulated ring, bridging annulated ring systems to tricyclic scaffolds, and exchanging gem-dimethyl groups by cycloalkyl rings, but also ring opening led to the discovery of highly active agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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Lamberth C. Insertion of Small Flexible Linkers as a Useful Scaffold Hopping Tool in Agrochemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11011-11018. [PMID: 35416648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inserting small flexible linkers of only one- to three-atom chain lengths into a molecular backbone is an important scaffold hopping manipulation. Analogues derived from biologically active compounds through the utilization of such a strategy are often similar in shape and physicochemical properties and, therefore, likely to exhibit similar potency. This review will demonstrate how the elongation with oxygen, amino, methylene, ethylene, vinyl, ethynyl, and CH2O bridges led to the discovery of highly active agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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Lamberth C. Organic Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates: Versatile Intermediates in Agrochemistry. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1678-8528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent decades, organic isocyanates and isothiocyanates have been often applied as reactive intermediates in research syntheses or manufacturing routes of many agrochemicals. These heterocumulenes allowed the installation of crucial carboxylic functions, such as carbamates, ureas, and semicarbazones, but have also been used for the construction of five- and six-membered heterocycles, such as tetrazolones, thiazoles, and uracils.1 Introduction2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Functions3 Preparation of Heterocyclic Rings4 Conclusion
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Terrab L, Rosenker CJ, Johnstone L, Ngo LK, Zhang L, Ware NF, Miller B, Topacio AZ, Sannino S, Brodsky JL, Wipf P. Synthesis and Selective Functionalization of Thiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides with Efficacy in a Model of Huntington's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:984-990. [PMID: 32435415 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of the acid-mediated 3-component synthesis of thiadiazines was investigated. A selective functionalization of the six-membered heterocyclic core structure was accomplished by sequential alkylations, saponifications, and coupling reactions. Several new analogs of a dihydropyrimidinone Hsp70 chaperone agonist, MAL1-271, showed promising activity in a cell based model of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Terrab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rosenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lisa Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Linh K. Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nathaniel F. Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Bettina Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Andrea Z. Topacio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Eshon J, Nicastri KA, Schmid SC, Raskopf WT, Guzei IA, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Intermolecular [3+3] ring expansion of aziridines to dehydropiperi-dines through the intermediacy of aziridinium ylides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1273. [PMID: 32152321 PMCID: PMC7062875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of N-heterocycles in drugs has stimulated diverse methods for their efficient syntheses. Methods that introduce significant stereochemical complexity are attractive for identifying new bioactive amine chemical space. Here, we report a [3 + 3] ring expansion of bicyclic aziridines and rhodium-bound vinyl carbenes to form complex dehydropiperidines in a highly stereocontrolled rearrangement. Mechanistic studies and DFT computations indicate that the reaction proceeds through formation of a vinyl aziridinium ylide; this reactive intermediate undergoes a pseudo-[1,4]-sigmatropic rearrangement to directly furnish heterocyclic products with net retention at the new C-C bond. In combination with asymmetric silver-catalyzed aziridination, enantioenriched scaffolds with up to three contiguous stereocenters are rapidly delivered. The mild reaction conditions, functional group tolerance, and high stereospecificity of this method are well-suited for appending piperidine motifs to natural product and complex molecules. Ultimately, our work establishes the value of underutilized aziridinium ylides as key intermediates for converting small, strained rings to larger N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kate A Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Steven C Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William T Raskopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avazanda (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Lechel T, Kumar R, Bera MK, Zimmer R, Reissig HU. The LANCA three-component reaction to highly substituted β-ketoenamides - versatile intermediates for the synthesis of functionalized pyridine, pyrimidine, oxazole and quinoxaline derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:655-678. [PMID: 30931007 PMCID: PMC6423578 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The LANCA three-component reaction of lithiated alkoxyallenes LA, nitriles N and carboxylic acids CA leads to β-ketoenamides KE in good to excellent yields. The scope of this reaction is very broad and almost all types of nitriles and carboxylic acids have successfully been used. The alkoxy group introduced via the allene component is also variable and hence the subsequent transformation of this substituent into a hydroxy group can be performed under different conditions. Enantiopure nitriles or carboxylic acids can also be employed leading to chiral KE with high enantiopurity and dinitriles or dicarboxylic acids also lead to the expected bis-β-ketoenamides. β-Ketoenamides incorporate a unique combination of functional groups and hence a manifold of subsequent reactions to highly substituted heterocyclic compounds is possible. An intramolecular aldol-type condensation reaction efficiently furnishes pyridin-4-ols PY that can be further modified by palladium-catalyzed reactions, e.g., to specifically substituted furopyridine derivatives. Condensations of β-ketoenamides with ammonium salts or with hydroxylamine hydrochloride afford pyrimidines PM or pyrimidine N-oxides PO with a highly flexible substitution pattern in good yields. The functional groups of these heterocycles also allow a variety of subsequent reactions to various pyrimidine derivatives. On the other hand, acid-labile alkoxy substituents such as a 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy group are required for the conversion of β-ketoenamides into 5-acetyl-substituted oxazoles OX, again compounds with high potential for subsequent functional group transformations. For acid labile β-ketoenamides bearing bulky substituents the acid treatment leads to acylamido-substituted 1,2-diketones DK that could be converted into quinoxalines QU. All classes of heterocycles accessed through the key β-ketoenamides show a unique substitution pattern - not easily accomplishable by alternative methods - and therefore many subsequent reactions are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Lechel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roopender Kumar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, PO-Botanic Garden, Howrah-711 103 (WB), India
| | - Reinhold Zimmer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Chemical Research; Schaffhauserstrasse 101 Stein CH-4332 Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research; Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
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Al-Bogami AS, Saleh TS, Mekky AE, Shaaban MR. Microwave assisted regioselective synthesis and 2D-NMR studies of novel azoles and azoloazines utilizing fluorine-containing building blocks. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aryan R, Beyzaei H, Sadeghi F. Facile Synthesis of Some Novel Tetrasubstituted 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine Derivatives in Aqueous Glucose Solution as a Fully Green Medium and Promoter. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aryan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Zabol; P.O. Box 9861335856 Zabol Iran
| | - Hamid Beyzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Zabol; P.O. Box 9861335856 Zabol Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Zabol; P.O. Box 9861335856 Zabol Iran
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ElMarrouni A, Heras M. Synthesis of new unnatural N(α)-Fmoc pyrimidin-4-one amino acids: use of the p-benzyloxybenzyloxy group as a pyrimidinone masking group. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:851-8. [PMID: 25407750 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The p-benzyloxybenzyloxy group is used to mask the oxo function of the 4(3H)-pyrimidinone ring in the synthesis of new unnatural amino acids. The synthetic approach is based on an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-[4-(benzyloxy)benzyloxy]-2-(benzylsulfonyl)pyrimidine and the nucleophilic side chain of several N(α)-Boc amino esters, as the key step, followed by a series of standard protecting group transformations. p-Benzyloxybenzyloxy is efficiently removed under mild acid conditions to recover the 4(3H)-pyrimidinone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif ElMarrouni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
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Cayir M, Ghoochany LT, Walli A, Busch M, Sun Y, Meyer F, Bräse S, Thiel WR. C-H Activation at a Bidentate Ligand Coordinated to Palladium(II) - an Electrophilic Attack Supported by an External Base. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Malavolta JL, Souto AA, de Mello DL, Flores DC, Flores AF. Efficient synthesis of new biheterocyclic 1-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-3-(6-trifluoro methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-propan-1-ones. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lamberth C. Heterocyclic chemistry in crop protection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:1106-1114. [PMID: 23908156 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An overview is given of the significance of heterocycles in crop protection chemistry, which is enormous as more than two-thirds of all agrochemicals launched to the market within the last 20 years belong to this huge group of chemicals. This review focuses on two important aspects of heterocyclic agrochemistry: the different roles of heterocyclic scaffolds in crop protection agents and the major possibilities for their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- Department of Research Chemistry, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Stein, Switzerland.
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Elboray EE, Grigg R, Fishwick CW, Kilner C, Sarker MA, Aly MF, Abbas-Temirek HH. XY–ZH compounds as potential 1,3-dipoles. Part 65: atom economic cascade synthesis of highly functionalized pyrimidinylpyrrolidines. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pellegatti L, Vedrenne E, Leger JM, Jarry C, Routier S. New heteroaromatic aminations on 5-aryl-1,2,4-triazines and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines by palladium catalysis. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li C, Rosenau A. A practical strategy for the synthesis of 2-dialkylamino-4-arylamino-6-aminopyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Burbuliene MM, Mazeikaite R, Vainilavicius P. Regioselective synthesis of N
(3)
‐ and O‐acylmethyl derivatives of 2‐methylthio‐4(3
H
)‐quinazolinone. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milda M. Burbuliene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT‐03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rita Mazeikaite
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT‐03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Vainilavicius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT‐03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Montel F, Lamberth C, Jung PM. First synthesis of 7-amido-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines using halogen–metal exchange. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chapter 6.2 (2006) Six-membered ring systems: diazines and benzo derivatives (2006). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(08)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Wayne Craig G, Eberle M, Irminger B, Laime Y, Schückenböhmer A, Müller P. Two-Stage Sonogashira Coupling Method in the Synthesis of Auxin Active Acetylenes. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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