Effect of maturation degree on fatty acid profile of different tissues in wild and farmed rohu (Labeo rohita)

Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics of Sausage Based on an Autochthonous Ecuatorian Fish, Old Blue (Andinoacara rivulatus)

The consumption of fisheries and aquaculture products has been increasing in recent decades, and it is necessary to strike a balance between production and sustainability in aquaculture; this is essential homework to support the demand for human food. This study aimed to investigate the sensory and nutritional characteristics of a sausage made from the fillet of the native fish Old Blue (Andinoacara rivulatus) to stimulate the local economy. A multifactorial A*B*C design was used, with Factor A being rearing systems (wild and farmed), Factor B being types of protein (quinoa meal and soybean meal), and Factor C being lipids of animal (pork fat) and vegetable (sunflower oil) origin. Highly significant differences were observed in all formulas, according to Tukey (p < 0.05). The highest protein percentage was with soybean flour at 11.24%, while quinoa flour had 10.80% of the product. In sensory characteristics, the best attributes were for texture in the mouth with a hedonic scale from 0 to 5, with 4.2 firmness being mostly acceptable, odor at 4.5, the aromatic attribute with the highest and best value, and color was the clearest at 4.3 acceptability. The flavor was 4.3, mostly more pleasant according to the tasters. The yield of farmed fillets was 23.16% compared to wild 13.89%, and the balance of sausage yield was 393 g with a yield of 76.33% of the total weight. Microbiological analysis of the sausage with the native species showed the absence of pathogenic microorganisms. A commercial shelf life of 30 days was also established for the sausage, demonstrating an added value through this processing, allowing its exploitation in areas further away from the fishing sites and, thus, a greater possibility of social development in the area.

Fatty Acids in Waste Tissues: The Nutraceutical Value of Gonads and Livers from the Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio Fishes

Fishes are an important component of human nutrition, mainly acting as source of essential fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The increase in their consumption has led to a growth of fishes waste; therefore, the disposal and recycling of waste has become a key issue to address, in accordance with circular economy principles. The Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio fishes, living in freshwater and marine environments, were collected at mature and immature stages. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of liver and ovary tissues were investigated by GC-MS and compared with edible fillet tissues. The gonadosomatic index, the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were measured. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be abundant in the mature ovary and fillet of both species, with a polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio ranging from 0.40 to 1.06 and a monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio between 0.64 and 1.84. Saturated fatty acids were found to be highly abundant in the liver and gonads of both species (range 30-54%), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (range 35-58%). The results suggested that the exploitation of fish wastes, such as the liver and ovary, may represent a sustainable strategy for the achievement of high value-added molecules with nutraceutical potential.

First report on fish cysteine as a biomarker of contamination in the River Chenab, Pakistan

The eastern and southern parts of the Faisalabad city produce considerable quantities of industrial and municipal pollutants, much of which is drained into the River Chenab, reducing the productivity of fauna and flora in the river. This study was aimed to determine whether cysteine is useful as a biomarker of exposure to polluted fresh water. The amino acid profile of fish muscle was analyzed by paper chromatography in Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita from the River Chenab to determine habitat related variations due to the pollution from industrial and domestic sources. C. mrigala showed higher level of metal contamination in muscle tissues for Sn, Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cd when compared to L. rohita. Both fish species collected from polluted areas of the river Chenab showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher levels of metals in comparison to upstream and farmed fish. Farmed C. mrigala showed cysteine concentrations in the muscle tissue as 22 ± 1 mg/g dry weight, but concentrations increased to 45 ± 2 mg/g dry weight for fish from a mildly polluted section of the river, and further increased to 83 ± 2 mg/g dry weight in more heavily polluted sections. Cysteine concentration in farmed L. rohita was detected as 28 ± 2 and 25 ± 4 mg/g dry weight, respectively for farmed fish and fish from a mildly polluted section of the river, and then increased to 94 ± 3 mg/g dry weight for fish from highly polluted water. C. mrigala from a mildly polluted area of the river also had higher levels of cysteine in the muscle, along with increases in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine. Elevated concentrations of cysteine seem to be associated with a threat to these fish species in polluted sections of the river, and thus may be used as a biomarker.