1
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Wang X, Chen C, Hu J, Liu C, Ning Y, Lu F. Current strategies for monitoring and controlling bacterial biofilm formation on medical surfaces. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116709. [PMID: 39024943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms, intricate microbial communities that attach to surfaces, especially medical devices, form an exopolysaccharide matrix, which enables bacteria to resist environmental pressures and conventional antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multi-drug resistance. Biofilm-related infections associated with medical devices are a significant public health threat, compromising device performance. Therefore, developing effective methods for supervising and managing biofilm growth is imperative. This in-depth review presents a systematic overview of strategies for monitoring and controlling bacterial biofilms. We first outline the biofilm creation process and its regulatory mechanisms. The discussion then progresses to advancements in biosensors for biofilm detection and diverse treatment strategies. Lastly, this review examines the obstacles and new perspectives associated with this domain to facilitate the advancement of innovative monitoring and control solutions. These advancements are vital in combating the spread of multi drug-resistant bacteria and mitigating public health risks associated with infections from biofilm formation on medical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Hu
- Department of Microbiology, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ning
- Department of Microbiology, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangguo Lu
- Department of Microbiology, The Medicine School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Hussein AH, Yassir YA. Graphene as a promising material in orthodontics: A review. J Orthod Sci 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38784078 PMCID: PMC11114461 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an extraordinary material with unique mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Additionally, it boasts high surface area and antimicrobial properties, making it an attractive option for researchers exploring innovative materials for biomedical applications. Although there have been various studies on graphene applications in different biomedical fields, limited reviews have been conducted on its use in dentistry, and no reviews have focused on its application in the orthodontic field. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of graphene-based materials, with an emphasis on their antibacterial mechanisms and the factors that influence these properties. Additionally, the review summarizes the dental applications of graphene, spotlighting the studies of its orthodontic application as they can be used to enhance the antibacterial and mechanical properties of orthodontic materials such as adhesives, archwires, and splints. Also, they can be utilized to enhance bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. An electronic search was carried out in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library digital database platforms using graphene and orthodontics as keywords. The search was restricted to English language publications without a time limit. This review highlights the need for further laboratory and clinical research using graphene-based materials to improve the properties of orthodontic materials to make them available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf H. Hussein
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yassir A. Yassir
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, UK
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3
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Apostu AM, Sufaru IG, Tanculescu O, Stoleriu S, Doloca A, Ciocan Pendefunda AA, Solomon SM. Can Graphene Pave the Way to Successful Periodontal and Dental Prosthetic Treatments? A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2354. [PMID: 37760795 PMCID: PMC10525677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene, as a promising material, holds the potential to significantly enhance the field of dental practices. Incorporating graphene into dental materials imparts enhanced strength and durability, while graphene-based nanocomposites offer the prospect of innovative solutions such as antimicrobial dental implants or scaffolds. Ongoing research into graphene-based dental adhesives and composites also suggests their capacity to improve the quality and reliability of dental restorations. This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the application of graphene derivatives in the dental domain, with a particular focus on their application in prosthodontics and periodontics. It is important to acknowledge that further research and development are imperative to fully explore the potential of graphene and ensure its safe use in dental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mihaela Apostu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Georgeta Sufaru
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Tanculescu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simona Stoleriu
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Doloca
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Arina Ciocan Pendefunda
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorina Mihaela Solomon
- Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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4
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Zhang OL, Niu JY, Yin IX, Yu OY, Mei ML, Chu CH. Bioactive Materials for Caries Management: A Literature Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11030059. [PMID: 36975556 PMCID: PMC10047026 DOI: 10.3390/dj11030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have developed novel bioactive materials for caries management. Many clinicians also favour these materials, which fit their contemporary practice philosophy of using the medical model of caries management and minimally invasive dentistry. Although there is no consensus on the definition of bioactive materials, bioactive materials in cariology are generally considered to be those that can form hydroxyapatite crystals on the tooth surface. Common bioactive materials include fluoride-based materials, calcium- and phosphate-based materials, graphene-based materials, metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials and peptide-based materials. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a fluoride-based material containing silver; silver is antibacterial and fluoride promotes remineralisation. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate is a calcium- and phosphate-based material that can be added to toothpaste and chewing gum for caries prevention. Researchers use graphene-based materials and metal or metal-oxide nanomaterials as anticaries agents. Graphene-based materials, such as graphene oxide-silver, have antibacterial and mineralising properties. Metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials, such as silver and copper oxide, are antimicrobial. Incorporating mineralising materials could introduce remineralising properties to metallic nanoparticles. Researchers have also developed antimicrobial peptides with mineralising properties for caries prevention. The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of current bioactive materials for caries management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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Graphene-Based Materials in Dental Applications: Antibacterial, Biocompatible, and Bone Regenerative Properties. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:8803283. [PMID: 36819211 PMCID: PMC9929215 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials have been shown to have advantageous properties in biomedical and dental applications due to their high mechanical, physiochemical, antibacterial, and stem cell differentiating properties. Although graphene-based materials have displayed appropriate biocompatible properties when used in implant materials for orthopedic applications, little research has been performed to specifically test the biocompatibility of graphene for dental applications. The oral environment, compared to the body, varies greatly and must be considered when evaluating biocompatibility requirements for dental applications. This review will discuss in vitro and in vivo studies that assess graphene's cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and cell differentiation ability to evaluate the overall biocompatibility of graphene-based materials for dental applications. Particle shape, size, and concentration were found to be major factors that affected overall biocompatibility of graphene.
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6
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Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticle Graphene Oxide on Flexural Strength of Glass Ionomer Cements. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:8183167. [PMID: 36756382 PMCID: PMC9902112 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8183167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Glass ionomer (GIC) is a widely used restorative material in dentistry, but it has relatively weak mechanical properties. In this research, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the flexural strength of GIC was investigated. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 60 GIC samples in 6 groups of 10 were prepared, including Group 1: control conventional glass ionomer (CGIC), Group 2: CGIC + 1% wt of GO, Group 3: CGIC + 2% wt of GO, Group 4: control resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Group 5: RMGI + 1% wt of GO, and Group 6: RMGI + 2% wt of GO. The samples were kept for 24 hours. The flexural strength of the samples was measured by using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey test. (P < 0.05). Results In the RMGI groups, the mean flexural strength value of the RMGI + 2% GO group was significantly higher than that of the RMGI control group (P=0.027). In the comparison of RMGI groups with their corresponding CGIC groups, the mean flexural strength values of all RMGI groups were significantly more than CGIC groups (P < 0.001). RMGI + 1% GO was not significantly different from control RMGI and RMGI + 2% GO (P=0.802, P=0.395, respectively). There was no significant difference between CGIC groups. Conclusion Adding 2% by weight of GO to RMGI increases the flexural strength of RMGI, which could be of great importance in clinical practice in order to reinforce the mechanical properties of this dental material. The flexural strength of RMGI is higher than that of CGIC.
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7
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Erdinc G. Graphene on dentistry: A bibliometric and scientometric analysis. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:65-72. [PMID: 36751826 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_246_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Today, the development of dental materials is a very important issue. Graphene has been used in dentistry to strengthen many materials. Aim The aim of this study was to analyze leading countries and to identify the preferred journals, the most commonly used keywords, and the most productive authors in the field of graphene. Materials and Methods The search keyword was "graphene" on the Web of Science database; the search was restricted to before 2022. The selected search from the Web of Science database included the title of articles, authors, year of publication, country, citation count, and keywords. An analysis was performed regarding citations and documents, authors, journals, and keywords using a bibliometric software program. All articles were evaluated and subjected to scientometric analysis. Results Twenty six articles were included in the study. There has been a remarkable increase in published articles from past to present, and a regular increase is observed in the number of citations. Dental Materials has highest number of publications among the articles included in the present study. Dr. Rosa, who had the highest number of citations, is also the most effective author. Graphene has many studies in dentistry with different materials. As per the data obtained, graphene, graphene oxide, and peri-implantitis are the most used keywords and Singapore and China are at the forefront of the countries where the articles are published. Conclusion This bibliometric analysis reveals the progress and trend of research on graphene in dentistry and extensive collaborations between authors, countries, and institutions. The findings of this study can help inspire researchers to plan new studies and collaborate on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Erdinc
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
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8
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Xu VW, Nizami MZI, Yin IX, Lung CYK, Yu OY, Chu CH. Caries Management with Non-Metallic Nanomaterials: A Systematic Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5809-5824. [PMID: 36474525 PMCID: PMC9719741 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s389038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-metallic nanomaterials do not stain enamel or dentin. Most have better biocompatibility than metallic nanomaterials do for management of dental caries. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to review the types, properties and potential uses of non-metallic nanomaterials systematically for managing dental caries. METHODS Two researchers independently performed a literature search of publications in English using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The keywords used were (nanoparticles OR nanocomposites OR nanomaterials) AND (caries OR tooth decay). They screened the titles and abstracts to identify potentially eligible publications of original research reporting non-metallic nanomaterials for caries management. Then, they retrieved and studied the full text of the identified publications for inclusion in this study. RESULTS Out of 2497 resulting publications, this study included 75 of those. The non-metallic nanomaterials used in these publications were categorized as biological organic nanomaterials (n=45), synthetic organic nanomaterials (n=15), carbon-based nanomaterials (n=13) and selenium nanomaterials (n=2). They inhibited bacteria growth and/or promoted remineralization. They could be incorporated in topical agents (29/75, 39%), dental adhesives (11/75, 15%), restorative fillers (4/75, 5%), dental sealant (3/75, 4%), oral drugs (3/75, 4%), toothpastes (2/75, 3%) and functional candies (1/75, 1%). Other publications (22/75, 29%) do not mention specific applications. However, most publications (67/75, 89%) were in vitro studies. Six publications (6/75, 8%) were animal studies, and only two publications (2/75, 3%) were clinical studies. CONCLUSION The literature showed non-metallic nanomaterials have antibacterial and/or remineralising properties. The most common type of non-metallic nanomaterials for caries management is organic nanomaterials. Non-metallic nanomaterials can be incorporated into dental sealants, toothpaste, dental adhesives, topical agents and even candies and drugs. However, the majority of the publications are in vitro studies, and only two publications are clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Wenqing Xu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Christie Ying Kei Lung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Ma Q, Li J, Huang J, Lei L, Zhou X, Cheng L, Zou J, Ren B. Candida albicans CHK1 gene regulates its cross-kingdom interactions with Streptococcus mutans to promote caries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7251-7263. [PMID: 36195704 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans have played important roles in early childhood caries (ECC). However, the key pathways of C. albicans promoting the cariogenicity of S. mutans are still unclear. Here, we found that C. albicans CHK1 gene was highly upregulated in their dual-species biofilms. C. albicans chk1Δ/Δ significantly reduced the synergistical growth promotion, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production of S. mutans, the key cariogenic agent, compared to C. albicans wild type (WT) and CHK1 complementary strains. C. albicans WT upregulated the expressions of S. mutans EPS biosynthesis genes gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD, and their regulatory genes vicR and vicK, but chk1Δ/Δ had no effects. Both C. albicans WT and chk1Δ/Δ failed to promote the biofilm formation and EPS production of S. mutans ΔvicK and antisense-vicR strains, indicating that C. albicans CHK1 upregulated S. mutans vicR and vicK to increase the EPS biosynthesis gene expression, then enhanced the EPS production and biofilm formation to promote the cariogenicity. In rat caries model, the coinfection with chk1Δ/Δ and S. mutans decreased the colonization of S. mutans and developed less caries especially the severe caries compared to that from the combinations of S. mutans with C. albicans WT, indicating the essential role of C. albicans CHK1 gene in the development of dental caries. Our study for the first time demonstrated the key roles of C. albicans CHK1 gene in dental caries and suggested that it may be a practical target to reduce or treat ECC. KEY POINTS: • C. albicans CHK1 gene is important for its interaction with S. mutans. • CHK1 regulates S. mutans two-component system to promote its cariogenicity. • CHK1 gene regulates the cariogenicity of S. mutans in rat dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Nizami MZI, Yin IX, Lung CYK, Niu JY, Mei ML, Chu CH. In Vitro Studies of Graphene for Management of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Concise Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101997. [PMID: 36297434 PMCID: PMC9611330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a single-layer two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial. It presents as a thin and strong material that has attracted many researchers’ attention. This study provides a concise review of the potential application of graphene materials in caries and periodontal disease management. Pristine or functionalized graphene and its derivatives exhibit favorable physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties applicable to biomedical applications. They can be activated and functionalized with metal and metal nanoparticles, polymers, and other small molecules to exhibit multi-differentiation activities, antimicrobial activities, and biocompatibility. They were investigated in preventive dentistry and regenerative dentistry. Graphene materials such as graphene oxide inhibit cariogenic microbes such as Streptococcus mutans. They also inhibit periodontal pathogens that are responsible for periodontitis and root canal infection. Graphene-fluorine promotes enamel and dentin mineralization. These materials were also broadly studied in regenerative dental research, such as dental hard and soft tissue regeneration, as well as periodontal tissue and bone regeneration. Graphene oxide-based materials, such as graphene oxide-fibroin, were reported as promising in tissue engineering for their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to enhance cell proliferation properties in periodontal ligament stem cells. Laboratory research showed that graphene can be used exclusively or by incorporating it into existing dental materials. The success of laboratory studies can translate the application of graphene into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | | | - John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Liu C, Tan D, Chen X, Liao J, Wu L. Research on Graphene and Its Derivatives in Oral Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094737. [PMID: 35563128 PMCID: PMC9104291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases present a global public health problem that imposes heavy financial burdens on individuals and health-care systems. Most oral health conditions can be treated in their early stage. Even if the early symptoms of oral diseases do not seem to cause significant discomfort, prompt treatment is essential for preventing their progression. Biomaterials with superior properties enable dental therapies with applications in restoration, therapeutic drug/protein delivery, and tissue regeneration. Graphene nanomaterials have many unique mechanical and physiochemical properties and can respond to the complex oral microenvironment, which includes oral microbiota colonization and high masticatory force. Research on graphene nanomaterials in dentistry, especially in caries, periodontitis therapy, and implant coatings, is progressing rapidly. Here, we review the development of graphene and its derivatives for dental disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Dan Tan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Leng Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.W.)
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12
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Ashrafizadeh M, Saebfar H, Gholami MH, Hushmandi K, Zabolian A, Bikarannejad P, Hashemi M, Daneshi S, Mirzaei S, Sharifi E, Kumar AP, Khan H, Heydari Sheikh Hossein H, Vosough M, Rabiee N, Thakur Kumar V, Makvandi P, Mishra YK, Tay FR, Wang Y, Zarrabi A, Orive G, Mostafavi E. Doxorubicin-loaded graphene oxide nanocomposites in cancer medicine: Stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and suppressing resistance. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:355-382. [PMID: 35152815 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2041598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer therapy has been limited due to its drug resistance and poor internalization. Graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures have the capacity for DOX delivery while promoting its cytotoxicity in cancer. AREAS COVERED The favorable characteristics of GO nanocomposites, preparation method, and application in cancer therapy are described. Then, DOX resistance in cancer is discussed. The GO-mediated photothermal therapy and DOX delivery for cancer suppression are described. Preparation of stimuli-responsive GO nanocomposites, surface functionalization, hybrid nanoparticles, and theranostic applications are emphasized in DOX chemotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Graphene oxide nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy maximizes the anti-cancer activity of DOX against cancer cells. Apart from DOX delivery, GO nanomaterials are capable of loading anti-cancer agents and genetic tools to minimize drug resistance and enhance the cytolytic impact of DOX in cancer eradication. To enhance DOX accumulation in cancer cells, stimuli-responsive (redox-, light-, enzyme- and pH-sensitive) GO nanoparticles have been developed for DOX delivery. Further development of targeted delivery of DOX-loaded GO nanomaterials against cancer cells may be achieved by surface modification of polymers such as polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan. Doxorubicin-loaded GO nanoparticles have demonstrated theranostic potential for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. Hybridization of GO with other nanocarriers such as silica and gold nanoparticles further broadens their potential anti-cancer therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamidreza Saebfar
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Gholami
- DVM. Graduated, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Pooria Bikarannejad
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Vijay Thakur Kumar
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, U.K.,School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHUFundación Eduardo Anitua). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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13
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Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Coating of Dental Implants—Past and New Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020235. [PMID: 35203837 PMCID: PMC8868456 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regarded as one of the best solutions to replace missing teeth in the oral cavity, dental implants have been the focus of plenty of studies and research in the past few years. Antimicrobial coatings are a promising solution to control and prevent bacterial infections that compromise the success of dental implants. In the last few years, new materials that prevent biofilm adhesion to the surface of titanium implants have been reported, ranging from improved methods to already established coating surfaces. The purpose of this review is to present the developed antimicrobial and antibiofilm coatings that may have the potential to reduce bacterial infections and improve the success rate of titanium dental implants. All referred coating surfaces showed high antimicrobial properties with effectiveness in biofilm control, while maintaining implant biocompatibility. We expect that by combining the use of oligonucleotide probes as a covering material with novel peri-implant adjuvant therapies, we will be able to avoid the downsides of other covering materials (such as antibiotic resistance), prevent bacterial infections, and raise the success rate of dental implants. The existing knowledge on the optimal coating material for dental implants is limited, and further research is needed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Ashwath P, Sannejal AD. The Action of Efflux Pump Genes in Conferring Drug Resistance to Klebsiella Species and Their Inhibition. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNosocomial infections caused by Klebsiella species are characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria reduces the antibiotic efficacy in the treatment of infections caused by the microorganisms. Management of these infections is often difficult, due to the high frequency of strains resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Multidrug efflux pumps play a major role as a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. Efflux systems are significant in conferring intrinsic and acquired resistance to the bacteria. The emergence of increasing drug resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates has limited the therapeutic options for treatment of these infections and hence there is a constant quest for an alternative. In this review, we discuss various resistance mechanisms, focusing on efflux pumps and related genes in conferring resistance to Klebsiella. The role of various efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in restoring the antibacterial activity has also been discussed. In specific, antisense oligonucleotides as alternative therapeutics in combatting efflux-mediated resistance in Klebsiella species have focused upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ashwath
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Nitte (deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, Karnakata, India
| | - Akhila Dharnappa Sannejal
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Nitte (deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, Karnakata, India
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15
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Lin Y, Chen J, Zhou X, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by strategies targeting the metabolism of exopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:667-677. [PMID: 33938347 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1915959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and costly biofilm-associated infectious diseases affecting most of the world's population. In particular, dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm adherent to the enamel surface. Specific types of acid-producing bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans, colonize the dental surface and cause damage to the hard tooth structure in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans has been established as the major cariogenic pathogen responsible for human dental caries, with a high ability to form biofilms. The exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix, mainly contributed by S. mutans, has been considered as a virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm. As EPS is an important virulence factor, targeting EPS metabolism could be useful in preventing cariogenic biofilm formation. This review summarizes plausible strategies targeting S. mutans biofilms by degrading EPS structure, inhibiting EPS production, and disturbing the EPS metabolism-related gene expression and regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Ashwath P, Sannejal AD. A quest to the therapeutic arsenal: Novel strategies to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:79-88. [PMID: 33874870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419084836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of the disease-causing pathogens to antimicrobial drugs is a public health concern and a socio-economic burden. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains has made it harder to treat and combat infectious diseases with available conventional antibiotics. There are currently few effective therapeutic regimens for the successful prevention of infections caused by drug-resistant microbes. The various alternative strategies used in the recent past to decrease and limit antibiotic resistance in pathogens include bacteriophages, vaccines, anti-biofilm peptides, and antimicrobial peptides. However, in this review, we focus on the novel and robust molecular approach of antisense RNA (asRNA) technology and the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based antibiotic therapy, which can be exploited to selectively eradicate the drug-resistant bacterial strain in a sequence-specific fashion establishing opportunities in the treatment of multi-drug resistant related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ashwath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
| | - Akhila Dharnappa Sannejal
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru. India
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17
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Priya A, Kumar CBM, Valliammai A, Selvaraj A, Pandian SK. Usnic acid deteriorates acidogenicity, acidurance and glucose metabolism of Streptococcus mutans through downregulation of two-component signal transduction systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1374. [PMID: 33446778 PMCID: PMC7809355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal etiological agent of human dental caries, Streptococcus mutans is a multi-virulent pathogen that can transform commensal oral microbial community to plaque biofilms. Major virulence factors that are associated with the cariogenicity of S. mutans include adhesion, acidogenicity and acidurity. All these pathogenic traits coordinate and alter the dental plaque ecology which provide room for interaction with other similar acidogenic and aciduric bacteria. This cariogenic flora increases the possibility of enamel demineralization which headway to caries development. The present study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial and antiinfective potential of a lichen secondary metabolite usnic acid (UA) against S. mutans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and growth kinetics were evaluated to determine the antimicrobial potential of UA against S. mutans. UA at 5 µg mL-1 and 10 µg mL-1 concentration were considered as MIC and MBC respectively. Effect on biofilm formation was microscopically assessed and found to be reduced in a concentration dependent manner. Gene expression of gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, vicR, ComDE and smu0630 was found to be downregulated upon treatment with sub-MIC of UA. Acidogenicity, acidurity, eDNA synthesis and response to oxidative stress were found to be attenuated by the influence of UA. It was also demonstrated to act on preformed mature biofilm of S. mutans. Moreover, UA was shown to possess very low frequency to acquire spontaneous resistance development in S. mutans. Besides, no morphological aberrations or toxic effect was instigated by UA in the human buccal epithelial cells as well as to the oral commensals. Altogether, these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of usnic acid in the treatment of S. mutans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Chandra Bose Manish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Alaguvel Valliammai
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Anthonymuthu Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
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18
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Afrasiabi S, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15560. [PMID: 32968097 PMCID: PMC7511362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Less invasive removal approaches have been recommended for deep caries lesions. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and propolis nanoparticle (PNP) are highlighted for the caries management plan. Evidence is lacking for an additive effect of combination PNP with photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT. This study aimed to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of chlorophyllin-phycocyanin mixture (PhotoActive+) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as PSs in combination with PNP in the aPDT process (aPDTplus) against major important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Following characterization, biocompatibility of the PSs alone, or in combination with PNP were investigated on human gingival fibroblast cell. The in vitro synergy of PhotoActive+ or TBO and PNP was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The bacteria's virulence properties were surveyed in the presence of the PSs, individually as well as in combination. When the PSs were examined in combination (synergistic effect, FIC Index < 0.5), a stronger growth inhibitory activity was exhibited than the individual PSs. The biofilm formation, as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, showed greater suppression when the PSs were employed in combination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the combination of PhotoActive+ or TBO with PNP with the least cytotoxicity effects and the highest antimicrobial activites would improve aPDT outcomes, leading to synergistic effects and impairing the virulence of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvd, 100 Poursina Ave., 14167-53955, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Bonilla-Represa V, Abalos-Labruzzi C, Herrera-Martinez M, Guerrero-Pérez MO. Nanomaterials in Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1770. [PMID: 32906829 PMCID: PMC7557393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are commonly considered as those materials in which the shape and molecular composition at a nanometer scale can be controlled. Subsequently, they present extraordinary properties that are being useful for the development of new and improved applications in many fields, including medicine. In dentistry, several research efforts are being conducted, especially during the last decade, for the improvement of the properties of materials used in dentistry. The objective of the present article is to offer the audience a complete and comprehensive review of the main applications that have been developed in dentistry, by the use of these materials, during the last two decades. It was shown how these materials are improving the treatments in mainly all the important areas of dentistry, such as endodontics, periodontics, implants, tissue engineering and restorative dentistry. The scope of the present review is, subsequently, to revise the main applications regarding nano-shaped materials in dentistry, including nanorods, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanospheres/nanoparticles, and zeolites and other orders porous materials. The results of the bibliographic analysis show that the most explored nanomaterials in dentistry are graphene and carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives. A detailed analysis and a comparative study of their applications show that, although they are quite similar, graphene-based materials seem to be more promising for most of the applications of interest in dentistry. The bibliographic study also demonstrated the potential of zeolite-based materials, although the low number of studies on their applications shows that they have not been totally explored, as well as other porous nanomaterials that have found important applications in medicine, such as metal organic frameworks, have not been explored. Subsequently, it is expected that the research effort will concentrate on graphene and zeolite-based materials in the coming years. Thus, the present review paper presents a detailed bibliographic study, with more than 200 references, in order to briefly describe the main achievements that have been described in dentistry using nanomaterials, compare and analyze them in a critical way, with the aim of predicting the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bonilla-Represa
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
| | | | - Manuela Herrera-Martinez
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
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