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Liu T, Wang C, Xia Z. Overexpressed FKBP5 mediates colorectal cancer progression and sensitivity to FK506 treatment via the NF-κB signaling pathway. FEBS J 2024; 291:3128-3146. [PMID: 38602236 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly tumor. FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) is associated with some cancers, but the role of FKBP5 in CRC is not clear. The present study aimed to reveal the relationship between FKBP5 and CRC and to uncover the roles of FK506 in CRC. In total, 96 CRC patients were recruited. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and COX regression analyses. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore the functions of FKBP5. The mechanisms of FKBP5 and the roles of FK506 in CRC progression were clarified by immunohistochemistry, MTS, scratch assay, transwell and flow cytometric analyses via in vitro and in vivo experiments. FKBP5 was overexpressed in 77 cancer tissues compared to that in matched normal tissues, and the overall survival rate of these patients was relatively shorter. Bioinformatics analyses showed that FKBP5 regulates proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. The upregulation or downregulation of FKBP5 dramatically increases or decreases the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of CRC cells. The expression of NF-κB, inhibitor B kinase α, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 positively correlated with FKBP5. FK506 inhibits the progression of CRC via the FKBP5/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study identified a regulatory role for FKBP5 in CRC progression. Therefore, targeting FKBP5 may provide a novel treatment approach for CRC. FK506 can inhibit the progression of CRC by restraining the FKBP5/NF-κB signaling pathway and is expected to become a new drug for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changliang Wang
- The People's Procuratorate of Liaoning Province, Judicial Authentication Center, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science (CLIFS), Shenyang, China
| | - Zhixiu Xia
- Colorectal Tumor Surgery Ward, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Zeng J, Hu XF, Sun DS, Hong XY, Ma JZ, Feng Q. Alzheimer-like behavior and synaptic dysfunction in 3 × Tg-AD mice are reversed with calcineurin inhibition. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1507-1515. [PMID: 38719948 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impairments in synaptic plasticity and cognitive performance. Current treatments are unable to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects or reverse the progression of the disease. Calcineurin has been implicated as part of a critical signaling pathway for learning and memory, and neuronal calcineurin may be hyperactivated in AD. To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor, on Alzheimer-like behavior and synaptic dysfunction in the 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, we investigated the effect of FK506 on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in the 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that FK506 treatment ameliorated cognitive deficits, as indicated by the decreased latency in the water maze, and attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation in 3 × Tg-AD mice. Treatment with FK506 also reduced the levels of certain markers of postsynaptic deficits, including PSD-95 and NR2B, and reversed the long-term potentiation deficiency and dendritic spine impairments in 3 × Tg-AD mice. These findings suggest that treatment with calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 can be an effective therapeutic strategy to rescue synaptic deficit and cognitive impairment in familial Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Feng Hu
- Department of General Practice, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, The School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, The School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Zheng Ma
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiong Feng
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Schulz S, Sletta H, Fløgstad Degnes K, Krysenko S, Williams A, Olsen SM, Vernstad K, Mitulski A, Wohlleben W. Optimization of FK-506 production in Streptomyces tsukubaensis by modulation of Crp-mediated regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2871-2886. [PMID: 36949330 PMCID: PMC10033298 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
FK-506 is a potent immunosuppressive macrocyclic polyketide with growing pharmaceutical interest, produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis. However, due to low levels synthesized by the wild-type strain, biotechnological production of FK-506 is rather limited. Optimization strategies to enhance the productivity of S. tsukubaensis by means of genetic engineering have been established. In this work primarily global regulatory aspects with respect to the FK-506 biosynthesis have been investigated with the focus on the global Crp (cAMP receptor protein) regulator. In expression analyses and protein-DNA interaction studies, the role of Crp during FK-506 biosynthesis was elucidated. Overexpression of Crp resulted in two-fold enhancement of FK-506 production in S. tsukubaensis under laboratory conditions. Further optimizations using fermentors proved that the strategy described in this study can be transferred to industrial scale, presenting a new approach for biotechnological FK-506 production. KEY POINTS: • The role of the global Crp (cAMP receptor protein) regulator for FK-506 biosynthesis in S. tsukubaensis was demonstrated • Crp overexpression in S. tsukubaensis was applied as an optimization strategy to enhance FK-506 and FK-520 production resulting in two-fold yield increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Novartis AG, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin Fløgstad Degnes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sergii Krysenko
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Valent BioSciences, 1910 Innovation Wy Suite 100, Libertyville, IL, 60048, USA
| | - Alicia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silje Malene Olsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Vernstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Sem Sælands veg 2a, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Mitulski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Calcineurin Inhibitor CN585 Exhibits Off-Target Effects in the Human Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121281. [PMID: 36547614 PMCID: PMC9788591 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is an attractive antifungal target as it is critical for growth, stress response, drug resistance, and virulence in fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive drugs, tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A (CsA), are fungistatic and specifically inhibit CN through binding to their respective immunophilins, FK506-binding protein (FKBP12), and cyclophilin (CypA). We are focused on CN structure-based approaches for the development of non-immunosuppressive FK506 analogs as antifungal therapeutics. Here, we examined the effect of the novel CN inhibitor, CN585, on the growth of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis. Unexpectedly, in contrast to FK506, CN585 exhibited off-target effect on A. fumigatus wild-type and the azole- and echinocandin-resistant strains. Unlike with FK506 and CsA, the A. fumigatus CN, FKBP12, CypA mutants (ΔcnaA, Δfkbp12, ΔcypA) and various FK506-resistant mutants were all sensitive to CN585. Furthermore, in contrast to FK506 the cytosolic to nuclear translocation of the CN-dependent transcription factor (CrzA-GFP) was not inhibited by CN585. Molecular docking of CN585 onto human and A. fumigatus CN complexes revealed differential potential binding sites between human CN versus A. fumigatus CN. Our results indicate CN585 may be a non-specific inhibitor of CN with a yet undefined antifungal mechanism of activity.
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Ancuceanu R, Hovaneț MV, Cojocaru-Toma M, Anghel AI, Dinu M. Potential Antifungal Targets for Aspergillus sp. from the Calcineurin and Heat Shock Protein Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012543. [PMID: 36293395 PMCID: PMC9603945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species, especially A. fumigatus, and to a lesser extent others (A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus), although rarely pathogenic to healthy humans, can be very aggressive to immunocompromised patients (they are opportunistic pathogens). Although survival rates for such infections have improved in recent decades following the introduction of azole derivatives, they remain a clinical challenge. The fact that current antifungals act as fungistatic rather than fungicide, that they have limited safety, and that resistance is becoming increasingly common make the need for new, more effective, and safer therapies to become more acute. Over the last decades, knowledge about the molecular biology of A. fumigatus and other Aspergillus species, and particularly of calcineurin, Hsp90, and their signaling pathway proteins, has progressed remarkably. Although calcineurin has attracted much interest, its adverse effects, particularly its immunosuppressive effects, make it less attractive than it might at first appear. The situation is not very different for Hsp90. Other proteins from their signaling pathways, such as protein kinases phosphorylating the four SPRR serine residues, CrzA, rcnA, pmcA-pmcC (particularly pmcC), rfeF, BAR adapter protein(s), the phkB histidine kinase, sskB MAP kinase kinase, zfpA, htfA, ctfA, SwoH (nucleoside diphosphate kinase), CchA, MidA, FKBP12, the K27 lysine position from Hsp90, PkcA, MpkA, RlmA, brlA, abaA, wetA, other heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp12) currently appear promising and deserve further investigation as potential targets for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Marilena Viorica Hovaneț
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Maria Cojocaru-Toma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2025 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Adriana-Iuliana Anghel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Murphy SE, Bicanic T. Drug Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Invasive Candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:759408. [PMID: 34970504 PMCID: PMC8713075 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the leading cause of invasive fungal infections worldwide and are associated with acute mortality rates of ~50%. Mortality rates are further augmented in the context of host immunosuppression and infection with drug-resistant Candida species. In this review, we outline antifungal drugs already in clinical use for invasive candidiasis and candidaemia, their targets and mechanisms of resistance in clinically relevant Candida species, encompassing not only classical resistance, but also heteroresistance and tolerance. We describe novel antifungal agents and targets in pre-clinical and clinical development, including their spectrum of activity, antifungal target, clinical trial data and potential in treatment of drug-resistant Candida. Lastly, we discuss the use of combination therapy between conventional and repurposed agents as a potential strategy to combat the threat of emerging resistance in Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Murphy
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George's University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Shao Y, Molestak E, Su W, Stankevič M, Tchórzewski M. Sordarin - the antifungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1125-1145. [PMID: 34767248 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause serious problems in many aspects of human life, in particular infections in immunocompromised patients represent serious problems. Current antifungal antibiotics target various metabolic pathways, predominantly the cell wall or cellular membrane. Numerous compounds are available to combat fungal infections, but their efficacy is far from being satisfactory and some of them display high toxicity. The emerging resistance represents a serious issue as well; hence, there is a considerable need for new anti-fungal compounds with lower toxicity and higher effectiveness. One of the unique antifungal antibiotics is sordarin, the only known compound that acts on the fungal translational machinery per se. Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis at the elongation step of the translational cycle, acting on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. In this review, we intend to deliver a robust scientific platform promoting the development of antifungal compounds, in particular focusing on the molecular action of sordarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Eliza Molestak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Marek Stankevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Abstract
Inflammatory processes occur as a generic response of the immune system and can be triggered by various factors, such as infection with pathogenic microorganisms or damaged tissue. Due to the complexity of the inflammation process and its role in common diseases like asthma, cancer, skin disorders or Alzheimer's disease, anti-inflammatory drugs are of high pharmaceutical interest. Nature is a rich source for compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have focused on the structural optimization of natural products to improve their pharmacological properties. As derivatization through total synthesis is often laborious with low yields and limited stereoselectivity, the use of biosynthetic, enzyme-driven reactions is an attractive alternative for synthesizing and modifying complex bioactive molecules. In this minireview, we present an outline of the biotechnological methods used to derivatize anti-inflammatory natural products, including precursor-directed biosynthesis, mutasynthesis, combinatorial biosynthesis, as well as whole-cell and in vitro biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Winand
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Angela Sester
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
- Current address: Chair of Technical BiochemistryTechnical University of DresdenBergstrasse 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory of Technical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Strasse 6644227DortmundGermany
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9
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Drew CJG, Sharouf F, Randell E, Brookes-Howell L, Smallman K, Sewell B, Burrell A, Kirby N, Mills L, Precious S, Pallmann P, Gillespie D, Hood K, Busse M, Gray WP, Rosser A. Protocol for an open label: phase I trial within a cohort of foetal cell transplants in people with Huntington's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcaa230. [PMID: 33543141 PMCID: PMC7850012 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are available to slow or halt disease progression. Huntington's disease is characterized by relatively focal and specific loss of striatal medium spiny neurons, which makes it suitable for cell-replacement therapy, a process involving the transplantation of donor cells to replace those lost due to disease. TRIal DEsigns for delivery of Novel Therapies in neurodegeneration is a phase I Trial Within a Cohort designed to assess safety and feasibility of transplanting human foetal striatal cells into the striatum of people with Huntington's disease. A minimum of 18 participants will be enrolled in the study cohort, and up to five eligible participants will be randomly selected to undergo transplantation of 12-22 million foetal cells in a dose escalation paradigm. Independent reviewers will assess safety outcomes (lack of significant infection, bleeding or new neurological deficit) 4 weeks after surgery, and ongoing safety will be established before conducting each subsequent surgery. All participants will undergo detailed clinical and functional assessment at baseline (6 and 12 months). Surgery will be performed 1 month after baseline, and transplant participants will undergo regular clinical follow-up for at least 12 months. Evaluation of trial processes will also be undertaken. Transplant participants and their carers will be interviewed ∼1 month before and after surgery. Interviews will also be conducted with non-transplanted participants and healthcare staff delivering the intervention and involved in the clinical care of participants. Evaluation of clinical and functional efficacy outcomes and intervention costs will be carried out to explore plausible trial designs for subsequent randomized controlled trials aimed at evaluating efficacy and cost-effectiveness of cell-replacement therapy. TRIal DEsigns for delivery of Novel Therapies in neurodegeneration will enable the assessment of the safety, feasibility, acceptability and cost of foetal cell transplants in people with Huntington's disease. The data collected will inform trial designs for complex intra-cranial interventions in a range of neurodegenerative conditions and facilitate the development of stable surgical pipelines for delivery of future stem cell trials. Trial Registration: ISRCTN52651778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheney J G Drew
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Feras Sharouf
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Elizabeth Randell
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | | | - Kim Smallman
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Bernadette Sewell
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Astrid Burrell
- Public and Patient Representative, BRAIN Involve, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Laura Mills
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Sophie Precious
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Philip Pallmann
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Kerry Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Monica Busse
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Anne Rosser
- Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN) Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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10
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Vaitkienė S, Daugelavičius R, Sychrová H, Kodedová M. Styrylpyridinium Derivatives as New Potent Antifungal Drugs and Fluorescence Probes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2077. [PMID: 32983055 PMCID: PMC7483583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Candida glabrata infections increases every year due to its higher resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. We characterized the antifungal mechanism of action of eight new styrylpyridinium derivatives, with various N-alkyl chains (-C6H13, -C8H17, -C10H21, -C12H25) and different substituents, on C. glabrata strains differing in their drug resistance due to the presence or absence of two major drug-efflux pumps. We found that the tested styrylpyridinium compounds affected the growth of C. glabrata cells in a compound- and strain-dependent manner, and apparently they were substrates of CgCdr1 and CgCdr2 pumps. Further, we determined the impact of the tested compounds on plasma membrane integrity. The ability to cause damage to a plasma membrane depended on the compound, its concentration and the presence of efflux pumps, and corresponded well with the results of growth and survival tests. We also tested possible synergism with three types of known antifungal drugs. Though we did not observe any synergism with azole drugs, styrylpyridinium compounds 5 and 6 together with FK506 demonstrated excellent antifungal properties, whereas compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 exhibited a significant synergistic effect in combination with terbinafine. Based on our results, derivatives 2 and 6 turned out to be the most promising antifungal drugs. Moreover, compound 6 was not only able to effectively permeabilize the yeast plasma membrane, but also exhibited significant synergism with FK506 and terbinafine. Finally, we also characterized the spectroscopic properties of the tested styrylpyridinium compounds. We measured their absorption and fluorescence spectra, determined their localization in yeast cells and found that their fluorescence characteristics differ from the properties of current commercial vacuolar styrylpyridinium markers and allow multi-color staining. Compounds 1, 3, 7, and 8 were able to accumulate in plasma and vacuolar membranes, and compounds 2, 5, and 6 stained the whole interior of dead cells. In summary, of the eight tested compounds, compound 6 is the most promising antifungal drug, compound 8, due to its minimal toxicity, is the best candidate for a new vacuolar-membrane probe or new benchmark substrate of C. glabrata Cdr pumps, and derivative 5 for a new vital dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vaitkienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Daugelavičius
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Division Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Marie Kodedová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Division Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
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