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de Graaf JF, Pesic T, Spitzer FS, Oosterhuis K, Camps MG, Zoutendijk I, Teunisse B, Zhu W, Arakelian T, Zondag GC, Arens R, van Bergen J, Ossendorp F. Neoantigen-specific T cell help outperforms non-specific help in multi-antigen DNA vaccination against cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200835. [PMID: 39040850 PMCID: PMC11261851 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper antigens are essential components of cancer vaccines, but the relevance of the source of these MHC class II-restricted antigens remains underexplored. To compare the effectiveness of tumor-specific versus tumor-unrelated helper antigens, we designed three DNA vaccines for the murine MC-38 colon carcinoma, encoding CD8+ T cell neoantigens alone (noHELP) or in combination with either "universal" helper antigens (uniHELP) or helper neoantigens (neoHELP). Both types of helped vaccines increased the frequency of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells, and particularly uniHELP increased the fraction of KLRG1+ and PD-1low effector cells. However, when mice were subsequently injected with MC-38 cells, only neoHELP vaccination resulted in significantly better tumor control than noHELP. In contrast to uniHELP, neoHELP-induced tumor control was dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells, while both vaccines relied on CD8+ T cells. In line with this, neoHELP variants containing wild-type counterparts of the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell neoantigens displayed reduced tumor control. These data indicate that optimal personalized cancer vaccines should include MHC class II-restricted neoantigens to elicit tumor-specific CD4+ T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Pesic
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Felicia S. Spitzer
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wahwah Zhu
- Synvolux BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tsolere Arakelian
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, 2333 CH Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Apinda N, Muenthaisong A, Chomjit P, Sangkakam K, Nambooppha B, Rittipornlertrak A, Koonyosying P, Yao Y, Nair V, Sthitmatee N. Simultaneous Protective Immune Responses of Ducks against Duck Plague and Fowl Cholera by Recombinant Duck Enteritis Virus Vector Expressing Pasteurella multocida OmpH Gene. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081358. [PMID: 36016245 PMCID: PMC9415155 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus and Pasteurella multocida are major duck pathogens that induce duck plague and fowl cholera, respectively, in ducks and other waterfowl populations, leading to high levels of morbidity and mortality. Immunization with live attenuated DEV vaccine containing P. multocida outer membrane protein H (OmpH) can provide the most effective protection against these two infectious diseases in ducks. We have recently reported the construction of recombinant DEV expressing P. multocida ompH gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy with the goal of using it as a bivalent vaccine that can simultaneously protect against both infections. Here we describe the findings of our investigation into the systemic immune responses, potency and clinical protection induced by the two recombinant DEV-ompH vaccine constructs, where one copy each of the ompH gene was inserted into the DEV genome at the UL55-LORF11 and UL44-44.5 intergenic regions, respectively. Our study demonstrated that the insertion of the ompH gene exerted no adverse effect on the DEV parental virus. Moreover, ducklings immunized with the rDEV-ompH-UL55 and rDEV-ompH-UL44 vaccines induced promising levels of P. multocida OmpH-specific as well as DEV-specific antibodies and were completely protected from both diseases. Analysis of the humoral and cellular immunity confirmed the immunogenicity of both recombinant vaccines, which provided strong immune responses against DEV and P. multocida. This study not only provides insights into understanding the immune responses of ducks to recombinant DEV-ompH vaccines but also demonstrates the potential for simultaneous prevention of viral and bacterial infections using viral vectors expressing bacterial immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachon Apinda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Anucha Muenthaisong
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Paweena Chomjit
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sangkakam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Boondarika Nambooppha
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Amarin Rittipornlertrak
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Pongpisid Koonyosying
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-017; Fax: +66-53-948-041
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Liu J, Chen X, Wang J, Wu F, Zhang J, Dong J, Zhang H, Liu X, Hu N, Wu J, Zhang L, Cheng W, Zhang C, Zhang WJ. Prediction and identification of CD4+ T cell epitope for the protective antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24619. [PMID: 33578573 PMCID: PMC7886468 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+T cell epitopes plays a key role in anti-tuberculosis (TB) immunity, CD4+T cell epitopes suitable for the domestic population are lacking. Therefore, we predicted and identified novel CD4+T cell epitopes.The bioinformatics software, namely, DNAStar (DNASTAR of the United States), SYFPEITHI (INTERFACTORS INSTITUT Für ZELL Biologie of Germany), RANKPEP, and NetMHC IIpan (National Cancer Institute, United States of America), were used to comprehensively predict the CD4+T cell immune epitope of Mycobacterium TB, and the predicted epitope polypeptide was synthesized by the standard Fmoc scheme. The proliferation of PBMC and CD4+T cells stimulated by peptides was preliminarily detected by the CCK8 method. Then, the candidate polypeptides screened out by the CCK8 method were verified again by the BrdU assay, and flow cytometry was performed to analyze further the extent of their stimulation on the proliferation of CD4+T cells. The changes in the secreted cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-10 before and after the candidate polypeptide stimulation of CD4+T lymphocytes were detected by ELISA. The preliminary humoral immunity test was conducted by indirect ELISA to evaluate the serological diagnostic value of the CD4+T cell epitope polypeptide.In this study, 5 novel candidate CD4+T cell epitope polypeptides with the amino acid sequences of LQGQWRGAAGTAAQA, PVTLAETGSTLLYPL, AAAWGGSGSEAYQGV, QFVYAGAMSGLLDPS, and KAALTRTASNMNAAA and others that have not been reported in the research were predicted. For convenience, the 5 candidates were successively named as P39, P50, P40, P185, and P62. P39, P62, and the mixed peptide P39+P62 could effectively induce the proliferation of CD4+T cells and increase the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 from the CD4+T cells, while reducing the content of IL-10. The serological test showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of P39 were 75%, 67.71%, and 0.844, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of P62 were 91.66%, 46.87%, and 0.649, respectively. The sensitivity of the mixed peptide P39+P62 was 95.83%, the specificity was 97.91%, and the AUC was 0.793.The P39 and P62 polypeptides were predicted and identified as potential CD4+T cell immune epitope polypeptides of M. TB. The polypeptide had better diagnosis effect, which provided potential candidate epitope polypeptides for the development of TB-specific diagnosis reagents and novel TB epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Jiangdong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Wei Cheng
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Chunjun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
| | - Wan Jiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine/the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang
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Varypataki EM, Hasler F, Waeckerle-Men Y, Vogel-Kindgen S, Høgset A, Kündig TM, Gander B, Halin C, Johansen P. Combined Photosensitization and Vaccination Enable CD8 T-Cell Immunity and Tumor Suppression Independent of CD4 T-Cell Help. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1548. [PMID: 31333674 PMCID: PMC6624637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are key players in fighting cancer, and their induction is a major focus in the design of therapeutic vaccines. Yet, therapeutic vaccine efficacy is limited, in part due to the suboptimal vaccine processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Such processing typically takes place via the MHC class II pathway for CD4 T-cell activation and MHC class I pathway for activation of CD8 CTLs. We show that a combination of skin photochemical treatment and immunization, so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) facilitated CTL activation due to the photochemical adjuvant effect induced by photosensitizer, oxygen, and light. Mice were immunized intradermally with antigen and photosensitizer, followed by controlled light exposure. PCI-treated mice showed strong activation of CD8 T cells, with improved IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity, as compared to mice immunized without parallel PCI treatment. Surprisingly, the CD8 T-cell effector functions were not impaired in MHC class II- or CD4 T-cell-deficient mice. Moreover, PCI-based vaccination caused tumor regression independent of MHC class II or CD4 T cells presence in melanoma bearing mice. Together, the data demonstrate that PCI can act as a powerful adjuvant in cancer vaccines, even in hosts with impaired T-helper functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Snook AE, Magee MS, Schulz S, Waldman SA. Selective antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell, but not CD8(+) T- or B-cell, tolerance corrupts cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1956-66. [PMID: 24771148 PMCID: PMC4107120 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-tolerance, presumably through lineage-unbiased elimination of self-antigen-specific lymphocytes (CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and B cells), creates a formidable barrier to cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to this prevailing paradigm, we demonstrate that for some antigens, self-tolerance reflects selective elimination of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells, but preservation of CD8(+) T- and B-cell populations. In mice, antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell tolerance restricted CD8(+) T- and B-cell responses targeting the endogenous self-antigen guanylyl cyclase c (GUCY2C) in colorectal cancer. Although selective CD4(+) T-cell tolerance blocked GUCY2C-specific antitumor immunity and memory responses, it offered a unique solution to the inefficacy of GUCY2C vaccines through recruitment of self-antigen-independent CD4(+) T-cell help. Incorporating CD4(+) T-cell epitopes from foreign antigens into vaccines against GUCY2C reconstituted CD4(+) T-cell help, revealing the latent functional capacity of GUCY2C-specific CD8(+) T- and B-cell pools, producing durable antitumor immunity without autoimmunity. Incorporating CD4(+) T-cell epitopes from foreign antigens into vaccines targeting self-antigens in melanoma (Trp2) and breast cancer (Her2) produced similar results, suggesting selective CD4(+) T-cell tolerance underlies ineffective vaccination against many cancer antigens. Thus, identification of self-antigens characterized by selective CD4(+) T-cell tolerance and abrogation of such tolerance through self-antigen-independent T-cell help is essential for future immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Simerska P, Suksamran T, Ziora ZM, Rivera FDL, Engwerda C, Toth I. Ovalbumin lipid core peptide vaccines and their CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Vaccine 2014; 32:4743-50. [PMID: 24968155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lipid core peptide (LCP) system has successfully been used in development of peptide-based vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases (such as group A streptococcal infection). CD8(+) T cells are important targets for vaccines, however developing a vaccine that activates long-lasting immunity has proven challenging. The ability of LCP vaccines to activate antigen-specific CD8(+) and/or CD4(+) T cell responses was tested using compounds that contained two or four copies of OVA257-264 and/or OVA323-339 peptides conjugated to LCP, which are recognised by OTI (CD8(+) specific) and OTII (CD4(+) specific) T cells, respectively. The LCP-ovalbumin vaccines developed in this study were synthesised in 30% yields and showed no significant haemolytic effect on red blood cells (below 4% haemolysis when tested with compounds at up to 100μM concentrations). Promising in vivo data in mice suggested that this LCP-ovalbumin vaccine system could act as a novel and potent vehicle for the stimulation of robust antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Simerska
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Cooper Road, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tittaya Suksamran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Cooper Road, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Cooper Road, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fabian de Labastida Rivera
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Christian Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Cooper Road, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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An attenuated duck plague virus (DPV) vaccine induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses to protect ducks against virulent DPV infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:457-62. [PMID: 24451329 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00605-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duck plague (DP) is a severe disease caused by DP virus (DPV). Control of the disease is recognized as one of the biggest challenges in avian medicine. Vaccination is an efficient way to control DPV, and an attenuated vaccine is the main routine vaccine. The attenuated DPV vaccine strain CHa is a modified live vaccine, but the systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by this vaccine have been poorly understood. In this study, the immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine were evaluated after subcutaneous immunization of ducks. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were counted by flow cytometry, and humoral and mucosal Ig antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that high levels of T cells and Ig antibodies were present postimmunization and that there were more CD4(+) T cells than CD8(+) T cells. Titers of humoral IgG were higher than those of humoral IgA. Local IgA was found in each sample, whereas local IgG was found only in the spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, harderian gland, liver, bile, and lung. In a protection assay, the attenuated DPV vaccine completely protected ducks against 1,000 50% lethal doses (LD50) of the lethal DPV strain CHv via oral infection. These data suggest that this subcutaneous vaccine elicits sufficient systemic and mucosal immune responses against lethal DPV challenge to be protective in ducks. This study provides broad insights into understanding the immune responses to the attenuated DPV vaccine strain CHa through subcutaneous immunization in ducks.
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Côté AL, Byrne KT, Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Turk MJ. Protective CD8 memory T cell responses to mouse melanoma are generated in the absence of CD4 T cell help. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26491. [PMID: 22046294 PMCID: PMC3202545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that temporary depletion of CD4 T cells in mice with progressive B16 melanoma, followed by surgical tumor excision, induces protective memory CD8 T cell responses to melanoma/melanocyte antigens. We also showed that persistence of these CD8 T cells is supported, in an antigen-dependent fashion, by concurrent autoimmune melanocyte destruction. Herein we explore the requirement of CD4 T cell help in priming and maintaining this protective CD8 T cell response to melanoma. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To induce melanoma/melanocyte antigen-specific CD8 T cells, B16 tumor bearing mice were depleted of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) by either temporary, or long-term continuous treatment with anti-CD4 (mAb clone GK1.5). Total depletion of CD4 T cells led to significant priming of IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cell responses to TRP-2 and gp100. Surprisingly, treatment with anti-CD25 (mAb clone PC61), to specifically deplete T(reg) cells while leaving help intact, was ineffective at priming CD8 T cells. Thirty to sixty days after primary tumors were surgically excised, mice completely lacking CD4 T cell help developed autoimmune vitiligo, and maintained antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses that were highly effective at producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). Mice lacking total CD4 T cell help also mounted protection against re-challenge with B16 melanoma sixty days after primary tumor excision. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This work establishes that CD4 T cell help is dispensable for the generation of protective memory T cell responses to melanoma. Our findings support further use of CD4 T cell depletion therapy for inducing long-lived immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik L. Côté
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Katelyn T. Byrne
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Steinberg
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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