1
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Ochoa MC, Sanchez-Gregorio S, de Andrea CE, Garasa S, Alvarez M, Olivera I, Glez-Vaz J, Luri-Rey C, Etxeberria I, Cirella A, Azpilikueta A, Berraondo P, Argemi J, Sangro B, Teijeira A, Melero I. Synergistic effects of combined immunotherapy strategies in a model of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101009. [PMID: 37040772 PMCID: PMC10140615 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint-inhibitor combinations are the best therapeutic option for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but improvements in efficacy are needed to improve response rates. We develop a multifocal HCC model to test immunotherapies by introducing c-myc using hydrodynamic gene transfer along with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of p53 in mouse hepatocytes. Additionally, induced co-expression of luciferase, EGFP, and the melanosomal antigen gp100 facilitates studies on the underlying immunological mechanisms. We show that treatment of the mice with a combination of anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD1 mAbs results in partial clearance of the tumor with an improvement in survival. However, the addition of either recombinant IL-2 or an anti-CD137 mAb markedly improves both outcomes in these mice. Combining tumor-specific adoptive T cell therapy to the aCTLA-4/aPD1/rIL2 or aCTLA-4/aPD1/aCD137 regimens enhances efficacy in a synergistic manner. As shown by multiplex tissue immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, combined immunotherapy treatments enhance T cell infiltration and the intratumoral performance of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Luri-Rey
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Liver Unit and HPB Oncology Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit and HPB Oncology Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Liu D, Li G, Avella DM, Kimchi ET, Kaifi JT, Rubinstein MP, Camp ER, Rockey DC, Schell TD, Staveley-O'Carroll KF. Sunitinib represses regulatory T cells to overcome immunotolerance in a murine model of hepatocellular cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1372079. [PMID: 29296523 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1372079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful development of immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has been impeded by limited understanding of tumor-induced profound tolerance and lack of a clinically faithful HCC model. Recently, we developed a novel model that recapitulates typical features of human HCC. Using this clinically relevant model, we demonstrate that tumor growth impairs host immunity and causes a profound exhaustion of tumor antigen-specific (TAS) CD8+ T cells. Increase in frequency and suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critically involved in this tumor-induced immune dysfunction. We further demonstrate that sunitinib suppresses Tregs and prevents tumor-induced immune tolerance, allowing TAS immunization to activate endogenous CD8+ T cells. As a result, this combinational strategy delays tumor growth. Importantly, the additional integration of exogenous naïve TAS CD8+ T cells by adoptive cell transfer (ACT) leads to the elimination of the established tumors without recurrence and promotes long-term survival of the treated mice. Mechanistically, sunitinib treatment primes the antitumor immune response by significantly decreasing Treg frequency, reducing TGF-β and IL-10 production by Tregs, and also protecting TAS CD8+ T cells from tumor-induced deletion in the setting of HCC. Taken together, sunitinib quantitatively and qualitatively modifies Tregs to overcome tumor-induced immune deficiency, suggesting the potential of sunitinib as a therapeutic immune activator for HCC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Eric T Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jussuf T Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - E Ramsay Camp
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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3
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Anders K, Kershaw O, Larue L, Gruber AD, Blankenstein T. The immune system prevents recurrence of transplanted but not autochthonous antigenic tumors after oncogene inactivation therapy. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2551-2561. [PMID: 28833076 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted oncogene inactivation by small molecule inhibitors can be very effective but tumor recurrence is a frequent problem in the clinic. Therapy by inactivation of the cancer-driving oncogene in transplanted tumors was shown to be augmented in the presence of T cells. However, these experiments did not take into account the long-term, usually tolerogenic, interaction of de novo malignancies with the immune system. Here, we employed mice, in which SV40 large T (Tag) and firefly luciferase (Luc) as fusion protein (TagLuc) could be regulated with the Tet-on system and upon activation resulted in tumors after a long latency. TagLuc inactivation induced profound tumor regression, demonstrating sustained oncogene addiction. While tumor relapse after TagLuc inactivation was prevented in immunocompetent mice bearing transplanted tumors, autochthonous tumors relapsed or recurred after therapy discontinuation indicating that the immune system that coevolved with the malignancy over an extended period of time lost the potency to mount an efficient anti-tumor immune response. By contrast, adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells targeting the cancer-driving oncogene eradicated recurrent autochthonous tumors, highlighting a suitable therapy option in a clinically relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lionel Larue
- Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France.,INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France.,Equipe Labellisee e Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Textor A, Schmidt K, Kloetzel PM, Weißbrich B, Perez C, Charo J, Anders K, Sidney J, Sette A, Schumacher TNM, Keller C, Busch DH, Seifert U, Blankenstein T. Preventing tumor escape by targeting a post-proteasomal trimming independent epitope. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2333-2348. [PMID: 27697836 PMCID: PMC5068242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blankenstein and colleagues describe a novel strategy to avoid tumor escape from adoptive T cell therapy. Adoptive T cell therapy (ATT) can achieve regression of large tumors in mice and humans; however, tumors frequently recur. High target peptide-major histocompatibility complex-I (pMHC) affinity and T cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC affinity are thought to be critical to preventing relapse. Here, we show that targeting two epitopes of the same antigen in the same cancer cells via monospecific T cells, which have similar pMHC and pMHC-TCR affinity, results in eradication of large, established tumors when targeting the apparently subdominant but not the dominant epitope. Only the escape but not the rejection epitope required postproteasomal trimming, which was regulated by IFN-γ, allowing IFN-γ–unresponsive cancer variants to evade. The data describe a novel immune escape mechanism and better define suitable target epitopes for ATT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Textor
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schmidt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-M Kloetzel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Weißbrich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Cynthia Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jehad Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- The Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christin Keller
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité, Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Perez C, Jukica A, Listopad JJ, Anders K, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Blankenstein T, Charo J. Permissive expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells in tumor-bearing hosts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:359-71. [PMID: 25530110 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells expressing endogenous or transduced TCRs are two cell types currently used in clinical adoptive T-cell therapy. The ability of these cells to recognize their antigen, expand and traffic to the tumor site are the initial steps necessary for successful therapy. In this study, we used in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of Renilla luciferase (RLuc) expressing T cells to evaluate the ability of adoptively transferred T cells to survive, expand and home to tumor site in vivo. Using this method, termed RT-Rack (Rluc T cell tracking), we followed T-cell response against tumors in vivo. Expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells were antigen dependent, but independent of the host immune status. Moreover, we successfully detected T-cell response to small and large tumors, including autochthonous liver tumors. The adoptively transferred T cells were not ignorant or excluded in a partially tolerant host, which expressed low level of the target in the periphery. Using T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells, we showed the ability of these cells to respond in tumor-bearing hosts by expanding and homing to the tumor site. In all these models, the host immune status, the nature of the tumor or of the antigen, the tumor size and the presence of the targeted antigen in the periphery did not prevent the adoptively transferred T cells from responding by expanding and homing to the tumor. However, T cells had higher expression of the inhibitory receptor PD1 and reduced functional activity when a self-antigen was targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A Jukica
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J J Listopad
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - K Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - C Loddenkemper
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - T Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
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6
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Engels B, Engelhard VH, Sidney J, Sette A, Binder DC, Liu RB, Kranz DM, Meredith SC, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Relapse or eradication of cancer is predicted by peptide-major histocompatibility complex affinity. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:516-26. [PMID: 23597565 PMCID: PMC3658176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancers often relapse after adoptive therapy, even though specific T cells kill cells from the same cancer efficiently in vitro. We found that tumor eradication by T cells required high affinities of the targeted peptides for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Affinities of at least 10 nM were required for relapse-free regression. Only high-affinity peptide-MHC interactions led to efficient cross-presentation of antigen, thereby stimulating cognate T cells to secrete cytokines. These findings highlight the importance of targeting peptides with high affinity for MHC class I when designing T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Engels
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology and Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Kocher B, Piwnica-Worms D. Illuminating cancer systems with genetically engineered mouse models and coupled luciferase reporters in vivo. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:616-29. [PMID: 23585416 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a powerful noninvasive tool that has dramatically accelerated the in vivo interrogation of cancer systems and longitudinal analysis of mouse models of cancer over the past decade. Various luciferase enzymes have been genetically engineered into mouse models (GEMM) of cancer, which permit investigation of cellular and molecular events associated with oncogenic transcription, posttranslational processing, protein-protein interactions, transformation, and oncogene addiction in live cells and animals. Luciferase-coupled GEMMs ultimately serve as a noninvasive, repetitive, longitudinal, and physiologic means by which cancer systems and therapeutic responses can be investigated accurately within the autochthonous context of a living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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DuPage M, Jacks T. Genetically engineered mouse models of cancer reveal new insights about the antitumor immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:192-9. [PMID: 23465466 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that can originate in virtually all the tissues of the body, and tumors progress through many different stages during their development. While genetic mutations in the emerging cancer cells drive this disease, it has become increasingly clear that cancer development is strongly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment. Cells of the immune system are critical components of this extrinsic network of cancer regulators, contributing significantly to the microenvironment of most cancers and either promoting or inhibiting the initiation and progression of this disease. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) mouse models of spontaneous cancer are starting to shape our understanding of how antitumor T cells may act to prevent or inhibit cancer progression in some settings and not others. Lessons learned from investigating spontaneous mouse cancer models have important implications for directing clinical efforts that attempt to direct a cancer patient's immune system to eradicate their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel DuPage
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Anders K, Blankenstein T. Molecular pathways: comparing the effects of drugs and T cells to effectively target oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23197254 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutant cancer-driving oncogenes are the best therapeutic targets, both with drugs like small-molecule inhibitors (SMI) and adoptive T-cell therapy (ATT), the most effective form of immunotherapy. Cancer cell survival often depends on oncogenes, which implies that they are homogeneously expressed by all cancer cells and are difficult to select against. Mutant oncogene-directed therapy is relatively selective, as it targets preferentially the oncogene-expressing cancer cells. Both SMI and ATT can be highly effective in relevant preclinical models as well as selected clinical situations, and both share the risk of therapy resistance, facilitated by the frequent genetic instability of cancer cells. Recently, both therapies were compared in the same experimental model targeting the same oncogene. It showed that the oncogene-inactivating drug selected resistant clones, leading eventually to tumor relapse, whereas ATT eradicated large established tumors completely. The mode of tumor destruction likely explained the different outcome with only ATT destroying the tumor vasculature. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor regression and relapse will define optimal conditions for the clinic. We argue that the ideal conditions of ATT in the experimental cancer model can be translated to individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Anders
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Anders K, Buschow C, Herrmann A, Milojkovic A, Loddenkemper C, Kammertoens T, Daniel P, Yu H, Charo J, Blankenstein T. Oncogene-targeting T cells reject large tumors while oncogene inactivation selects escape variants in mouse models of cancer. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:755-67. [PMID: 22172721 PMCID: PMC3658305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genetic instability of cancer cells frequently causes drug resistance. We established mouse cancer models, which allowed targeting of an oncogene by drug-mediated inactivation or monospecific CD8(+) effector T (T(E)) cells. Drug treatment of genetically unstable large tumors was effective but selected resistant clones in the long term. In contrast, T(E) cells completely rejected large tumors (≥500 mm(3)), if the target antigen was cancer-driving and expressed in sufficient amounts. Although drug-mediated oncogene inactivation selectively killed the cancer cells and left the tumor vasculature intact, which likely facilitated survival and growth of resistant clones, T(E) cell treatment led to blood vessel destruction and probably "bystander" elimination of escape variants, which did not require antigen cross-presentation by stromal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/blood supply
- Fibrosarcoma/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/metabolism
- Fibrosarcoma/therapy
- Genes, Reporter
- Genomic Instability
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Luciferases, Firefly/biosynthesis
- Luciferases, Firefly/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oncogenes
- Point Mutation
- Skin Transplantation
- Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Tumor Escape/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Buschow
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Ana Milojkovic
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin Buch, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin Buch, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hua Yu
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Jehad Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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11
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Charo J, Perez C, Buschow C, Jukica A, Czeh M, Blankenstein T. Visualizing the dynamic of adoptively transferred T cells during the rejection of large established tumors. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3187-97. [PMID: 21898380 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy (ATCT) can result in tumor rejection, yet the behavior and fate of the introduced T cells remain unclear. We developed a novel bioluminescence mouse model, which enabled highly sensitive detection of T-cell signals at the single-cell level. Transferred T cells preferentially accumulated within antigen-positive tumors, relative to the unaffected areas in each mouse, and remarkably, expanded within both lymphopenic and P14 mice. This expansion was controlled and efficient, as evaluated by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of the T-cell signals and by tumor rejection respectively. Analysis of the population dynamics of transferred T cells in ATCT of large tumors revealed that proliferation did not always follow a simple linear pattern of expansion, but showed an oscillating pattern of expansion and contraction that was often followed by a rebound, until full tumor rejection was achieved. Furthermore, visualizing the recall response showed that the transferred T cells responded expeditiously, indicating the ability of these cells to survive, establish memory and compete with endogenous T cells for as long as 1 year after rejecting the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Close DM, Xu T, Sayler GS, Ripp S. In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI): noninvasive visualization and interrogation of biological processes in living animals. SENSORS 2010; 11:180-206. [PMID: 22346573 PMCID: PMC3274065 DOI: 10.3390/s110100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is increasingly being utilized as a method for modern biological research. This process, which involves the noninvasive interrogation of living animals using light emitted from luciferase-expressing bioreporter cells, has been applied to study a wide range of biomolecular functions such as gene function, drug discovery and development, cellular trafficking, protein-protein interactions, and especially tumorigenesis, cancer treatment, and disease progression. This article will review the various bioreporter/biosensor integrations of BLI and discuss how BLI is being applied towards a new visual understanding of biological processes within the living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Close
- The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, 676 Dabney Hall, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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