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Layton DS, Butler J, Stewart C, Stevens V, Payne J, Rootes C, Deffrasnes C, Walker S, Shan S, Gough TJ, Cowled C, Bruce K, Wang J, Kedzierska K, Wong FYK, Bean AGD, Bingham J, Williams DT. H7N9 bearing a mutation in the nucleoprotein leads to increased pathology in chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974210. [PMID: 36275684 PMCID: PMC9583263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza (AI) virus first emerged in 2013 as a low pathogenic (LPAI) strain, and has repeatedly caused human infection resulting in severe respiratory illness and a mortality of ~39% (>600 deaths) across five epidemic waves. This virus has circulated in poultry with little to no discernible clinical signs, making detection and control difficult. Contrary to published data, our group has observed a subset of specific pathogen free chickens infected with the H7N9 virus succumb to disease, showing clinical signs consistent with highly pathogenic AI (HPAI). Viral genome sequencing revealed two key mutations had occurred following infection in the haemagglutinin (HA 226 L>Q) and nucleoprotein (NP 373 A>T) proteins. We further investigated the impact of the NP mutation and demonstrated that only chickens bearing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in their IFITM1 gene were susceptible to the H7N9 virus. Susceptible chickens demonstrated a distinct loss of CD8+ T cells from the periphery as well as a dysregulation of IFNγ that was not observed for resistant chickens, suggesting a role for the NP mutation in altered T cell activation. Alternatively, it is possible that this mutation led to altered polymerase activity, as the mutation occurs in the NP 360-373 loop which has been previously show to be important in RNA binding. These data have broad ramifications for our understanding of the pathobiology of AI in chickens and humans and provide an excellent model for investigating the role of antiviral genes in a natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Daniel S. Layton, ; David T. Williams,
| | - Jeffrey Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicky Stevens
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina Rootes
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Som Walker
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamara J. Gough
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerri Bruce
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Y. K. Wong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G. D. Bean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David T. Williams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Daniel S. Layton, ; David T. Williams,
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Suboptimal stimulation by weak agonist epitope variants does not drive dysfunction of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. AIDS 2019; 33:1565-1574. [PMID: 31306165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether weakly recognized epitope variants induce anergy in HIV-1-specific CD8 T lymphocyte (CTL) clones as a mechanism of dysfunction. DESIGN HIV-1-specific CTL clones were exposed to suboptimally recognized epitope variants, and screened for anergy and other T-cell dysfunction markers, and subsequent capability to kill target cells bearing index epitope. METHODS In addition to the optimally recognized index epitope, two suboptimally recognized epitope variants were selected based on titration curves for killing of peptide-labeled target cells by three HIV-1-specific CTL clones targeting the epitopes SLYNTVATL (Gag 77-85, A02-restricted), RPAEPVPLQL (Rev 66-75, B07-restricted), and KRWIIMGLNK (Gag 263-272, B27-restricted). Consequences of suboptimal stimulation were assessed by cytokine secretion, gene expression, and capacity to kill index epitope-labeled target cells upon rechallenge. RESULTS Suboptimal recognition of epitope variants reduced cytokine production by CTL similarly to reduction in killing of target cells. Gene expression profiles after suboptimal stimulation demonstrated no patterns consistent with T-cell dysfunction due to anergy, exhaustion, or apoptosis. Preexposure of CTL to epitope variants had no discernable impact on their subsequent capacity to kill index epitope-bearing target cells. CONCLUSION Our data explore the hypothesis that poorly recognized epitope variants not only facilitate HIV-1 evasion of CTL recognition, but also induce CTL dysfunction through suboptimal signaling causing anergy. However, the results do not suggest that suboptimal signaling induces anergy (or exhaustion or apoptosis), indicating that the major role of CTL epitope variation is likely viral escape.
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Heinzel S, Marchingo JM, Horton MB, Hodgkin PD. The regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:32-38. [PMID: 29414529 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced proliferation and clonal expansion of antigen specific lymphocytes is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Recent studies identify two distinct control phases. In the first T and B lymphocytes integrate antigen and additional costimuli to motivate a programmed proliferative burst that ceases with a return to cell quiescence and eventual death. This proliferative burst is autonomously timed, ensuring an appropriate response magnitude whilst preventing uncontrolled expansion. This initial response is subject to further modification and extension by a range of signals that modify, expand and direct the emergence of a rich array of new cell types. Thus, both robust clonal expansion of a small number of antigen specific T cells, and the concurrent emergence of extensive cellular diversity, confers immunity to a vast array of different pathogens. The in vivo response to a given pathogen is made up by the sum of all responding clones and is reproducible and pathogen specific. Thus, a precise description of the regulatory principles governing lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival is essential to a unified understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Miles B Horton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Shorter SK, Schnell FJ, McMaster SR, Pinelli DF, Andargachew R, Evavold BD. Viral Escape Mutant Epitope Maintains TCR Affinity for Antigen yet Curtails CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149582. [PMID: 26915099 PMCID: PMC4767940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have the remarkable ability to recognize antigen with great specificity and in turn mount an appropriate and robust immune response. Critical to this process is the initial T cell antigen recognition and subsequent signal transduction events. This antigen recognition can be modulated at the site of TCR interaction with peptide:major histocompatibility (pMHC) or peptide interaction with the MHC molecule. Both events could have a range of effects on T cell fate. Though responses to antigens that bind sub-optimally to TCR, known as altered peptide ligands (APL), have been studied extensively, the impact of disrupting antigen binding to MHC has been highlighted to a lesser extent and is usually considered to result in complete loss of epitope recognition. Here we present a model of viral evasion from CD8 T cell immuno-surveillance by a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) escape mutant with an epitope for which TCR affinity for pMHC remains high but where the antigenic peptide binds sub optimally to MHC. Despite high TCR affinity for variant epitope, levels of interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) are not sustained in response to the variant indicating differences in perceived TCR signal strength. The CD8+ T cell response to the variant epitope is characterized by early proliferation and up-regulation of activation markers. Interestingly, this response is not maintained and is characterized by a lack in IL-2 and IFNγ production, increased apoptosis and an abrogated glycolytic response. We show that disrupting the stability of peptide in MHC can effectively disrupt TCR signal strength despite unchanged affinity for TCR and can significantly impact the CD8+ T cell response to a viral escape mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla K. Shorter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean R. McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David F. Pinelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yao S, Buzo BF, Pham D, Jiang L, Taparowsky EJ, Kaplan MH, Sun J. Interferon regulatory factor 4 sustains CD8(+) T cell expansion and effector differentiation. Immunity 2013; 39:833-45. [PMID: 24211184 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, CD8(+) T cells undergo a stepwise process of early activation, expansion, and differentiation into effector cells. How these phases are transcriptionally regulated is incompletely defined. Here, we report that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), dispensable for early CD8(+) T cell activation, was vital for sustaining the expansion and effector differentiation of CD8(+) T cells. Mechanistically, IRF4 promoted the expression and function of Blimp1 and T-bet, two transcription factors required for CD8(+) T cell effector differentiation, and simultaneously repressed genes that mediate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Selective ablation of Irf4 in peripheral CD8(+) T cells impaired antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses, viral clearance, and CD8(+) T cell-mediated host recovery from influenza infection. IRF4 expression was regulated by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling strength via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Our data reveal that IRF4 translates differential strength of TCR signaling into different quantitative and qualitative CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Hemann EA, Kang SM, Legge KL. Protective CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against influenza A virus infection following influenza virus-like particle vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2486-94. [PMID: 23885108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines capable of inducing cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses could potentially provide superior, long-term protection against multiple, heterologous strains of IAV. Although prior studies demonstrated the effectiveness of baculovirus-derived virus-like particle (VLP) vaccination in generating Ab-mediated protection, the role that CD8 T cell immunity plays in overall VLP-mediated protection is less-well understood. In this article, we demonstrate that intranasal vaccination of mice with a VLP containing the hemagglutinin and matrix 1 proteins of IAV/PR/8/34 leads to a significant increase in hemagglutinin 533-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs and protection following subsequent homologous challenge with IAV. VLP-mediated protection was significantly reduced by CD8 T cell depletion, indicating a critical role for CD8 T cells in protective immunity. Importantly, our results show that VLP vaccine-induced CD8 T cell-mediated protection is not limited to homologous IAV strains. VLP vaccination leads to an increase in protection following heterosubtypic challenge with a strain of IAV that avoids vaccine-induced neutralizing Abs but contains conserved, immunodominant CD8 T cell epitopes. Overall, our results demonstrate the ability of influenza protein-containing VLPs to prime IAV-specific CD8 T cell responses that contribute to protection from homo- and heterosubtypic IAV infections. These results further suggest that vaccination strategies focused on the development of cross-protective CD8 T cell responses may contribute to the development of "universal" IAV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hemann
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Denton AE, Wesselingh R, Gras S, Guillonneau C, Olson MR, Mintern JD, Zeng W, Jackson DC, Rossjohn J, Hodgkin PD, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Affinity thresholds for naive CD8+ CTL activation by peptides and engineered influenza A viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5733-44. [PMID: 22039305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-avidity interactions between TCRs and peptide + class I MHC (pMHCI) epitopes drive CTL activation and expansion. Intriguing questions remain concerning the constraints determining optimal TCR/pMHCI binding. The present analysis uses the TCR transgenic OT-I model to assess how varying profiles of TCR/pMHCI avidity influence naive CTL proliferation and the acquisition of effector function following exposure to the cognate H-2K(b)/OVA(257-264) (SIINFEKL) epitope and to mutants provided as peptide or in engineered influenza A viruses. Stimulating naive OT-I CD8(+) T cells in vitro with SIINFEKL induced full CTL proliferation and differentiation that was largely independent of any need for costimulation. By contrast, in vitro activation with the low-affinity EIINFEKL or SIIGFEKL ligands depended on the provision of IL-2 and other costimulatory signals. Importantly, although they did generate potent endogenous responses, infection of mice with influenza A viruses expressing these same OVA(257) variants failed to induce the activation of adoptively transferred naive OT-I CTLps, an effect that was only partially overcome by priming with a lipopeptide vaccine. Subsequent structural and biophysical analysis of H2-K(b)OVA(257), H2-K(b)E1, and H2-K(b)G4 established that these variations introduce small changes at the pMHCI interface and decrease epitope stability in ways that would likely impact cell surface presentation and recognition. Overall, it seems that there is an activation threshold for naive CTLps, that minimal alterations in peptide sequence can have profound effects, and that the antigenic requirements for the in vitro and in vivo induction of CTL proliferation and effector function differ substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Denton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen is a crucial aspect of the adaptive immune response. One of the most common means of pathogen immune evasion is mutation of T cell epitopes. T cell recognition of such ligands can result in a variety of outcomes including activation, apoptosis and anergy. The ability of a given T cell to respond to a specific peptide-MHC ligand is regulated by a number of factors, including the affinity, on- and off-rates and half-life of the TCR-peptide-MHC interaction. Interaction of T cells with low-potency ligands results in unique signaling patterns and requires engagement with a larger number of T cell receptors than agonist ligands. This review will address these aspects of T cell interaction with weak ligands and the ways in which these ligands have been utilized therapeutically.
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Hufford MM, Kim TS, Sun J, Braciale TJ. Antiviral CD8+ T cell effector activities in situ are regulated by target cell type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 208:167-80. [PMID: 21187318 PMCID: PMC3023137 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the lungs of mice infected with influenza, the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes is modulated by the type of target cell encountered. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a prominent role in the resolution of viral infections through their capacity both to mediate contact-dependent lysis of infected cells and to release soluble proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The factors controlling these antiviral effector activities in vivo at infection sites are ill defined. Using a mouse model of influenza infection, we observed that the expression of CTL effector activity in the infected lungs is dictated by the target cell type encountered. CD45+ lung infiltrating inflammatory mononuclear cells, particularly CD11chi dendritic cells, trigger both CTL cytotoxicity and release of inflammatory mediators, whereas CD45− influenza-infected respiratory epithelial cells stimulate only CTL cytotoxicity. CTL proinflammatory mediator release is modulated by co-stimulatory ligands (CD80 and CD86) expressed by the CD45+ inflammatory cells. These findings suggest novel mechanisms of control of CTL effector activity and have potentially important implications for the control of excess pulmonary inflammation and immunopathology while preserving optimal viral clearance during respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hufford
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Yoon H, Kim TS, Braciale TJ. The cell cycle time of CD8+ T cells responding in vivo is controlled by the type of antigenic stimulus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15423. [PMID: 21079741 PMCID: PMC2975678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cells comprising the mammalian adaptive immune system is the requirement for these rare naïve T (and B) lymphocytes directed to a specific microorganism to undergo proliferative expansion upon first encounter with this antigen. In the case of naïve CD8+ T cells the ability of these rare quiescent lymphocytes to rapidly activate and expand into effector T cells in numbers sufficient to control viral and certain bacterial infections can be essential for survival. In this report we examined the activation, cell cycle time and initial proliferative response of naïve murine CD8+ T cells responding in vivo to Influenza and Vaccinia virus infection or vaccination with viral antigens. Remarkably, we observed that CD8+ T cells could divide and proliferate with an initial cell division time of as short as 2 hours. The initial cell cycle time of responding CD8+ T cells is not fixed but is controlled by the antigenic stimulus provided by the APC in vivo. Initial cell cycle time influences the rate of T cell expansion and the numbers of effector T cells subsequently accumulating at the site of infection. The T cell cycle time varies with duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The duration of G1 is inversely correlated with the phosphorylation state of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the responding T cells. The implication of these findings for the development of adaptive immune responses and the regulation of cell cycle in higher eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesik Yoon
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Taeg S. Kim
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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GVHD after haploidentical transplantation: a novel, MHC-defined rhesus macaque model identifies CD28- CD8+ T cells as a reservoir of breakthrough T-cell proliferation during costimulation blockade and sirolimus-based immunosuppression. Blood 2010; 116:5403-18. [PMID: 20833977 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-289272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a major histocompatibility complex-defined primate model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and have determined the effect that CD28/CD40-directed costimulation blockade and sirolimus have on this disease. Severe GVHD developed after haploidentical transplantation without prophylaxis, characterized by rapid clinical decline and widespread T-cell infiltration and organ damage. Mechanistic analysis showed activation and possible counter-regulation, with rapid T-cell expansion and accumulation of CD8(+) and CD4(+) granzyme B(+) effector cells and FoxP3(pos)/CD27(high)/CD25(pos)/CD127(low) CD4(+) T cells. CD8(+) cells down-regulated CD127 and BCl-2 and up-regulated Ki-67, consistent with a highly activated, proliferative profile. A cytokine storm also occurred, with GVHD-specific secretion of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-18, and CCL4. Costimulation Blockade and Sirolimus (CoBS) resulted in striking protection against GVHD. At the 30-day primary endpoint, CoBS-treated recipients showed 100% survival compared with no survival in untreated recipients. CoBS treatment resulted in survival, increasing from 11.6 to 62 days (P < .01) with blunting of T-cell expansion and activation. Some CoBS-treated animals did eventually develop GVHD, with both clinical and histopathologic evidence of smoldering disease. The reservoir of CoBS-resistant breakthrough immune activation included secretion of interferon-γ, IL-2, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and IL-12/IL-23 and proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin-resistant CD28(-) CD8(+) T cells, suggesting adjuvant treatments targeting this subpopulation will be needed for full disease control.
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