1
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Tse BCY, Ireland RA, Lee JY, Marsh-Wakefield F, Kok LF, Don AS, Byrne SN. Exposure to Systemic Immunosuppressive Ultraviolet Radiation Alters T Cell Recirculation through Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2278-2287. [PMID: 34561229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic suppression of adaptive immune responses is a major way in which UV radiation contributes to skin cancer development. Immune suppression is also likely to explain how UV protects from some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated systemic immune suppression are not well understood. Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to doses of UV known to suppress systemic autoimmunity led to the accumulation of cells within the skin-draining lymph nodes and away from non-skin-draining lymph nodes. Transfer of CD45.1+ cells from nonirradiated donors into CD45.2+ UV-irradiated recipients resulted in preferential accumulation of donor naive T cells and a decrease in activated T cells within skin-draining lymph nodes. A single dose of immune-suppressive UV was all that was required to cause a redistribution of naive and central memory T cells from peripheral blood to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Specifically, CD69-independent increases in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1-negative naive and central memory T cells occurred in these lymph nodes. Mass spectrometry analysis showed UV-mediated activation of sphingosine kinase 1 activity, resulting in an increase in S1P levels within the lymph nodes. Topical application of a sphingosine kinase inhibitor on the skin prior to UV irradiation eliminated the UV-induced increase in lymph node S1P and T cell numbers. Thus, exposure to immunosuppressive UV disrupts T cell recirculation by manipulating the S1P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C Y Tse
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael A Ireland
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lai Fong Kok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
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2
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Hart PH, Norval M. More Than Effects in Skin: Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Changes in Immune Cells in Human Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694086. [PMID: 34177957 PMCID: PMC8222718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the skin and circulation are in constant two-way communication. Following exposure of humans to sunlight or to phototherapy, there are alterations in the number, phenotype and function of circulating blood cells. In this review, only data obtained from human studies are considered, with changes induced by UV radiation (UVR) exposure described for phagocytic leukocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells plus their component T and B cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. These immune modulations illustrate the potential of UVR to have therapeutic effects beyond the skin, and that sunlight exposure is an important environmental influence on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mary Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Mincham KT, Panchal K, Hart PH, Lucas RM, Feelisch M, Weller RB, Matthews VB, Strickland DH, Gorman S. Metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet modulates hematopoietic stem and myeloid progenitor cells in brown adipose tissue of mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:749-766. [PMID: 33866598 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) may be an important metabolic regulator of whole-body glucose. While important roles have been ascribed to macrophages in regulating metabolic functions in BAT, little is known of the roles of other immune cells subsets, particularly dendritic cells (DCs). Eating a high-fat diet may compromise the development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs)-which give rise to DCs-in bone marrow, with less known of its effects in BAT. We have previously demonstrated that ongoing exposure to low-dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR) significantly reduced the 'whitening' effect of eating a high-fat diet upon interscapular (i) BAT of mice. Here, we examined whether this observation may be linked to changes in the phenotype of HSPCs and myeloid-derived immune cells in iBAT and bone marrow of mice using 12-colour flow cytometry. Many HSPC subsets declined in both iBAT and bone marrow with increasing metabolic dysfunction. Conversely, with rising adiposity and metabolic dysfunction, conventional DCs (cDCs) increased in both of these tissues. When compared with a low-fat diet, consumption of a high-fat diet significantly reduced proportions of myeloid, common myeloid and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors in iBAT, and short-term hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. In mice fed the high-fat diet, exposure to low-dose UVR significantly reduced proportions of cDCs in iBAT, independently of nitric oxide release from irradiated skin [blocked using the scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO)], but did not significantly modify HSPC subsets in either tissue. Further studies are needed to determine whether changes in these cell populations contribute towards metabolic dysfunction .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kunjal Panchal
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Vance B Matthews
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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4
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Trend S, Leffler J, Cooper MN, Byrne SN, Kermode AG, French MA, Hart PH. Narrowband UVB phototherapy reduces TNF production by B-cell subsets stimulated via TLR7 from individuals with early multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1197. [PMID: 33088505 PMCID: PMC7561518 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives At the end of a 60‐day course of narrowband UVB phototherapy, administered to individuals with early multiple sclerosis, there were changes in the relative proportions of circulating B‐cell subsets. This study investigated phototherapy‐associated changes to cytokine responses of B cells when exposed to a TLR7 ligand. Methods PBMCs from participants of the PhoCIS (Phototherapy for Clinically Isolated Syndrome) trial taken before (day 1) and after phototherapy for 8 weeks (day 60) were incubated with, or without, the TLR7 ligand, R848, for 18 h. Production of TNF and IL‐10 in seven B‐cell subsets was examined, with cytokine responses in each individual at day 60, adjusted for responses at day 1. Paired PBMCs were from participants administered phototherapy (n = 7) or controls (n = 6). Results At day 60, significantly fewer B cells, particularly marginal zone‐like B cells (CD27+/IgD+), from participants administered phototherapy produced TNF in response to TLR7 stimulation. When responses by seven B‐cell subsets were analysed together using multivariate methods, a phototherapy‐specific signature was observed. An increased responsiveness from day 1 to day 60 in IgM‐only memory B cells (CD27+/IgD−/IgM+) after TLR7 stimulation also predicted slower progression from CIS to MS. Phototherapy was without significant effect on B‐cell IL‐10 production. Conclusions Reduced TNF responses after TLR7 stimulation in marginal zone‐like B cells from participants administered phototherapy suggested treatment‐associated priming effects that were detected upon subsequent polyclonal B‐cell activation. Changes in responsiveness to TLR7 stimulation also suggested that IgM‐only memory B cells may be important in conversion from CIS to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- UWA Medical School and School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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5
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Khan S, Andrews KL, Chin-Dusting JPF. Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX) Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Really Anti-Inflammatory? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174262. [PMID: 31480335 PMCID: PMC6747368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors are among the most commonly used drugs in the western world for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, they are also well-known to increase the risk of coronary events. This area is of renewed significance given alarming new evidence suggesting this effect can occur even with acute usage. This contrasts with the well-established usage of aspirin as a mainstay for cardiovascular prophylaxis, as well as overwhelming evidence that COX inhibition induces vasodilation and is protective for vascular function. Here, we present an updated review of the preclinical and clinical literature regarding the cardiotoxicity of COX inhibitors. While studies to date have focussed on the role of COX in influencing renal and vascular function, we suggest an interaction between prostanoids and T cells may be a novel factor, mediating elevated cardiovascular disease risk with NSAID use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Karen L Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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6
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Ghaly S, Bliuc D, Center JR, Clarke MW, Jones AP, Trend S, Kermode AG, Neale RE, Hart PH. Vitamin D C3-epimer levels are proportionally higher with oral vitamin D supplementation compared to ultraviolet irradiation of skin in mice but not humans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:110-116. [PMID: 30296587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3)) undergoes epimerization to form C3-epi 25(OH)D3 and C3-epi 1,25(OH)2D3. These epimers have less calcaemic activity than non-epimerized metabolites and are not differentiated by many immunoassays when reporting total 25(OH)D3 levels. This study aimed to compare the effect of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oral vitamin D3 supplementation on vitamin D C3-epimer levels. C57Bl/6 female mice were fed either vitamin D-sufficient (vitamin D3 2000 IU/kg) or -deficient diets (no vitamin D3) for 4 weeks. Among the vitamin D-deficient group, the shaved backs of half were irradiated daily for 4 days with 1 kJ/m2 UVR, followed by twice weekly irradiation for 4 weeks. Despite similar 25(OH)D3 levels, the UV-irradiated group had a lower proportion of C3-epi 25(OH)D3 at week 7 (p < 0.05) and week 9 (p < 0.01). C3-epimer concentrations and %C3-epi 25(OH)D3 were also analysed in serum samples from two human clinical trials. These trials investigated the effect of high dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation and narrowband UVB phototherapy, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D3 and the %C3-epi 25(OH)D3 levels measured at 12 months after oral vitamin D3 supplementation were not significantly different to those measured at the time of maximal effect of phototherapy (2 months). Thus, the proportion of 25(OH)D3 that undergoes epimerization is greater with oral vitamin D3 supplementation than exposure to UVR in mice, but not in humans. This important difference between human and murine vitamin D metabolism warrants consideration when interpreting animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghaly
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dana Bliuc
- Clinical Studies and Epidemiology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Clinical Studies and Epidemiology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Cancer Aetiology and Prevention Group, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Morgan KA, Mann EH, Young AR, Hawrylowicz CM. ASTHMA - comparing the impact of vitamin D versus UVR on clinical and immune parameters. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:399-410. [PMID: 28092390 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of asthma has increased markedly since the 1960s and is currently estimated to affect more than 300 million individuals worldwide. A number of environmental factors are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, one of which is vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a global health concern and has increased in parallel with asthma incidence. Epidemiological studies report associations between low vitamin D status, assessed as circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, with asthma incidence, severity, exacerbations and responses to treatment. This has led to clinical studies to test whether increasing the levels of vitamin D improves asthma management. Despite being highly variable in dosing regimens, design and outcomes, meta-analyses suggest overall positive outcomes with respect to reduced asthma exacerbations and steroid requirements. The primary mechanism for increasing vitamin D levels in the body is through exposure of the skin to the ultraviolet B (UVB) component of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), most commonly from sun exposure. However, only a limited number of studies investigating the impact of UVR on the asthmatic response have been performed; these generally report on the impact of latitude as a surrogate of sun exposure, or address this in animal models. To the best of our knowledge no comprehensive trials to assess the impact of UVB radiation on asthma outcomes have been performed. Within this review we discuss observational and clinical studies in this field, and innate and adaptive immune mechanisms through which UVR and vitamin D may impact respiratory health, and asthma. We highlight the heterogeneity of asthmatic disease, which is likely to impact upon the efficacy of interventional studies, and briefly overview more recent findings relating to the impact of vitamin D/UVR on the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Morgan
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK. and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, UK and St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Mann
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK.
| | - Antony R Young
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, UK and St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Catherine M Hawrylowicz
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK. and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, UK
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8
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McGonigle TA, Dwyer AR, Greenland EL, Scott NM, Carter KW, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Goodridge HS, Pixley FJ, Hart PH. Reticulon-1 and Reduced Migration toward Chemoattractants by Macrophages Differentiated from the Bone Marrow of Ultraviolet-Irradiated and Ultraviolet-Chimeric Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:260-270. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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McGonigle TA, Dwyer AR, Greenland EL, Scott NM, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Goodridge HS, Zon LI, Pixley FJ, Hart PH. PGE 2 pulsing of murine bone marrow cells reduces migration of daughter monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Exp Hematol 2017; 56:64-68. [PMID: 28822771 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages differentiating from bone marrow (BM) cells pulsed for 2 hours at 37°C with a stabilized derivative of prostaglandin E2, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2), migrated less efficiently toward a chemoattractant than monocytes/macrophages differentiated from BM cells pulsed with vehicle. To confirm that the effect on BM cells was long lasting and to replicate human BM transplantation, chimeric mice were established with donor BM cells pulsed for 2 hours with dmPGE2 before injection into marrow-ablated congenic recipient mice. After 12 weeks, when high levels (90%) of engraftment were obtained, regenerated BM-derived monocytes/macrophages differentiating in vitro or in vivo migrated inefficiently toward the chemokines colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) or thioglycollate, respectively. Our results reveal long-lasting changes to progenitor cells of monocytes/macrophages by a 2-hour dmPGE2 pulse that, in turn, limits the migration of their daughter cells to chemoattractants and inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence A McGonigle
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy R Dwyer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eloise L Greenland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard, Boston, MA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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10
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McGonigle TA, Keane KN, Ghaly S, Carter KW, Anderson D, Scott NM, Goodridge HS, Dwyer A, Greenland E, Pixley FJ, Newsholme P, Hart PH. UV Irradiation of Skin Enhances Glycolytic Flux and Reduces Migration Capabilities in Bone Marrow-Differentiated Dendritic Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2046-2059. [PMID: 28708972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A systemic immunosuppression follows UV irradiation of the skin of humans and mice. In this study, dendritic cells (DCs) differentiating from the bone marrow (BM) of UV-irradiated mice had a reduced ability to migrate toward the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21. Fewer DCs also accumulated in the peritoneal cavity of UV-chimeric mice (ie, mice transplanted with BM from UV-irradiated mice) after injection of an inflammatory stimulus into that site. We hypothesized that different metabolic states underpin altered DC motility. Compared with DCs from the BM of nonirradiated mice, those from UV-irradiated mice produced more lactate, consumed more glucose, and had greater glycolytic flux in a bioenergetics stress test. Greater expression of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase was identified as a potential contributor to increased glycolysis. Inhibition of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase by 6-chloro-dl-tryptophan prevented both increased lactate production and reduced migration toward chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 by DCs differentiated from BM of UV-irradiated mice. UV-induced prostaglandin E2 has been implicated as an intermediary in the effects of UV radiation on BM cells. DCs differentiating from BM cells pulsed in vitro for 2 hours with dimethyl prostaglandin E2 were functionally similar to those from the BM of UV-irradiated mice. Reduced migration of DCs to lymph nodes associated with increased glycolytic flux may contribute to their reduced ability to initiate new immune responses in UV-irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence A McGonigle
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Ghaly
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kim W Carter
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eloise Greenland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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11
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Hart PH, Lucas RM, Booth DR, Carroll WM, Nolan D, Cole JM, Jones AP, Kermode AG. Narrowband UVB Phototherapy for Clinically Isolated Syndrome: A Trial to Deliver the Benefits of Vitamin D and Other UVB-Induced Molecules. Front Immunol 2017; 8:3. [PMID: 28167940 PMCID: PMC5256075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D and insufficient sun exposure are additive independent risk factors for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). The usual measure of vitamin D status, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], is also a marker of recent exposure to the UVB rays of sunshine. The main evidence for a protective effect for MS development of higher 25(OH)D comes from observational studies, but this study design cannot separate out whether 25(OH)D is acting as a marker of vitamin D status, sun exposure, or both. In light of a lack of definitive outcomes in MS patients after trials of vitamin D supplementation and the ability of narrowband UVB to induce vitamin D, as well as other immune-regulatory molecules in skin, the Phototherapy for Clinically Isolated Syndrome (PhoCIS) trial was established to investigate the benefits of narrowband UVB, in addition to supplemented vitamin D, on MS development in individuals with Clinically Isolated Syndrome. We propose that the PhoCIS trial provides a fresh approach to re-defining the reported associations of 25(OH)D levels with MS development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David R Booth
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney , Westmead, NSW , Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital, Immunology Department, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Judith M Cole
- St John of God Dermatology , Subiaco, WA , Australia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Miller KM, Hart PH, de Klerk NH, Davis EA, Lucas RM. Are low sun exposure and/or vitamin D risk factors for type 1 diabetes? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:381-398. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D, with their known immunosuppressive effects, have the potential to delay or inhibit type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health
- The Australian National University
- Canberra 2600
- Australia
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13
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Sunlight Effects on Immune System: Is There Something Else in addition to UV-Induced Immunosuppression? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1934518. [PMID: 28070504 PMCID: PMC5187459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1934518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight, composed of different types of radiation, including ultraviolet wavelengths, is an essential source of light and warmth for life on earth but has strong negative effects on human health, such as promoting the malignant transformation of skin cells and suppressing the ability of the human immune system to efficiently detect and attack malignant cells. UV-induced immunosuppression has been extensively studied since it was first described by Dr. Kripke and Dr. Fisher in the late 1970s. However, skin exposure to sunlight has not only this and other unfavorable effects, for example, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, but also a positive one: the induction of Vitamin D synthesis, which performs several roles within the immune system in addition to favoring bone homeostasis. The impact of low levels of UV exposure on the immune system has not been fully reported yet, but it bears interesting differences with the suppressive effect of high levels of UV radiation, as shown by some recent studies. The aim of this article is to put some ideas in perspective and pose some questions within the field of photoimmunology based on established and new information, which may lead to new experimental approaches and, eventually, to a better understanding of the effects of sunlight on the human immune system.
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14
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Pilkington SM, Gibbs NK, Costello P, Bennett SP, Massey KA, Friedmann PS, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on epidermal Langerhans cell numbers and PGD2production in UVR-exposed human skin: a randomised controlled study. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:962-968. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Pilkington
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Neil K. Gibbs
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Patrick Costello
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Susan P. Bennett
- Centre for Dermatology; Salford Royal Hospital; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Karen A. Massey
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Lesley E. Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Centre for Dermatology; Salford Royal Hospital; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
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15
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Fleury N, Geldenhuys S, Gorman S. Sun Exposure and Its Effects on Human Health: Mechanisms through Which Sun Exposure Could Reduce the Risk of Developing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E999. [PMID: 27727191 PMCID: PMC5086738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant burden on global healthcare due to its high prevalence and associations with chronic health conditions. In our animal studies, ongoing exposure to low dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR, found in sunlight) reduced weight gain and the development of signs of cardiometabolic dysfunction in mice fed a high fat diet. These observations suggest that regular exposure to safe levels of sunlight could be an effective means of reducing the burden of obesity. However, there is limited knowledge around the nature of associations between sun exposure and the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, and we do not know if sun exposure (independent of outdoor activity) affects the metabolic processes that determine obesity in humans. In addition, excessive sun exposure has strong associations with a number of negative health consequences such as skin cancer. This means it is very important to "get the balance right" to ensure that we receive benefits without increasing harm. In this review, we detail the evidence around the cardiometabolic protective effects of UVR and suggest mechanistic pathways through which UVR could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
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16
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Goodridge HS, Ahmed SS, Curtis N, Kollmann TR, Levy O, Netea MG, Pollard AJ, van Crevel R, Wilson CB. Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:392-400. [PMID: 27157064 PMCID: PMC4931283 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through protection against non-targeted pathogens in addition to the targeted pathogen. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. We discuss how heterologous lymphocyte activation and innate immune memory could promote protection beyond the intended target pathogen and consider how vaccinologists could leverage heterologous immunity to improve outcomes in vulnerable populations, in particular the very young and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Goodridge
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | | | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-175, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z4H4, Canada.
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christopher B. Wilson
- Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5 Ave N, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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17
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, O'Neill LAJ, Xavier RJ. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science 2016; 352:aaf1098. [PMID: 27102489 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1616] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The general view that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has recently been challenged. In organisms lacking adaptive immunity, as well as in mammals, the innate immune system can mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory." Trained immunity is orchestrated by epigenetic reprogramming, broadly defined as sustained changes in gene expression and cell physiology that do not involve permanent genetic changes such as mutations and recombination, which are essential for adaptive immunity. The discovery of trained immunity may open the door for novel vaccine approaches, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immune deficiency states, and modulation of exaggerated inflammation in autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany. Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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18
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Lucas RM, Byrne SN, Correale J, Ilschner S, Hart PH. Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:413-24. [PMID: 26477548 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling epidemiological evidence that the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is increased in association with low levels of sun exposure, possibly because this is associated with low vitamin D status. Recent work highlights both vitamin D and non-vitamin D effects on cellular immunity that suggests that higher levels of sun exposure and/or vitamin D status are beneficial for both MS risk and in ameliorating disease progression. Here we review this recent evidence, focusing on regulatory cells, dendritic cells, and chemokines and cytokines released from the skin following exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Scott NM, Ng RLX, McGonigle TA, Gorman S, Hart PH. Reduced immune responses in chimeric mice engrafted with bone marrow cells from mice with airways inflammation. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:861-73. [PMID: 26280298 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During respiratory inflammation, it is generally assumed that dendritic cells differentiating from the bone marrow are immunogenic rather than immunoregulatory. Using chimeric mice, the outcomes of airways inflammation on bone marrow progenitor cells were studied. METHODS Immune responses were analyzed in chimeric mice engrafted for >16 weeks with bone marrow cells from mice with experimental allergic airways disease (EAAD). RESULTS Responses to sensitization and challenge with the allergen causing inflammation in the bone marrow-donor mice were significantly reduced in the chimeric mice engrafted with bone marrow cells from mice with EAAD (EAAD-chimeric). Responses to intranasal LPS and topical fluorescein isothiocyanate (non-specific challenges) were significantly attenuated. Fewer activated dendritic cells from the airways and skin of the EAAD-chimeric mice could be tracked to the draining lymph nodes, and may contribute to the significantly reduced antigen/chemical-induced hypertrophy in the draining nodes, and the reduced immune responses to sensitizing allergens. Dendritic cells differentiating in vitro from the bone marrow of >16 weeks reconstituted EAAD-chimeric mice retained an ability to poorly prime immune responses when transferred into naïve mice. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic cells developing from bone marrow progenitors during airways inflammation are altered such that daughter cells have reduced antigen priming capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Royce L X Ng
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Terence A McGonigle
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is best known for its ability to cause skin cancer, it is also associated with protection against a range of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the precise mechanism by which sunlight affords protection from MS remains to be determined, some have hypothesised that UV immunosuppression explains the "latitude-gradient effect" associated with MS. By stimulating the release of soluble factors in exposed skin, UV activates immune suppressive pathways that culminate in the induction of regulatory cells in distant tissues. Each and every one of the immune suppressive cells and molecules activated by UV exposure are potential targets for treating and preventing MS. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved is therefore required if we are to realise the therapeutic potential of photoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Level 5 (East), The Charles Perkins Centre Hub (D17), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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21
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Spelman T, Gray O, Trojano M, Petersen T, Izquierdo G, Lugaresi A, Hupperts R, Bergamaschi R, Duquette P, Grammond P, Giuliani G, Boz C, Verheul F, Oreja-Guevara C, Barnett M, Grand'Maison F, Edite Rio M, Lechner-Scott J, Van Pesch V, Fernandez Bolanos R, Flechter S, Den Braber-Moerland L, Iuliano G, Amato MP, Slee M, Cristiano E, Saladino ML, Paine M, Vella N, Kasa K, Deri N, Herbert J, Moore F, Petkovska-Boskova T, Alroughani R, Savino A, Shaw C, Vucic S, Santiago V, Bacile EA, Skromne E, Poehlau D, Cabrera-Gomez JA, Lucas R, Butzkueven H. Seasonal variation of relapse rate in multiple sclerosis is latitude dependent. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:880-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Spelman
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Australia
| | - Orla Gray
- Craigavon Area Hospital; Portadown Northern Ireland
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Neurological lnstitute of Scientific Research and Treatment Mondino; Pavia Italy
| | | | - Pierre Grammond
- Chaudière-Appalache Physical Disability Rehabilitation Center; Lévis Quebec Canada
| | | | - Cavit Boz
- Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department of Neurology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University and Medical Center; Adelaide Australia
| | | | | | - Mark Paine
- St Vincent's Hospital; Fitzroy Australia
| | | | | | - Norma Deri
- Fernandez Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Joseph Herbert
- New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases; New York NY
| | - Fraser Moore
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal; Quebec Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vetere Santiago
- Hospital International General Acute Gral San Martin; La Plata Argentina
| | | | - Eli Skromne
- Hospital Angeles Mexico City; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Dieter Poehlau
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Camillus Hospital; Asbach Germany
| | | | - Robyn Lucas
- National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Parkville Australia
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22
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Ng RLX, Scott NM, Bisley JL, Lambert MJ, Gorman S, Norval M, Hart PH. Characterization of regulatory dendritic cells differentiated from the bone marrow of UV-irradiated mice. Immunology 2014; 140:399-412. [PMID: 23826713 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated from the bone marrow (BM) of UV-irradiated mice (UV-BMDCs) were adoptively transferred into naive mice or mice pre-sensitized with that antigen, the recipients exhibited a reduced immune response following antigen challenge. Hence, UV-BMDCs are poorly immunogenic and can suppress pre-existing immunity. The UV-induced effect on BM-derived DCs was rapid (observed 1 day after UV radiation), long-lasting (observed 10 days after UV radiation) and UV dose-dependent. The mechanism by which UV-BMDCs could regulate immunity was investigated. The CD11c(+) cells, differentiated using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor + interleukin-4, were confirmed to be DCs because they did not express the myeloid-derived suppressor cell marker, Gr1. UV-BMDCs did not display altered antigen uptake, processing or ability to activate T cells in vitro. When gene expression in UV-BMDCs and DCs differentiated from the BM of non-irradiated mice (control-BMDCs) was examined, Ccl7, Ccl8 and CSF1R (CD115) mRNA transcripts were up-regulated in UV-BMDCs compared with control-BMDCs. However, neutralizing antibodies for Ccl7 and Ccl8 did not abrogate the reduced immunogenicity of UV-BMDCs in vivo. Moreover, the up-regulation of CSF1R transcript did not correspond with increased receptor expression on UV-BMDCs. The phenotypes of UV-BMDCs and control-BMDCs were similar, with no difference in the expression of CD4, CD8α, CD103, B220 or F4/80, or the regulatory molecules CCR7 (CD197), FasL (CD95L), B7H3 (CD276) and B7H4. However, PDL1 (CD274) expression was reduced in UV-BMDCs compared with control-BMDCs following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In summary, UV-BMDCs do not express the classical phenotypic or gene expression properties of DCs reported by others as 'regulatory' or 'tolerogenic'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce L X Ng
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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23
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Goodridge HS. Editorial: Bone marrow progenitors share their experiences with their offspring. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:201-4. [PMID: 24482486 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Goodridge
- 1.Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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24
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Mohammad MG, Tsai VW, Ruitenberg MJ, Hassanpour M, Li H, Hart PH, Breit SN, Sawchenko PE, Brown DA. Immune cell trafficking from the brain maintains CNS immune tolerance. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1228-41. [PMID: 24569378 PMCID: PMC3934177 DOI: 10.1172/jci71544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CNS, no pathway dedicated to immune surveillance has been characterized for preventing the anti-CNS immune responses that develop in autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease. Here, we identified a pathway for immune cells to traffic from the brain that is associated with the rostral migratory stream (RMS), which is a forebrain source of newly generated neurons. Evaluation of fluorescently labeled leukocyte migration in mice revealed that DCs travel via the RMS from the CNS to the cervical LNs (CxLNs), where they present antigen to T cells. Pharmacologic interruption of immune cell traffic with the mononuclear cell-sequestering drug fingolimod influenced anti-CNS T cell responses in the CxLNs and modulated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fingolimod treatment also induced EAE in a disease-resistant transgenic mouse strain by altering DC-mediated Treg functions in CxLNs and disrupting CNS immune tolerance. These data describe an immune cell pathway that originates in the CNS and is capable of dampening anti-CNS immune responses in the periphery. Furthermore, these data provide insight into how fingolimod treatment might exacerbate CNS neuroinflammation in some cases and suggest that focal therapeutic interventions, outside the CNS have the potential to selectively modify anti-CNS immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Immune Tolerance
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neck
- Propylene Glycols
- Prosencephalon/immunology
- Prosencephalon/pathology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G. Mohammad
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vicky W.W. Tsai
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marc J. Ruitenberg
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Masoud Hassanpour
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Prue H. Hart
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel N. Breit
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul E. Sawchenko
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A. Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Scott NM, Ng RLX, Gorman S, Norval M, Waithman J, Hart PH. Prostaglandin E2
imprints a long-lasting effect on dendritic cell progenitors in the bone marrow. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:225-32. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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26
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Ng RLX, Scott NM, Strickland DH, Gorman S, Grimbaldeston MA, Norval M, Waithman J, Hart PH. Altered immunity and dendritic cell activity in the periphery of mice after long-term engraftment with bone marrow from ultraviolet-irradiated mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5471-84. [PMID: 23636055 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations to dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) may contribute to long-lasting systemic immunosuppression (>28 d) following exposure of the skin of mice to erythemal UV radiation (UVR). DCs differentiated in vitro from the BM of mice 3 d after UVR (8 kJ/m(2)) have a reduced capacity to initiate immunity (both skin and airways) when adoptively transferred into naive mice. Studies in IL-10(-/-) mice suggested that UV-induced IL-10 was not significantly involved. To investigate the immune capabilities of peripheral tissue DCs generated in vivo from the BM of UV-irradiated mice, chimeric mice were established. Sixteen weeks after reconstitution, contact hypersensitivity responses were significantly reduced in mice reconstituted with BM from UV-irradiated mice (UV-chimeric). When the dorsal skin of UV-chimeric mice was challenged with innate inflammatory agents, the hypertrophy induced in the draining lymph nodes was minimal and significantly less than that measured in control-chimeric mice challenged with the same inflammatory agent. When DCs were differentiated from the BM of UV-chimeric mice using FLT3 ligand or GM-CSF + IL-4, the cells maintained a reduced priming ability. The diminished responses in UV-chimeric mice were not due to different numerical or proportional reconstitution of BM or the hematopoietic cells in blood, lymph nodes, and skin. Erythemal UVR may imprint a long-lasting epigenetic effect on DC progenitors in the BM and alter the function of their terminally differentiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce L X Ng
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Western Australia, Australia
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Gorman S, Hart PH. The current state of play of rodent models to study the role of vitamin D in UV-induced immunomodulation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1788-96. [PMID: 22898802 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight is immunomodulatory and the main source of vitamin D for humans. Vitamin D can also regulate adaptive immunity, through mechanisms that involve the induction or activation of regulatory T cells. Similar mechanisms have also been proposed for the induction of regulatory T cells after skin exposure to UVR. Here we discuss the converging and diverging immunoregulatory pathways of UVR and vitamin D, including the molecular pathways for regulatory T cell induction, non-genomic pathways regulated by vitamin D, antimicrobial peptides, skin integrity and potential interactions between vitamin D and other UVR-induced mediators. We then discuss possible in vivo approaches that could be used to demonstrate a direct (or otherwise) role for vitamin D in mediating the immunosuppressive effects of UVR such as the use of dietary vitamin D restriction to induce vitamin D deficiency, gene knockout mice or drugs to block enzymes of vitamin D metabolism. We end with discussion of the epigenetic effects of vitamin D and UVR for immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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28
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Gibbs NK, Norval M. Photoimmunosuppression: a brief overview. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2013; 29:57-64. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil K. Gibbs
- Dermatological Sciences; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Mary Norval
- Biomedical Sciences; University of Edinburgh Medical School; Edinburgh; UK
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29
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Gorman S, Scott NM, Tan DHW, Weeden CE, Tuckey RC, Bisley JL, Grimbaldeston MA, Hart PH. Acute erythemal ultraviolet radiation causes systemic immunosuppression in the absence of increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in male mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46006. [PMID: 23049920 PMCID: PMC3458820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is synthesised by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of skin and is hypothesized to be a direct mediator of the immunosuppression that occurs following UV radiation (UVR) exposure. Both UVR and vitamin D drive immune responses towards tolerance by ultimately increasing the suppressive activities of regulatory T cells. To examine a role for UVR-induced vitamin D, vitamin D3-deficient mice were established by dietary vitamin D3 restriction. In comparison to vitamin D3-replete mice, vitamin D3-deficient mice had significantly reduced serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3, <20 nmol.L−1) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3, <20 pmol.L−1). Following either acute erythemal UVR, or chronic sub-erythemal UVR (8 exposures over 4 weeks) treatment, serum 25(OH)D3 levels significantly increased in vitamin D3-deficient female but not male mice. To determine if UVR-induced vitamin D was a mediator of UVR-induced systemic immunosuppression, responses were measured in mice that were able (female) or unable (male) to increase systemic levels of 25(OH)D3 after UVR. Erythemal UVR (≥4 kJ/m2) suppressed contact hypersensitivity responses (T helper type-1 or -17), aspects of allergic airway disease (T helper type-2) and also the in vivo priming capacity of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to a similar degree in female and male vitamin D3-deficient mice. Thus, in male mice, UVR-induced 25(OH)D3 is not essential for mediating the immunosuppressive effects of erythemal UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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30
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Scott NM, Ng RL, Strickland DH, Bisley JL, Bazely SA, Gorman S, Norval M, Hart PH. Toward Homeostasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:535-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Halliday GM, Damian DL, Rana S, Byrne SN. The suppressive effects of ultraviolet radiation on immunity in the skin and internal organs: Implications for autoimmunity. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Kalinski P. Regulation of immune responses by prostaglandin E2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:21-8. [PMID: 22187483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1273] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2), an essential homeostatic factor, is also a key mediator of immunopathology in chronic infections and cancer. The impact of PGE(2) reflects the balance between its cyclooxygenase 2-regulated synthesis and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-driven degradation and the pattern of expression of PGE(2) receptors. PGE(2) enhances its own production but suppresses acute inflammatory mediators, resulting in its predominance at late/chronic stages of immunity. PGE(2) supports activation of dendritic cells but suppresses their ability to attract naive, memory, and effector T cells. PGE(2) selectively suppresses effector functions of macrophages and neutrophils and the Th1-, CTL-, and NK cell-mediated type 1 immunity, but it promotes Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cell responses. PGE(2) modulates chemokine production, inhibiting the attraction of proinflammatory cells while enhancing local accumulation of regulatory T cells cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Targeting the production, degradation, and responsiveness to PGE(2) provides tools to modulate the patterns of immunity in a wide range of diseases, from autoimmunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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33
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Prostaglandin E2 restrains macrophage maturation via E prostanoid receptor 2/protein kinase A signaling. Blood 2012; 119:2358-67. [PMID: 22234697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a lipid mediator that acts by ligating 4 distinct G protein-coupled receptors, E prostanoid (EP) 1 to 4. Previous studies identified the importance of PGE(2) in regulating macrophage functions, but little is known about its effect on macrophage maturation. Macrophage maturation was studied in vitro in bone marrow cell cultures, and in vivo in a model of peritonitis. EP2 was the most abundant PGE(2) receptor expressed by bone marrow cells, and its expression further increased during macrophage maturation. EP2-deficient (EP2(-/-)) macrophages exhibited enhanced in vitro maturation compared with wild-type cells, as evidenced by higher F4/80 expression. An EP2 antagonist also increased maturation. In the peritonitis model, EP2(-/-) mice exhibited a higher percentage of F4/80(high)/CD11b(high) cells and greater expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) in both the blood and the peritoneal cavity. Subcutaneous injection of the PGE(2) analog misoprostol decreased M-CSFR expression in bone marrow cells and reduced the number of peritoneal macrophages in wild-type mice but not EP2(-/-) mice. The suppressive effect of EP2 ligation on in vitro macrophage maturation was mimicked by a selective protein kinase A agonist. Our findings reveal a novel role for PGE(2)/EP2/protein kinase A signaling in the suppression of macrophage maturation.
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34
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Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D? Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:584-96. [PMID: 21852793 DOI: 10.1038/nri3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans obtain most of their vitamin D through the exposure of skin to sunlight. The immunoregulatory properties of vitamin D have been demonstrated in studies showing that vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor immune function and increased disease susceptibility. The benefits of moderate ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and the positive latitude gradients observed for some immune-mediated diseases may therefore reflect the activities of UV-induced vitamin D. Alternatively, other mediators that are induced by UV radiation may be more important for UV-mediated immunomodulation. Here, we compare and contrast the effects of UV radiation and vitamin D on immune function in immunopathological diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and asthma, and during infection.
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35
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Norval M, Halliday GM. The consequences of UV-induced immunosuppression for human health. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:965-77. [PMID: 21749399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to UV radiation can cause suppression of specific immune responses. The pathways leading to the down-regulation are complex, starting from the absorption of UV photons by chromophores in the skin and ending with local and systemic changes in immune mediators, the generation of T and B regulatory cells and inhibition of effector and memory T cell activation. The consequences for human health are thought to be both beneficial and adverse. The former are illustrated by protection against polymorphic light eruption, and possible protection against T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and asthma. The latter are illustrated by skin cancer, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and infectious diseases including vaccination. Many outstanding questions remain in this rapidly developing and controversial area, not least what advice to give the general public regarding their sun exposure. While considerable advances have been made in the development of strategies that preserve the health benefits of sunlight exposure and decrease its detrimental effects, further research is required before optimal levels of protection are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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36
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Norval M, Woods GM. UV-induced immunosuppression and the efficacy of vaccination. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1267-74. [PMID: 21713277 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) suppresses immunity by complex pathways, initiated by chromophores located in the skin and ending with the generation of specific subsets of T and B regulatory cells. The primary and memory (recall) immune response to a wide variety of antigens, including microorganisms, can be reduced by UVR, leading to the possibility that the efficacy of vaccination could be similarly reduced. A limited number of animal models of vaccination demonstrate that this may indeed be the case. The situation in human subjects has not been rigorously assessed but there are indications from a variety of sources that UVR adversely affects the immune responses to several vaccines. These studies are reviewed and the implications for vaccine administration discussed. As vaccination represents a major public health measure world-wide for the control of an increasing number of common infections, it is important to maximise its efficacy; therefore further evaluation of UVR in the context of vaccination is required and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.
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