1
|
Khan A, Sayedahmed EE, Singh VK, Mishra A, Dorta-Estremera S, Nookala S, Canaday DH, Chen M, Wang J, Sastry KJ, Mittal SK, Jagannath C. A recombinant bovine adenoviral mucosal vaccine expressing mycobacterial antigen-85B generates robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100372. [PMID: 34467249 PMCID: PMC8385328 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the BCG vaccine offers partial protection, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of infectious disease death, killing ∼1.5 million people annually. We developed mucosal vaccines expressing the autophagy-inducing peptide C5 and mycobacterial Ag85B-p25 epitope using replication-defective human adenovirus (HAdv85C5) and bovine adenovirus (BAdv85C5) vectors. BAdv85C5-infected dendritic cells (DCs) expressed a robust transcriptome of genes regulating antigen processing compared to HAdv85C5-infected DCs. BAdv85C5-infected DCs showed enhanced galectin-3/8 and autophagy-dependent in vitro Ag85B-p25 epitope presentation to CD4 T cells. BCG-vaccinated mice were intranasally boosted using HAdv85C5 or BAdv85C5 followed by infection using aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). BAdv85C5 protected mice against tuberculosis both as a booster after BCG vaccine (>1.4-log10 reduction in Mtb lung burden) and as a single intranasal dose (>0.5-log10 reduction). Protection was associated with robust CD4 and CD8 effector (TEM), central memory (TCM), and CD103+/CD69+ lung-resident memory (TRM) T cell expansion, revealing BAdv85C5 as a promising mucosal vaccine for tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vipul K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sita Nookala
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan A, Singh VK, Mishra A, Soudani E, Bakhru P, Singh CR, Zhang D, Canaday DH, Sheri A, Padmanabhan S, Challa S, Iyer RP, Jagannath C. NOD2/RIG-I Activating Inarigivir Adjuvant Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Tuberculosis in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592333. [PMID: 33365029 PMCID: PMC7751440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) kills about 1.5 million people each year and the widely used Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides a partial protection against TB in children and adults. Because BCG vaccine evades lysosomal fusion in antigen presenting cells (APCs), leading to an inefficient production of peptides and antigen presentation required to activate CD4 T cells, we sought to boost its efficacy using novel agonists of RIG-I and NOD2 as adjuvants. We recently reported that the dinucleotide SB 9200 (Inarigivir) derived from our small molecule nucleic acid hybrid (SMNH)® platform, activated RIG-I and NOD2 receptors and exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against hepatitis B and C, Norovirus, RSV, influenza and parainfluenza. Inarigivir increased the ability of BCG-infected mouse APCs to secrete elevated levels of IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-β, and Caspase-1 dependent IL-1β cytokine. Inarigivir also increased the ability of macrophages to kill MTB in a Caspase-1-, and autophagy-dependent manner. Furthermore, Inarigivir led to a Capsase-1 and NOD2- dependent increase in the ability of BCG-infected APCs to present an Ag85B-p25 epitope to CD4 T cells in vitro. Consistent with an increase in immunogenicity of adjuvant treated APCs, the Inarigivir-BCG vaccine combination induced robust protection against tuberculosis in a mouse model of MTB infection, decreasing the lung burden of MTB by 1-log10 more than that afforded by BCG vaccine alone. The Inarigivir-BCG combination was also more efficacious than a muramyl-dipeptide-BCG vaccine combination against tuberculosis in mice, generating better memory T cell responses supporting its novel adjuvant potential for the BCG vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher R Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Sreerupa Challa
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Hopkinton, MA, United States
| | | | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sparling DP, McCullough N, Pajvani U, Humphrey MB. Inhibition of γ-secretase in adipocytes leads to altered IL-6 secretion and adipose inflammation. Adipocyte 2020; 9:325-334. [PMID: 32603641 PMCID: PMC7469479 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1788235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte-mediated inflammatory signalling has been proposed to alter adipose physiology in obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Novel targets for alteration of inflammatory signalling are needed to improve obesity-related outcomes. The γ-secretase enzyme complex has been suggested to play a role both in adipocyte function as well as in immune regulation. We hypothesized that adipocyte-specific γ-secretase inhibition could alter the inflammatory makeup of adipose tissue. We found that genetic blockade of γ-secretase in adipocytes leads to a decrease in EMR1 (F4/80) expression, as a marker of macrophage presence, in adipose tissue without changes in expression of markers of other inflammatory cell types. To explore the mechanism by which adipocytes can alter macrophage function in vitro, fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and transcription of IL6 and ccl2 (MCP1) were quantified. IL-6 expression and secretion were significantly inhibited by γ-secretase blockade, with little effect on MCP1. Preconditioned media from 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor also alters macrophage activation but did not affect macrophage translocation in vitro. Therefore, γ-secretase inhibition in fully differentiated adipocytes can alter IL-6 signalling to macrophages, consistent with our hypothesis that that γ-secretase is involved in adipocyte-initiated inflammatory signalling cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Sparling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nile McCullough
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Utpal Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice. The BCG vaccine is widely used but has highly variable efficacy due at least in part to its inefficient processing by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Chinnaswamy Jagannath and colleagues at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center identify a peptide (C5) derived from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence factor component CFP10 which can efficiently enhance BCG’s ability to activate APC function. C5’s activity in APCs is dependent on both Toll-like receptor 2 signaling and activation of autophagy which together enhances presentation of the Mtb protein Ag85B. A recombinant BCG vaccine over-expressing both Ag85B and C5 (BCG85C5) more strongly activates TH1-like responses which are known to be protective against Mtb infection. Mouse vaccination with BCG85C5 induces a qualitatively and quantitatively superior response to BCG—including greater expansion of Ag85B-specific T cells, more robust memory T cell formation and better control of Mtb in both lung and spleen.
Collapse
|
5
|
Trivedi NH, Yu JJ, Hung CY, Doelger RP, Navara CS, Armitige LY, Seshu J, Sinai AP, Chambers JP, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. Microbial co-infection alters macrophage polarization, phagosomal escape, and microbial killing. Innate Immun 2018; 24:152-162. [PMID: 29482417 PMCID: PMC6852389 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918760180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important innate immune cells that respond to microbial insults.
In response to multi-bacterial infection, the macrophage activation state may
change upon exposure to nascent mediators, which results in different bacterial
killing mechanism(s). In this study, we utilized two respiratory bacterial
pathogens, Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette
Guẻrin, BCG) and Francisella tularensis live
vaccine strain (LVS) with different phagocyte evasion mechanisms, as model
microbes to assess the influence of initial bacterial infection on the
macrophage response to secondary infection. Non-activated (M0) macrophages or
activated M2-polarized cells (J774 cells transfected with the mouse IL-4 gene)
were first infected with BCG for 24–48 h, subsequently challenged with LVS, and
the results of inhibition of LVS replication in the macrophages was assessed.
BCG infection in M0 macrophages activated TLR2-MyD88 and Mincle-CARD9 signaling
pathways, stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production and enhanced killing of LVS.
BCG infection had little effect on LVS escape from phagosomes into the cytosol
in M0 macrophages. In contrast, M2-polarized macrophages exhibited enhanced
endosomal acidification, as well as inhibiting LVS replication. Pre-infection
with BCG did not induce NO production and thus did not further reduce LVS
replication. This study provides a model for studies of the complexity of
macrophage activation in response to multi-bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita H Trivedi
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Richard P Doelger
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Christopher S Navara
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Janakiram Seshu
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Anthony P Sinai
- 3 The Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - M Neal Guentzel
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- 1 Department of Biology, the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Long J, Basu Roy R, Zhang YJ, Antrobus R, Du Y, Smith DL, Weekes MP, Javid B. Plasma Membrane Profiling Reveals Upregulation of ABCA1 by Infected Macrophages Leading to Restriction of Mycobacterial Growth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1086. [PMID: 27462310 PMCID: PMC4940386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane represents a critical interface between the internal and extracellular environments, and harbors multiple proteins key receptors and transporters that play important roles in restriction of intracellular infection. We applied plasma membrane profiling, a technique that combines quantitative mass spectrometry with selective cell surface aminooxy-biotinylation, to Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected THP-1 macrophages. We quantified 559 PM proteins in BCG-infected THP-1 cells. One significantly upregulated cell-surface protein was the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. We showed that ABCA1 was upregulated on the macrophage cell-surface following infection with pathogenic mycobacteria and knockdown of ABCA1 resulted in increased mycobacterial survival within macrophages, suggesting that it may be a novel mycobacterial host-restriction factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Long
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuxian Du
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Babak Javid
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, BostonMA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paulenda T, Draber P. The role of ORMDL proteins, guardians of cellular sphingolipids, in asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:918-30. [PMID: 26969910 DOI: 10.1111/all.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of widely expressed ORM-like (ORMDL) proteins has been recently linked to asthma in genomewide association studies in humans and extensively explored in in vivo studies in mice. ORMDL proteins are key regulators of serine palmitoyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the initial step of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipids play prominent roles in cell signaling and response to stress, and they affect the mechanistic properties of cellular membranes. Deregulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis and their recycling has been proven to support and even cause several diseases including allergy, inflammation, and asthma. ORMDL3, the most extensively studied member of the ORMDL family, has been shown to be important for endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response and calcium response. In immune cells, ORMDL3 is involved in migration and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, changes in the expression level of ORMDL3 are important in allergen-induced asthma pathologies. This review focuses on functional aspects of the ORMDL family proteins, which may serve as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma and some other life-threatening diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Paulenda
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - P. Draber
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng YL, Choi Y, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Emerging roles of the γ-secretase-notch axis in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:80-90. [PMID: 25448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a distinct proteolytic complex required for the activation of many transmembrane proteins. The cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase plays diverse biological roles in producing essential products for the organism. More than 90 transmembrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of γ-secretase. Two of the most widely known and studied of these substrates are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor, which are precursors for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), respectively. The wide spectrum of γ-secretase substrates has made analyses of the pathology of γ-secretase-related diseases and underlying mechanisms challenging. Inflammation is an important aspect of disease pathology that requires an in-depth analysis. γ-Secretase may contribute to disease development or progression by directly increasing and regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of γ-secretase in inflammatory diseases, and discusses the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as an effective future treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin C, Lin CN, Wang YC, Liu FY, Chuang YJ, Lan CY, Hsieh WP, Chen BS. The role of TGF-β signaling and apoptosis in innate and adaptive immunity in zebrafish: a systems biology approach. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 25341656 PMCID: PMC4224695 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The immune system is a key biological system present in vertebrates. Exposure to pathogens elicits various defensive immune mechanisms that protect the host from potential threats and harmful substances derived from pathogens such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses. The complex immune system of humans and many other vertebrates can be divided into two major categories: the innate and the adaptive immune systems. At present, analysis of the complex interactions between the two subsystems that regulate host defense and inflammatory responses remains challenging. Results Based on time-course microarray data following primary and secondary infection of zebrafish by Candida albicans, we constructed two intracellular protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks for primary and secondary responses of the host. 57 proteins and 341 PPIs were identified for primary infection while 90 proteins and 385 PPIs were identified for secondary infection. There were 20 proteins in common while 37 and 70 proteins specific to primary and secondary infection. By inspecting the hub proteins of each network and comparing significant changes in the number of linkages between the two PPI networks, we identified TGF-β signaling and apoptosis as two of the main functional modules involved in primary and secondary infection. Smad7, a member of the inhibitor SMADs, was identified to be a key protein in TGF-β signaling involved in secondary infection only. Indeed, the Smad7-dependent feedback system is related to the TGF-β signaling pathway and the immune response, suggesting that Smad7 may be an important regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses in zebrafish. Furthermore, we found that apoptosis was differentially involved in the two infection phases; more specifically, whereas apoptosis was promoted in response to primary infection, it was inhibited during secondary infection. Conclusions Our initial in silico analyses pave the way for further investigation into the interesting roles played by the TGF-β signaling pathway and apoptosis in innate and adaptive immunity in zebrafish. Such insights could lead to therapeutic advances and improved drug design in the continual battle against infectious diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-014-0116-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bakhru P, Sirisaengtaksin N, Soudani E, Mukherjee S, Khan A, Jagannath C. BCG vaccine mediated reduction in the MHC-II expression of macrophages and dendritic cells is reversed by activation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9. Cell Immunol 2013; 287:53-61. [PMID: 24384074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major cause of death in mankind and BCG vaccine protects against childhood but not adult tuberculosis. BCG avoids lysosomal fusion in macrophages decreasing peptides required for activating CD4 T cells and Th1 immunity while suppressing the expression of MHC-II by antigen presenting cells (APCs). An in vitro model of antigen presentation showed that ligands for TLR-9, 7, 4 and 1/2 increased the ability of APCs to present antigen-85B of BCG to CD4 T cells, which correlated with an increase in MHC-II expression. TLR-activation led to a down-regulation of MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase which prevents the degradation of MHC-II and decreased IL-10 also contributed to an increase in MHC-II. TLR-activation induced up-regulation of MHC-II was inhibited by the blockade of IRAK, NF-kB, and MAPKs. TLR-7 and TLR-9 ligands had the most effective adjuvant like effect on MHC-II of APCs which allowed BCG vaccine mediated activation of CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natalie Sirisaengtaksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|