1
|
Meuskens I, Kristiansen PE, Bardiaux B, Koynarev VR, Hatlem D, Prydz K, Lund R, Izadi-Pruneyre N, Linke D. A poly-proline II helix in YadA from Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 facilitates heparin binding through electrostatic interactions. FEBS J 2024; 291:761-777. [PMID: 37953437 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly-proline II helices are secondary structure motifs frequently found in ligand-binding sites. They exhibit increased flexibility and solvent exposure compared to the strongly hydrogen-bonded α-helices or β-strands and can therefore easily be misinterpreted as completely unstructured regions with an extremely high rotational freedom. Here, we show that the adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 contains a poly-proline II helix interaction motif in the N-terminal region. The motif is involved in the interaction of YadAO:9 with heparin, a host glycosaminoglycan. We show that the basic residues within the N-terminal motif of YadA are required for electrostatic interactions with the sulfate groups of heparin. Biophysical methods including CD spectroscopy, solution-state NMR and SAXS all independently support the presence of a poly-proline helix allowing YadAO:9 binding to the rigid heparin. Lastly, we show that host cells deficient in sulfation of heparin and heparan sulfate are not targeted by YadAO:9 -mediated adhesion. We speculate that the YadAO:9 -heparin interaction plays an important and highly strain-specific role in the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Meuskens
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, CNRS UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | | | - Daniel Hatlem
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- Bacterial Transmembrane Systems Unit, CNRS UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris-Cité, France
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
SurA-like and Skp-like Proteins as Important Virulence Determinants of the Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010295. [PMID: 36613738 PMCID: PMC9820271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Gram-negative bacteria, many important virulence factors reach their destination via two-step export systems, and they must traverse the periplasmic space before reaching the outer membrane. Since these proteins must be maintained in a structure competent for transport into or across the membrane, they frequently require the assistance of chaperones. Based on the results obtained for the model bacterium Escherichia coli and related species, it is assumed that in the biogenesis of the outer membrane proteins and the periplasmic transit of secretory proteins, the SurA peptidyl-prolyl isomerase/chaperone plays a leading role, while the Skp chaperone is rather of secondary importance. However, detailed studies carried out on several other Gram-negative pathogens indicate that the importance of individual chaperones in the folding and transport processes depends on the properties of client proteins and is species-specific. Taking into account the importance of SurA functions in bacterial virulence and severity of phenotypes due to surA mutations, this folding factor is considered as a putative therapeutic target to combat microbial infections. In this review, we present recent findings regarding SurA and Skp proteins: their mechanisms of action, involvement in processes related to virulence, and perspectives to use them as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kou TS, Wu JH, Chen XW, Chen ZG, Zheng J, Peng B. Exogenous glycine promotes oxidation of glutathione and restores sensitivity of bacterial pathogens to serum-induced cell death. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102512. [PMID: 36306677 PMCID: PMC9615314 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of bacteria are often highly adept at evading serum-induced cell death, which is an essential complement-mediated component of the innate immune response. This phenomenon, known as serum-resistance, is poorly understood, and as a result, no effective clinical tools are available to restore serum-sensitivity to pathogenic bacteria. Here, we provide evidence that exogenous glycine reverses defects in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism associated with serum resistance, restores susceptibility to serum-induced cell death, and alters redox balance and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. More specifically, in Vibrio alginolyticus and Escherichia coli, exogenous glycine promotes oxidation of GSH to GSH disulfide (GSSG), disrupts redox balance, increases oxidative stress and reduces membrane integrity, leading to increased binding of complement. Antioxidant or ROS scavenging agents abrogate this effect and agents that generate or potentiate oxidation stimulate serum-mediated cell death. Analysis of several clinical isolates of E. coli demonstrates that glutathione metabolism is repressed in serum-resistant bacteria. These data suggest a novel mechanism underlying serum-resistance in pathogenic bacteria, characterized by an induced shift in the GSH/GSSG ratio impacting redox balance. The results could potentially lead to novel approaches to manage infections caused by serum-resistant bacteria both in aquaculture and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-shun Kou
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia-han Wu
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuan-wei Chen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhuang-gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meuskens I, Leva-Bueno J, Millner P, Schütz M, Peyman SA, Linke D. The Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 Binds Glycan Moieties. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:738818. [PMID: 35178035 PMCID: PMC8844515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a key virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. YadA is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin, a class of adhesins that have been shown to enable many Gram-negative pathogens to adhere to/interact with the host extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin. Here, we show for the first time that YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 not only interacts with proteinaceous surface molecules but can also attach directly to glycan moieties. We show that YadA from Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 does not interact with the vitronectin protein itself but exclusively with its N-linked glycans. We also show that YadA can target other glycan moieties as found in heparin, for example. So far, little is known about specific interactions between bacterial autotransporter adhesins and glycans. This could potentially lead to new antimicrobial treatment strategies, as well as diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Meuskens
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Leva-Bueno
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Millner
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Schütz
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sally A Peyman
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Computational Model of Bacterial Population Dynamics in Gastrointestinal Yersinia enterocolitica Infections in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020297. [PMID: 35205164 PMCID: PMC8869254 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Computational modeling of bacterial infection is an attractive way to simulate infection scenarios. In the long-term, such models could be used to identify factors that make individuals more susceptible to infection, or how interference with bacterial growth influences the course of bacterial infection. This study used different mouse infection models (immunocompetent, lacking a microbiota, and immunodeficient models) to develop a basic mathematical model of a Yersinia enterocolitica gastrointestinal infection. We showed that our model can reflect our findings derived from mouse infections, and we demonstrated how crucial the exact knowledge about parameters influencing the population dynamics is. Still, we think that computational models will be of great value in the future; however, to foster the development of more complex models, we propose the broad implementation of the interdisciplinary training of mathematicians and biologists. Abstract The complex interplay of a pathogen with its virulence and fitness factors, the host’s immune response, and the endogenous microbiome determine the course and outcome of gastrointestinal infection. The expansion of a pathogen within the gastrointestinal tract implies an increased risk of developing severe systemic infections, especially in dysbiotic or immunocompromised individuals. We developed a mechanistic computational model that calculates and simulates such scenarios, based on an ordinary differential equation system, to explain the bacterial population dynamics during gastrointestinal infection. For implementing the model and estimating its parameters, oral mouse infection experiments with the enteropathogen, Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), were carried out. Our model accounts for specific pathogen characteristics and is intended to reflect scenarios where colonization resistance, mediated by the endogenous microbiome, is lacking, or where the immune response is partially impaired. Fitting our data from experimental mouse infections, we can justify our model setup and deduce cues for further model improvement. The model is freely available, in SBML format, from the BioModels Database under the accession number MODEL2002070001.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rooke JL, Icke C, Wells TJ, Rossiter AE, Browning DF, Morris FC, Leo JC, Schütz MS, Autenrieth IB, Cunningham AF, Linke D, Henderson IR. BamA and BamD Are Essential for the Secretion of Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628879. [PMID: 33708185 PMCID: PMC7940764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The BAM complex in Escherichia coli is composed of five proteins, BamA-E. BamA and BamD are essential for cell viability and are required for the assembly of β-barrel outer membrane proteins. Consequently, BamA and BamD are indispensable for secretion via the classical autotransporter pathway (Type 5a secretion). In contrast, BamB, BamC, and BamE are not required for the biogenesis of classical autotransporters. Recently, we demonstrated that TamA, a homologue of BamA, and its partner protein TamB, were required for efficient secretion of proteins via the classical autotransporter pathway. The trimeric autotransporters are a subset of the Type 5-secreted proteins. Unlike the classical autotransporters, they are composed of three identical polypeptide chains which must be assembled together to allow secretion of their cognate passenger domains. In contrast to the classical autotransporters, the role of the Bam and Tam complex components in the biogenesis of the trimeric autotransporters has not been investigated fully. Here, using the Salmonella enterica trimeric autotransporter SadA and the structurally similar YadA protein of Yersinia spp., we identify the importance of BamA and BamD in the biogenesis of the trimeric autotransporters and reveal that BamB, BamC, BamE, TamA and TamB are not required for secretion of functional passenger domain on the cell surface. Importance The secretion of trimeric autotransporters (TAA's) has yet to be fully understood. Here we show that efficient secretion of TAAs requires the BamA and D proteins, but does not require BamB, C or E. In contrast to classical autotransporter secretion, neither trimeric autotransporter tested required TamA or B proteins to be functionally secreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Rooke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Browning
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Faye C Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika S Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B Autenrieth
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Xu B, Zhuge X, Tang F, Wang X, Gong Q, Chen R, Xue F, Dai J. Factor H Is Bound by Outer Membrane-Displayed Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Contributes to Opsonophagocytosis Resistance in Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:592906. [PMID: 33569353 PMCID: PMC7868385 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes bloodstream infections in humans and animals. Complement escape is a prerequisite for bacteria to survive in the bloodstream. Factor H (FH) is an important regulatory protein of the complement system. In this study, ExPEC was found to bind FH from serum. However, the mechanisms of ExPEC binding to FH and then resistance to complement-mediated attacks remain unclear. Here, a method that combined desthiobiotin pull-down and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the FH-binding membrane proteins of ExPEC. Seven identified proteins, which all were carbohydrate metabolic enzymes (CMEs), including acetate kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit, L-lactate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, were verified to recruit FH from serum using GST pull-down and ELISA plate binding assay. The ELISA plate binding assay determined that these seven proteins bind to FH in a dose-dependent manner. Magnetic beads coupled with any one of seven proteins significantly reduced the FH recruitment of ExPEC (p < 0.05) Subsequently, immunofluorescence, colony blotting, and Western blotting targeting outer membrane proteins determined that these seven CMEs were located on the outer membrane of ExPEC. Furthermore, the FH recruitment levels and C3b deposition levels on bacteria were significantly increased and decreased in an FH-concentration-dependent manner, respectively (p < 0.05). The FH recruitment significantly enhanced the ability of ExPEC to resist the opsonophagocytosis of human macrophage THP-1 in an FH-concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05), which revealed a new mechanism for ExPEC to escape complement-mediated killing. The identification of novel outer membrane-displayed CMEs which played a role in the FH recruitment contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of ExPEC pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhuge
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Casasanta MA, Yoo CC, Udayasuryan B, Sanders BE, Umaña A, Zhang Y, Peng H, Duncan AJ, Wang Y, Li L, Verbridge SS, Slade DJ. Fusobacterium nucleatum host-cell binding and invasion induces IL-8 and CXCL1 secretion that drives colorectal cancer cell migration. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/641/eaba9157. [PMID: 32694172 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba9157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is implicated in accelerating colorectal cancer (CRC) and is found within metastatic CRC cells in patient biopsies. Here, we found that bacterial invasion of CRC cells and cocultured immune cells induced a differential cytokine secretion that may contribute to CRC metastasis. We used a modified galactose kinase markerless gene deletion approach and found that F. nucleatum invaded cultured HCT116 CRC cells through the bacterial surface adhesin Fap2. In turn, Fap2-dependent invasion induced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and CXCL1, which are associated with CRC progression and promoted HCT116 cell migration. Conditioned medium from F. nucleatum-infected HCT116 cells caused naïve cells to migrate, which was blocked by depleting CXCL1 and IL-8 from the conditioned medium. Cytokine secretion from HCT116 cells and cellular migration were attenuated by inhibiting F. nucleatum host-cell binding and entry using galactose sugars, l-arginine, neutralizing membrane protein antibodies, or fap2 deletion. F. nucleatum also induces the mobilization of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, in neutrophils and macrophages, the bacterial-induced secretion of cytokines was Fap2 independent. Thus, our findings show that F. nucleatum both directly and indirectly modulates immune and cancer cell signaling and migration. Because increased IL-8 and CXCL1 production in tumors is associated with increased metastatic potential and cell seeding, poor prognosis, and enhanced recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, we propose that inhibition of host-cell binding and invasion, potentially through vaccination or novel galactoside compounds, could be an effective strategy for reducing F. nucleatum-associated CRC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Casasanta
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher C Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Barath Udayasuryan
- Laboratory of Integrative Tumor Ecology, and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Blake E Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ariana Umaña
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Huaiyao Peng
- Laboratory of Integrative Tumor Ecology, and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Alison J Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yueying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Laboratory of Integrative Tumor Ecology, and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel J Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Utilizing Whole Fusobacterium Genomes To Identify, Correct, and Characterize Potential Virulence Protein Families. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00273-19. [PMID: 31501282 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00273-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium spp. are Gram-negative, anaerobic, opportunistic pathogens involved in multiple diseases, including a link between the oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum and the progression and severity of colorectal cancer. The identification and characterization of virulence factors in the genus Fusobacterium has been greatly hindered by a lack of properly assembled and annotated genomes. Using newly completed genomes from nine strains and seven species of Fusobacterium, we report the identification and corrected annotation of verified and potential virulence factors from the type 5 secreted autotransporter, FadA, and MORN2 protein families, with a focus on the genetically tractable strain F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 23726 and type strain F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586. Within the autotransporters, we used sequence similarity networks to identify protein subsets and show a clear differentiation between the prediction of outer membrane adhesins, serine proteases, and proteins with unknown function. These data have identified unique subsets of type 5a autotransporters, which are key proteins associated with virulence in F. nucleatum However, we coupled our bioinformatic data with bacterial binding assays to show that a predicted weakly invasive strain of F. necrophorum that lacks a Fap2 autotransporter adhesin strongly binds human colonocytes. These analyses confirm a gap in our understanding of how autotransporters, MORN2 domain proteins, and FadA adhesins contribute to host interactions and invasion. In summary, we identify candidate virulence genes in Fusobacterium, and caution that experimental validation of host-microbe interactions should complement bioinformatic predictions to increase our understanding of virulence protein contributions in Fusobacterium infections and disease.IMPORTANCE Fusobacterium spp. are emerging pathogens that contribute to mammalian and human diseases, including colorectal cancer. Despite a validated connection with disease, few proteins have been characterized that define a direct molecular mechanism for Fusobacterium pathogenesis. We report a comprehensive examination of virulence-associated protein families in multiple Fusobacterium species and show that complete genomes facilitate the correction and identification of multiple, large type 5a secreted autotransporter genes in previously misannotated or fragmented genomes. In addition, we use protein sequence similarity networks and human cell interaction experiments to show that previously predicted noninvasive strains can indeed bind to and potentially invade human cells and that this could be due to the expansion of specific virulence proteins that drive Fusobacterium infections and disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng ZX, Guo C, Chen ZG, Yang TC, Zhang JY, Wang J, Zhu JX, Li D, Zhang TT, Li H, Peng B, Peng XX. Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism confounds efficacy of complement-mediated killing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3325. [PMID: 31346171 PMCID: PMC6658569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum resistance is a poorly understood but common trait of some difficult-to-treat pathogenic strains of bacteria. Here, we report that glycine, serine and threonine catabolic pathway is down-regulated in serum-resistant Escherichia coli, whereas exogenous glycine reverts the serum resistance and effectively potentiates serum to eliminate clinically-relevant bacterial pathogens in vitro and in vivo. We find that exogenous glycine increases the formation of membrane attack complex on bacterial membrane through two previously unrecognized regulations: 1) glycine negatively and positively regulates metabolic flux to purine biosynthesis and Krebs cycle, respectively. 2) α-Ketoglutarate inhibits adenosine triphosphate synthase, which in together promote the formation of cAMP/CRP regulon to increase the expression of complement-binding proteins HtrE, NfrA, and YhcD. The results could lead to effective strategies for managing the infection with serum-resistant bacteria, an especially valuable approach for treating individuals with weak acquired immunity but a normal complement system. Serum-resistant bacteria can escape complement killing in the bloodstream. Here, using metabolomics and metabolite perturbations, the authors describe an altered metabolic state in serum-resistant Escherichia coli and show that exogenous glycine potentiates elimination of pathogenic bacteria in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Cheng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ci Yang
- Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tuo Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The human and animal pathogens Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and pneumonic plague, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, which cause gastroenteritis, share a type 3 secretion system which injects effector proteins, Yops, into host cells. This system is critical for virulence of all three pathogens in tissue infection. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to infected sites and all three pathogens frequently interact with and inject Yops into these cells during tissue infection. Host receptors, serum factors, and bacterial adhesins appear to collaborate to promote neutrophil- Yersinia interactions in tissues. The ability of neutrophils to control infection is mixed depending on the stage of infection and points to the efficiency of Yops and other bacterial factors to mitigate bactericidal effects of neutrophils. Yersinia in close proximity to neutrophils has higher levels of expression from yop promoters, and neutrophils in close proximity to Yersinia express higher levels of pro-survival genes than migrating neutrophils. In infected tissues, YopM increases neutrophil survival and YopH targets a SKAP2/SLP-76 signal transduction pathway. Yet the full impact of these and other Yops and other Yersinia factors on neutrophils in infected tissues has yet to be understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 136 Harrison Ave, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bohn E, Sonnabend M, Klein K, Autenrieth IB. Bacterial adhesion and host cell factors leading to effector protein injection by type III secretion system. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:344-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
13
|
Leibiger K, Schweers JM, Schütz M. Biogenesis and function of the autotransporter adhesins YadA, intimin and invasin. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:331-337. [PMID: 31176600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often express numerous virulence factors. These virulence factors make them successful pathogens, by e.g. mediating attachment to host cells and thereby facilitating persistence or invasion, or by contributing to the evasion of the host immune system to allow proliferation and spread within the host and in the environment. The site of first contact of Gram negative bacteria with the host is the bacterial outer membrane (OM). Consisting of an asymmetrical lipid bilayer with phospholipids forming the inner, and lipopolysaccharides forming the outer leaflet, the OM harbors numerous integral membrane proteins that are almost exclusively β-barrel proteins. One distinct family of OM β-barrel proteins strongly linked to bacterial virulence are the autotransporter (AT) proteins. During the last years huge progress has been made to better understand the mechanisms underlying the insertion of AT proteins into the OM and also AT function for interaction with the host. This review shortly summarizes our current knowledge about outer membrane protein (OMP) and more specifically AT biogenesis and function. We focused on the AT proteins that we haved studied in most detail: i.e. the Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) and invasin of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) as well as its homolog intimin (Int) expressed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. In addition, this review provides a short outlook about how we could possibly use this knowledge to fight infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Leibiger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Malte Schweers
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meuskens I, Saragliadis A, Leo JC, Linke D. Type V Secretion Systems: An Overview of Passenger Domain Functions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1163. [PMID: 31214135 PMCID: PMC6555100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria secrete proteins for different purposes such as communication, virulence functions, adhesion to surfaces, nutrient acquisition, or growth inhibition of competing bacteria. For secretion of proteins, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved different secretion systems, classified as secretion systems I through IX to date. While some of these systems consist of multiple proteins building a complex spanning the cell envelope, the type V secretion system, the subject of this review, is rather minimal. Proteins of the Type V secretion system are often called autotransporters (ATs). In the simplest case, a type V secretion system consists of only one polypeptide chain with a β-barrel translocator domain in the membrane, and an extracellular passenger or effector region. Depending on the exact domain architecture of the protein, type V secretion systems can be further separated into sub-groups termed type Va through e, and possibly another recently identified subtype termed Vf. While this classification works well when it comes to the architecture of the proteins, this is not the case for the function(s) of the secreted passenger. In this review, we will give an overview of the functions of the passengers of the different AT classes, shedding more light on the variety of functions carried out by type V secretion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwiesow L, Mettert E, Wei Y, Miller HK, Herrera NG, Balderas D, Kiley PJ, Auerbuch V. Control of hmu Heme Uptake Genes in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Response to Iron Sources. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29520342 PMCID: PMC5827684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the mammalian host actively sequestering iron to limit pathogenicity, heme (or hemin when oxidized) and hemoproteins serve as important sources of iron for many bloodborne pathogens. The HmuRSTUV hemin uptake system allows Yersinia species to uptake and utilize hemin and hemoproteins as iron sources. HmuR is a TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor for hemin and hemoproteins. HmuTUV comprise a inner membrane ABC transporter that transports hemin and hemoproteins from the periplasmic space into the bacterial cytoplasm, where it is degraded by HmuS. Here we show that hmuSTUV but not hmuR are expressed under iron replete conditions, whereas hmuR as well as hmuSTUV are expressed under iron limiting conditions, suggesting complex transcriptional control. Indeed, expression of hmuSTUV in the presence of inorganic iron, but not in the presence of hemin, requires the global regulator IscR acting from a promoter in the intergenic region between hmuR and hmuS. This effect of IscR appears to be direct by binding a site mapped by DNaseI footprinting. In contrast, expression of hmuR under iron limiting conditions requires derepression of the ferric uptake regulator Fur acting from the hmuR promoter, as Fur binding upstream of hmuR was demonstrated biochemically. Differential expression by both Fur and IscR would facilitate maximal hemin uptake and utilization when iron and heme availability is low while maintaining the capacity for periplasmic removal and cytosolic detoxification of heme under a wider variety of conditions. We also demonstrate that a Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔiscR mutant has a survival defect when incubated in whole blood, in which iron is sequestered by heme-containing proteins. Surprisingly, this phenotype was independent of the Hmu system, the type III secretion system, complement, and the ability of Yersinia to replicate intracellularly. These results suggest that IscR regulates multiple virulence factors important for Yersinia survival and growth in mammalian tissues and reveal a surprising complexity of heme uptake expression and function under differing conditions of iron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Schwiesow
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Erin Mettert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yahan Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Halie K Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Natalia G Herrera
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - David Balderas
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Patricia J Kiley
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wiehr S, Warnke P, Rolle AM, Schütz M, Oberhettinger P, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Maurer A, Thornton C, Boschetti F, Reischl G, Autenrieth IB, Pichler BJ, Autenrieth SE. New pathogen-specific immunoPET/MR tracer for molecular imaging of a systemic bacterial infection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:10990-1001. [PMID: 26934329 PMCID: PMC4905453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific and rapid detection of Enterobacteriaceae, the most frequent cause of gram-negative bacterial infections in humans, remains a major challenge. We developed a non-invasive method to rapidly detect systemic Yersinia enterocolitica infections using immunoPET (antibody-targeted positron emission tomography) with [64Cu]NODAGA-labeled Yersinia-specific polyclonal antibodies targeting the outer membrane protein YadA. In contrast to the tracer [18F]FDG, [64Cu]NODAGA-YadA uptake co-localized in a dose dependent manner with bacterial lesions of Yersinia-infected mice, as detected by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This was accompanied by elevated uptake of [64Cu]NODAGA-YadA in infected tissues, in ex vivo biodistribution studies, whereas reduced uptake was observed following blocking with unlabeled anti-YadA antibody. We show, for the first time, a bacteria-specific, antibody-based, in vivo imaging method for the diagnosis of a Gram-negative enterobacterial infection as a proof of concept, which may provide new insights into pathogen-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Hospital, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Oberhettinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Thornton
- Biosciences and ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B Autenrieth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Röttgerding F, Wagemakers A, Koetsveld J, Fingerle V, Kirschfink M, Hovius JW, Zipfel PF, Wallich R, Kraiczy P. Immune evasion of Borrelia miyamotoi: CbiA, a novel outer surface protein exhibiting complement binding and inactivating properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:303. [PMID: 28331202 PMCID: PMC5428533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia (B.) miyamotoi, an emerging tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete, resists complement-mediated killing. To decipher the molecular principles of immune evasion, we sought to identify determinants contributing to complement resistance. Employing bioinformatics, we identified a gene encoding for a putative Factor H-binding protein, termed CbiA (complement binding and inhibitory protein A). Functional analyses revealed that CbiA interacted with complement regulator Factor H (FH), C3, C3b, C4b, C5, and C9. Upon binding to CbiA, FH retained its cofactor activity for Factor I-mediated inactivation of C3b. The Factor H-binding site within CbiA was mapped to domain 20 whereby the C-terminus of CbiA was involved in FH binding. Additionally, CbiA directly inhibited the activation of the classical pathway and the assembly of the terminal complement complex. Of importance, CbiA displayed inhibitory activity when ectopically produced in serum-sensitive B. garinii G1, rendering this surrogate strain resistant to human serum. In addition, long-term in vitro cultivation lead to an incremental loss of the cbiA gene accompanied by an increase in serum susceptibility. In conclusion, our data revealed a dual strategy of B. miyamotoi to efficiently evade complement via CbiA, which possesses complement binding and inhibitory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Röttgerding
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Koetsveld
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Joppe W Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wallich
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weirich J, Bräutigam C, Mühlenkamp M, Franz-Wachtel M, Macek B, Meuskens I, Skurnik M, Leskinen K, Bohn E, Autenrieth I, Schütz M. Identifying components required for OMP biogenesis as novel targets for antiinfective drugs. Virulence 2017; 8:1170-1188. [PMID: 28118090 PMCID: PMC5711350 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1278333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria requires new therapies for combating bacterial infections. Targeting the biogenesis of virulence factors could be an alternative strategy instead of killing bacteria with antibiotics. The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a physical barrier. At the same time it facilitates the exchange of molecules and harbors a multitude of proteins associated with virulence. In order to insert proteins into the OM, an essential oligomeric membrane-associated protein complex, the ß-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is required. Being essential for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) the BAM and also periplasmic chaperones may serve as attractive targets to develop novel antiinfective agents. Herein, we aimed to elucidate which proteins belonging to the OMP biogenesis machinery have the most important function in granting bacterial fitness, OM barrier function, facilitating biogenesis of dedicated virulence factors and determination of overall virulence. To this end we used the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica as a model system. We individually knocked out all non-essential components of the BAM (BamB, C and E) as well as the periplasmic chaperones DegP, SurA and Skp. In summary, we found that the most profound phenotypes were produced by the loss of BamB or SurA with both knockouts resulting in significant attenuation or even avirulence of Ye in a mouse infection model. Thus, we assume that both BamB and SurA are promising targets for the development of new antiinfective drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weirich
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Cornelia Bräutigam
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Melanie Mühlenkamp
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- b Proteome Center Tübingen, Universität Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ina Meuskens
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- c Department of Bacteriology and Immunology , Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- c Department of Bacteriology and Immunology , Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Erwin Bohn
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ingo Autenrieth
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mühlenkamp MC, Hallström T, Autenrieth IB, Bohn E, Linke D, Rinker J, Riesbeck K, Singh B, Leo JC, Hammerschmidt S, Zipfel PF, Schütz MS. Vitronectin Binds to a Specific Stretch within the Head Region of Yersinia Adhesin A and Thereby Modulates Yersinia enterocolitica Host Interaction. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:33-51. [PMID: 27798934 DOI: 10.1159/000449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement resistance is an important virulence trait of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye). The predominant virulence factor expressed by Ye is Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), which enables bacterial attachment to host cells and extracellular matrix and additionally allows the acquisition of soluble serum factors. The serum glycoprotein vitronectin (Vn) acts as an inhibitory regulator of the terminal complement complex by inhibiting the lytic pore formation. Here, we show YadA-mediated direct interaction of Ye with Vn and investigated the role of this Vn binding during mouse infection in vivo. Using different Yersinia strains, we identified a short stretch in the YadA head domain of Ye O:9 E40, similar to the 'uptake region' of Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII YadA, as crucial for efficient Vn binding. Using recombinant fragments of Vn, we found the C-terminal part of Vn, including heparin-binding domain 3, to be responsible for binding to YadA. Moreover, we found that Vn bound to the bacterial surface is still functionally active and thus inhibits C5b-9 formation. In a mouse infection model, we demonstrate that Vn reduces complement-mediated killing of Ye O:9 E40 and, thus, improved bacterial survival. Taken together, these findings show that YadA-mediated Vn binding influences Ye pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Mühlenkamp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wiehr S, Rolle AM, Warnke P, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Reischl G, Autenrieth IB, Pichler BJ, Autenrieth SE. The Positron Emission Tomography Tracer 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]Fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) Is Not Suitable to Detect Tissue Proliferation Induced by Systemic Yersinia enterocolitica Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164163. [PMID: 27701464 PMCID: PMC5049782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most frequently, gram-negative bacterial infections in humans are caused by Enterobacteriaceae and remain a major challenge in medical diagnostics. We non-invasively imaged moderate and severe systemic Yersinia enterocolitica infections in mice using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 3’-deoxy-3’-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), which is a marker of proliferation, and compared the in vivo results to the ex vivo biodistributions, bacterial loads, and histologies of the corresponding organs. Y. enterocolitica infection is detectable with histology using H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for Ki 67. [18F]FLT revealed only background uptake in the spleen, which is the main manifestation site of systemic Y. enterocolitica-infected mice. The uptake was independent of the infection dose. Antibody-based thymidine kinase 1 (Tk-1) staining confirmed the negative [18F]FLT-PET data. Histological alterations of spleen tissue, observed via Ki 67-antibody-based staining, can not be detected by [18F]FLT-PET in this model. Thus, the proliferation marker [18F]FLT is not a suitable tracer for the diagnosis of systemic Y. enterocolitica infection in the C57BL/6 animal model of yersiniosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E. Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chauhan N, Wrobel A, Skurnik M, Leo JC. Yersinia adhesins: An arsenal for infection. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:949-963. [PMID: 27068449 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Yersiniae are a group of Gram-negative coccobacilli inhabiting a wide range of habitats. The genus harbors three recognized human pathogens: Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which both cause gastrointestinal disease, and Y. pestis, the causative agent of plague. These three organisms have served as models for a number of aspects of infection biology, including adhesion, immune evasion, evolution of pathogenic traits, and retracing the course of ancient pandemics. The virulence of the pathogenic Yersiniae is heavily dependent on a number of adhesin molecules. Some of these, such as the Yersinia adhesin A and invasin of the enteropathogenic species, and the pH 6 antigen of Y. pestis, have been extensively studied. However, genomic sequencing has uncovered a host of other adhesins present in these organisms, the functions of which are only starting to be investigated. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the adhesin molecules present in the Yersiniae, and their functions and putative roles in the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Chauhan
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Wrobel
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jack C Leo
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Role of β1 integrins and bacterial adhesins for Yop injection into leukocytes in Yersinia enterocolitica systemic mouse infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 306:77-88. [PMID: 26718660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) into host cells by a type III secretion system is an important immune evasion mechanism of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye). In this process Ye invasin (Inv) binds directly while Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) binds indirectly via extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to β1 integrins on host cells. Although leukocytes turned out to be an important target of Yop injection by Ye, it was unclear which Ye adhesins and which leukocyte receptors are required for Yop injection. To explain this, we investigated the role of YadA, Inv and β1 integrins for Yop injection into leukocytes and their impact on the course of systemic Ye infection in mice. Ex vivo infection experiments revealed that adhesion of Ye via Inv or YadA is sufficient to promote Yop injection into leukocytes as revealed by a β-lactamase reporter assay. Serum factors inhibit YadA- but not Inv-mediated Yop injection into B and T cells, shifting YadA-mediated Yop injection in the direction of neutrophils and other myeloid cells. Systemic Ye mouse infection experiments demonstrated that YadA is essential for Ye virulence and Yop injection into leukocytes, while Inv is dispensable for virulence and plays only a transient and minor role for Yop injection in the early phase of infection. Ye infection of mice with β1 integrin-depleted leukocytes demonstrated that β1 integrins are dispensable for YadA-mediated Yop injection into leukocytes, but contribute to Inv-mediated Yop injection. Despite reduced Yop injection into leukocytes, β1 integrin-deficient mice exhibited an increased susceptibility for Ye infection, suggesting an important role of β1 integrins in immune defense against Ye. This study demonstrates that Yop injection into leukocytes by Ye is largely mediated by YadA exploiting, as yet unknown, leukocyte receptors.
Collapse
|
23
|
A novel method of consensus pan-chromosome assembly and large-scale comparative analysis reveal the highly flexible pan-genome of Acinetobacter baumannii. Genome Biol 2015. [PMID: 26195261 PMCID: PMC4507327 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii plague military and civilian healthcare systems. Previous A. baumannii pan-genomic studies used modest sample sizes of low diversity and comparisons to a single reference genome, limiting our understanding of gene order and content. A consensus representation of multiple genomes will provide a better framework for comparison. A large-scale comparative study will identify genomic determinants associated with their diversity and adaptation as a successful pathogen. Results We determine draft-level genomic sequence of 50 diverse military isolates and conduct the largest bacterial pan-genome analysis of 249 genomes. The pan-genome of A. baumannii is open when the input genomes are normalized for diversity with 1867 core proteins and a paralog-collapsed pan-genome size of 11,694 proteins. We developed a novel graph-based algorithm and use it to assemble the first consensus pan-chromosome, identifying both the order and orientation of core genes and flexible genomic regions. Comparative genome analyses demonstrate the existence of novel resistance islands and isolates with increased numbers of resistance island insertions over time, from single insertions in the 1950s to triple insertions in 2011. Gene clusters responsible for carbon utilization, siderophore production, and pilus assembly demonstrate frequent gain or loss among isolates. Conclusions The highly variable and dynamic nature of the A. baumannii genome may be the result of its success in rapidly adapting to both abiotic and biotic environments through the gain and loss of gene clusters controlling fitness. Importantly, some archaic adaptation mechanisms appear to have reemerged among recent isolates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0701-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
24
|
Transcriptomic Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Biovar 1B Infecting Murine Macrophages Reveals New Mechanisms of Extracellular and Intracellular Survival. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2672-85. [PMID: 25895974 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02922-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is typically considered an extracellular pathogen; however, during the course of an infection, a significant number of bacteria are stably maintained within host cell vacuoles. Little is known about this population and the role it plays during an infection. To address this question and to elucidate the spatially and temporally dynamic gene expression patterns of Y. enterocolitica biovar 1B through the course of an in vitro infection, transcriptome sequencing and differential gene expression analysis of bacteria infecting murine macrophage cells were performed under four distinct conditions. Bacteria were first grown in a nutrient-rich medium at 26 °C to establish a baseline of gene expression that is unrelated to infection. The transcriptomes of these bacteria were then compared to bacteria grown in a conditioned cell culture medium at 37 °C to identify genes that were differentially expressed in response to the increased temperature and medium but not in response to host cells. Infections were then performed, and the transcriptomes of bacteria found on the extracellular surface and intracellular compartments were analyzed individually. The upregulated genes revealed potential roles for a variety of systems in promoting intracellular virulence, including the Ysa type III secretion system, the Yts2 type II secretion system, and the Tad pilus. It was further determined that mutants of each of these systems had decreased virulence while infecting macrophages. Overall, these results reveal the complete set of genes expressed by Y. enterocolitica in response to infection and provide the groundwork for future virulence studies.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Liu X, Luo Y, Mohamed OA, Liu D, Wei G. Global transcriptome analysis of Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2 under salt stress. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:1. [PMID: 25539655 PMCID: PMC4302635 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2 is a α-proteobacterium which could be able to fix nitrogen in the nodules formed with Alhagi sparsifolia in northwest of China. Desiccation and high salinity are the two major environmental problems faced by M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2. In order to identify genes involved in salt-stress adaption, a global transcriptional analysis of M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2 growing under salt-free and high salt conditions was carried out. The next generation sequencing technology, RNA-Seq, was used to obtain the transcription profiles. Results We have compared the transcriptome of M. alhagi growing in TY medium under high salt conditions (0.4 M NaCl) with salt free conditions as a control. A total of 1,849 differentially expressed genes (fold change ≧ 2) were identified and 933 genes were downregulated while 916 genes were upregulated under high salt condition. Except for the upregulation of some genes proven to be involved in salt resistance, we found that the expression levels of protein secretion systems were changed under high salt condition and the expression levels of some heat shock proteins were reduced by salt stress. Notably, a gene encoding YadA domain-containing protein (yadA), a gene encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase (mttB) and a gene encoding formate--tetrahydrofolate ligase (fhs) were highly upregulated. Growth analysis of the three gene knockout mutants under salt stress demonstrated that yadA was involved in salt resistance while the other two were not. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report about transcriptome analysis of a rhizobia using RNA-Seq to elucidate the salt resistance mechanism. Our results showed the complex mechanism of bacterial adaption to salt stress and it was a systematic work for bacteria to cope with the high salinity environmental problems. Therefore, these results could be helpful for further investigation of the bacterial salt resistance mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0319-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Differential gene expression profiling of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during induction of primary alveolar macrophage apoptosis in piglets. Microb Pathog 2014; 78:74-86. [PMID: 25435362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease that causes serious problems for the swine industry. Successful infection by this bacterium requires breaking the first line of defence in the lungs, the primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Therefore, exploring A. pleuropneumoniae-PAM interactions will provide vital groundwork for the scientific control of this infectious disease, which has been little studied up to now. In this work, PAMs were isolated from piglets and co-incubated with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 5b strain L20 in vitro, and their interaction, PAM cell death, and differential gene expression of A. pleuropneumoniae in response to PAM cell death were observed and analysed using confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, RT-PCR, Western blot, flow cytometry and the use of a gene expression profile chip. A. pleuropneumoniae quickly adhered to and invaded PAMs, inducing apoptosis, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest percentage of apoptosis in cells was confirmed using flow cytometry when the cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 and incubated for 5 h, with higher expression of activated caspase-3 as measured by Western blot. Using microarray gene chips with 2868 probes containing nearly all of the genomic sequence of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5b strain L20, a total of 185 bacterial genes were found to be differentially expressed (including 92 up-regulated and 93 down-regulated genes) and involved in the process of apoptosis, as compared with the expression of control bacteria cultured without PAMs in BHI medium (mean expression ratios >1.5-fold, p < 0.05). The up-regulated genes are involved in energy metabolism, gene transcription and translation, virulence related gene such as LPS, Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin, RTX and similar genes. The down-regulated genes are involved in amino acid, cofactor, and vitamin metabolism, and also include ABC transporters. These data demonstrate that A. pleuropneumoniae induces apoptosis of PAMs and undergoes complex changes in gene transcription, including expression changes in known and potential virulence factors. Some potentially novel virulence targets have been identified, suggesting new strategies for the development of vaccines and medicines for both preventive and clinical use.
Collapse
|
28
|
Merritt PM, Nero T, Bohman L, Felek S, Krukonis ES, Marketon MM. Yersinia pestis targets neutrophils via complement receptor 3. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:666-87. [PMID: 25359083 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia species display a tropism for lymphoid tissues during infection, and the bacteria select innate immune cells for delivery of cytotoxic effectors by the type III secretion system. Yet, the mechanism for target cell selection remains a mystery. Here we investigate the interaction of Yersinia pestis with murine splenocytes to identify factors that participate in the targeting process. We find that interactions with primary immune cells rely on multiple factors. First, the bacterial adhesin Ail is required for efficient targeting of neutrophils in vivo. However, Ail does not appear to directly mediate binding to a specific cell type. Instead, we find that host serum factors direct Y. pestis to specific innate immune cells, particularly neutrophils. Importantly, specificity towards neutrophils was increased in the absence of bacterial adhesins because of reduced targeting of other cell types, but this phenotype was only visible in the presence of mouse serum. Addition of antibodies against complement receptor 3 and CD14 blocked target cell selection, suggesting that a combination of host factors participate in steering bacteria towards neutrophils during plague infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Merritt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Berends ETM, Kuipers A, Ravesloot MM, Urbanus RT, Rooijakkers SHM. Bacteria under stress by complement and coagulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1146-71. [PMID: 25065463 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement and coagulation systems are two related protein cascades in plasma that serve important roles in host defense and hemostasis, respectively. Complement activation on bacteria supports cellular immune responses and leads to direct killing of bacteria via assembly of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). Recent studies have indicated that the coagulation system also contributes to mammalian innate defense since coagulation factors can entrap bacteria inside clots and generate small antibacterial peptides. In this review, we will provide detailed insights into the molecular interplay between these protein cascades and bacteria. We take a closer look at how these pathways are activated on bacterial surfaces and discuss the mechanisms by which they directly cause stress to bacterial cells. The poorly understood mechanism for bacterial killing by the MAC will be reevaluated in light of recent structural insights. Finally, we highlight the strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to modulate these protein networks. Overall, these insights will contribute to a better understanding of the host defense roles of complement and coagulation against bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien T M Berends
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heterologous expression of Bartonella adhesin A in Escherichia coli by exchange of trimeric autotransporter adhesin domains results in enhanced adhesion properties and a pathogenic phenotype. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2155-65. [PMID: 24682330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01461-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic Bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders. An important pathogenicity factor of B. henselae is the trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), which is modularly constructed, consisting of a head, a long and repetitive neck-stalk module, and a membrane anchor. BadA is involved in bacterial autoagglutination, binding to extracellular matrix proteins and host cells, and in proangiogenic reprogramming. The slow growth of B. henselae and limited tools for genetic manipulation are obstacles for detailed examination of BadA and its domains. Here, we established a recombinant expression system for BadA mutants in Escherichia coli allowing functional analysis of particular BadA domains. Using a BadA mutant lacking 21 neck-stalk repeats (BadA HN23), the BadA HN23 signal sequence was exchanged with that of E. coli OmpA, and the BadA membrane anchor was additionally replaced with that of Yersinia adhesin A (YadA). Constructs were cloned in E. coli, and hybrid protein expression was detected by immunoblotting, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Functional analysis revealed that BadA hybrid proteins mediate autoagglutination and binding to collagen and endothelial cells. In vivo, expression of this BadA construct correlated with higher pathogenicity of E. coli in a Galleria mellonella infection model.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Strategies used by Yersinia enterocolitica to evade killing by the host: thinking beyond Yops. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Skorek K, Raczkowska A, Dudek B, Miętka K, Guz-Regner K, Pawlak A, Klausa E, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Brzostek K. Regulatory protein OmpR influences the serum resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 by modifying the structure of the outer membrane. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79525. [PMID: 24260242 PMCID: PMC3834241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The EnvZ/OmpR two-component system constitutes a regulatory pathway involved in bacterial adaptive responses to environmental cues. Our previous findings indicated that the OmpR regulator in Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 positively regulates the expression of FlhDC, the master flagellar activator, which influences adhesion/invasion properties and biofilm formation. Here we show that a strain lacking OmpR grown at 37°C exhibits extremely high resistance to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (NHS) compared with the wild-type strain. Analysis of OMP expression in the ompR mutant revealed that OmpR reciprocally regulates Ail and OmpX, two homologous OMPs of Y. enterocolitica, without causing significant changes in the level of YadA, the major serum resistance factor. Analysis of mutants in individual genes belonging to the OmpR regulon (ail, ompX, ompC and flhDC) and strains lacking plasmid pYV, expressing YadA, demonstrated the contribution of the respective proteins to serum resistance. We show that Ail and OmpC act in an opposite way to the OmpX protein to confer serum resistance to the wild-type strain, but are not responsible for the high resistance of the ompR mutant. The serum resistance phenotype of ompR seems to be multifactorial and mainly attributable to alterations that potentiate the function of YadA. Our results indicate that a decreased level of FlhDC in the ompR mutant cells is partly responsible for the serum resistance and this effect can be suppressed by overexpression of flhDC in trans. The observation that the loss of FlhDC enhances the survival of wild-type cells in NHS supports the involvement of FlhDC regulator in this phenotype. In addition, the ompR mutant exhibited a lower level of LPS, but this was not correlated with changes in the level of FlhDC. We propose that OmpR might alter the susceptibility of Y. enterocolitica O:9 to complement-mediated killing through remodeling of the outer membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Raczkowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miętka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz-Regner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Klausa
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Brzostek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paczosa MK, Fisher ML, Maldonado-Arocho FJ, Mecsas J. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis uses Ail and YadA to circumvent neutrophils by directing Yop translocation during lung infection. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:247-68. [PMID: 24119087 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) murine model of lung infection was previously developed using the serotype III IP2666NdeI strain, which robustly colonized lungs but only sporadically disseminated to the spleen and liver. We demonstrate here that a serotype Ib Yptb strain, IP32953, colonizes the lungs at higher levels and disseminates more efficiently to the spleen and liver compared with IP2666NdeI . The role of adhesins was investigated during IP32953 lung infection by constructing isogenic Δail, Δinv, ΔpsaE and ΔyadA mutants. An IP32953ΔailΔyadA mutant initially colonized but failed to persist in the lungs and disseminate to the spleen and liver. Yptb expressing these adhesins selectively bound to and targeted neutrophils for translocation of Yops. This selective targeting was critical for virulence because persistence of the ΔailΔyadA mutant was restored following intranasal infection of neutropenic mice. Furthermore, Ail and YadA prevented killing by complement-mediated mechanisms during dissemination to and/or growth in the spleen and liver, but not in the lungs. Combined, these results demonstratethat Ail and YadA are critical, redundant virulence factors during lung infection, because they thwart neutrophils by directing Yop-translocation specifically into these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Paczosa
- Graduate Program in Immunology, MERGE-ID Track, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wittmann A, Autenrieth IB, Frick JS. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are crucial in Bifidobacterium adolescentis-mediated inhibition of Yersinia enterocolitica infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71338. [PMID: 23977019 PMCID: PMC3748105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In industrialized countries bacterial intestinal infections are commonly caused by enteropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. The interaction of the microbiota with the host immune system determines the adequacy of an appropriate response against pathogens. In this study we addressed whether the probiotic Bifidobacterium adolescentis is protective during intestinal Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed with B. adolescentis, infected with Yersinia enterocolitica, or B. adolescentis fed and subsequently infected with Yersinia enterocolitica. B. adolescentis fed and Yersinia infected mice were protected from Yersinia infection as indicated by a significantly reduced weight loss and splenic Yersinia load when compared to Yersinia infected mice. Moreover, protection from infection was associated with increased intestinal plasmacytoid dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell frequencies. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell function was investigated using depletion experiments by injecting B. adolescentis fed, Yersinia infected C57BL/6 mice with anti-mouse PDCA-1 antibody, to deplete plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or respective isotype control. The B. adolescentis-mediated protection from Yersinia dissemination to the spleen was abrogated after plasmacytoid dendritic cell depletion indicating a crucial function for pDC in control of intestinal Yersinia infection. We suggest that feeding of B. adolescentis modulates the intestinal immune system in terms of increased plasmacytoid dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell frequencies, which might account for the B. adolescentis-mediated protection from Yersinia enterocolitica infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wittmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|