1
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Hale G. Living in LALA land? Forty years of attenuating Fc effector functions. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158044 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The Fc region of antibodies is vital for most of their physiological functions, many of which are engaged through binding to a range of Fc receptors. However, these same interactions are not always helpful or wanted when therapeutic antibodies are directed against self-antigens, and can sometimes cause catastrophic adverse reactions. Over the past 40 years, there have been intensive efforts to "silence" unwanted binding to Fc-gamma receptors, resulting in at least 45 different variants which have entered clinical trials. One of the best known is "LALA" (L234A/L235A). However, neither this, nor most of the other variants in clinical use are completely silenced, and in addition, the biophysical properties of many of them are compromised. I review the development of different variants to see what we can learn from their biological properties and use in the clinic. With the rise of powerful new uses of antibody therapy such as bispecific T-cell engagers, antibody-drug conjugates, and checkpoint inhibitors, it is increasingly important to optimize the Fc region as well as the antibody binding site in order to achieve the best combination of safety and efficacy.
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2
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Lim SH, Beers SA, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS. Agonist Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy: History, Hopes, and Challenges. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1712-1723. [PMID: 38153346 PMCID: PMC7615925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most promising new treatment modalities to arise over the last two decades; antibody drugs are delivering immunotherapy to millions of patients with many different types of cancer. Initial success with antibody therapeutics came in the form of direct targeting or cytotoxic antibodies, such as rituximab and trastuzumab, which bind directly to tumor cells to elicit their destruction. These were followed by immunomodulatory antibodies that elicit antitumor responses by either stimulating immune cells or relieving tumor-mediated suppression. By far the most successful approach in the clinic to date has been relieving immune suppression, with immune checkpoint blockade now a standard approach in the treatment of many cancer types. Despite equivalent and sometimes even more impressive effects in preclinical models, agonist antibodies designed to stimulate the immune system have lagged behind in their clinical translation. In this review, we document the main receptors that have been targeted by agonist antibodies, consider the various approaches that have been evaluated to date, detail what we have learned, and consider how their anticancer potential can be unlocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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3
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Chenoweth AM, Esparon S, Wines BD, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Hogarth PM. Mutation of the TGN1412 anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody lower hinge confers specific FcγRIIb binding and retention of super-agonist activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:657-662. [PMID: 36997299 PMCID: PMC10952187 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The agonistic action of several immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires both target antigen binding and clustering of this mAb:target complex by the Fcs interacting with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), in particular FcγRIIb, on neighboring bystander cells. Fc mutations were made in the immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-based TGN1412 anti-CD28 mAb to define the role of FcγR interactions in its "super-agonist" activity. The dual mutation, IgG4-ED269,270 AA, ablated interaction with all human FcγRs and agonistic action was consequentially lost, confirming the FcγR dependence on the action of TGN1412. The IgG4 lower hinge region (F234 L235 G236 G237 ) was modified by L235 E mutation (F234 E235 G236 G237 ), a mutation commonly used to ablate FcγR binding, including in approved therapeutic mAbs. However, rather than ablating all FcγR binding, IgG4-L235 E conferred specific binding to FcγRIIb, the inhibitory Fc receptor. Furthermore, in combination with the core hinge-stabilizing mutation (IgG4-S228 P, L235 E), this mutation increased affinity for FcγRIIb compared with wild-type IgG4. In addition to having FcγRIIb specificity, these engineered TGN1412 antibodies retained their super-agonistic ability, demonstrating that CD28- and FcγRIIb-specific binding are together sufficient for agonistic function. The FcγRIIb-specific nature of IgG4-L235 E has utility for mAb-mediated immune agonism therapies that are dependent on FcγRIIb interaction and of anti-inflammatory mAbs in allergy and autoimmunity that harness FcγRIIb inhibitory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Present address:
St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical BiosciencesBreast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | | | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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4
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Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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5
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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6
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Vessillier S, Fort M, O'Donnell L, Hinton H, Nadwodny K, Piccotti J, Rigsby P, Staflin K, Stebbings R, Mekala D, Willingham A, Wolf B. Development of the first reference antibody panel for qualification and validation of cytokine release assay platforms - Report of an international collaborative study. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100042. [PMID: 33458650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) carry an inherent risk of undesired immune reactions. One such risk is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a rapid systemic inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells. It is crucial for patient safety to correctly identify potential risk of CRS prior to first-in-human dose administration. For this purpose, a variety of in vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are routinely used as part of the preclinical safety assessment of novel therapeutic mAbs. One of the challenges for the development and comparison of CRA performance is the lack of availability of standard positive and negative control mAbs for use in assay qualification. To address this issue, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) developed a reference panel of lyophilised mAbs known to induce CRS in the clinic: human anti-CD52, mouse anti-CD3 and human superagonistic (SA) anti-CD28 mAb manufactured according to the respective published sequences of Campath-1H® (alemtuzumab, IgG1) , Orthoclone OKT-3® (muromonab, IgG2a) and TGN1412 (theralizumab, IgG4), as well as three isotype matched negative controls (human IgG1, mouse IgG2a and human IgG4, respectively). The relative capacity of these control mAbs to stimulate the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro was evaluated in eleven laboratories in an international collaborative study mediated through the HESI Immuno-safety Technical Committee Cytokine Release Assay Working Group. Participants tested the NIBSC mAbs in a variety of CRA platforms established at each institution. This paper presents the results from the centralised cytokine quantification on all the plasma/supernatants corresponding to the stimulation of immune cells in the different CRA platforms by a single concentration of each mAb. Each positive control mAb induced significant cytokine release in most of the tested CRA platforms. There was a high inter-laboratory variability in the levels of cytokines produced, but similar patterns of response were observed across laboratories that replicated the cytokine release patterns previously published for the respective clinical therapeutic mAbs. Therefore, the positive and negative mAbs are suitable as a reference panel for the qualification and validation of CRAs, comparison of different CRA platforms (e.g. solid vs aqueous phase), and intra- and inter-laboratory comparison of CRA performance. Thus, the use of this panel of positive and negative control mAbs will increase the confidence in the robustness of a CRA platform to identify a potential CRS risk for novel immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madeline Fort
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco CA 94080, USA
| | - Lynn O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Hinton
- Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland. Pharmaceutical Sciences Switzerland
| | - Kimberly Nadwodny
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joseph Piccotti
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Rigsby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karin Staflin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Divya Mekala
- Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Aarron Willingham
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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7
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Dudek S, Weißmüller S, Anzaghe M, Miller L, Sterr S, Hoffmann K, Hengel H, Waibler Z. Human Fcγ receptors compete for TGN1412 binding that determines the antibody's effector function. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1117-1126. [PMID: 31002172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first-in-human clinical trial of the CD28-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 resulted in a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome. Although TGN1412 was designed as IgG4, known for weak Fc:Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions, these interactions contributed to TGN1412-induced T-cell activation. Using cell lines (TFs) expressing human FcγRI, -IIa, -IIb, or -III, we show that TGN1412 and TGN1412 as IgG1 and IgG2 are bound by FcγRs as it can be deduced from literature. However, upon coculture of TGN1412-decorated T cells with TFs or human primary blood cells, we observed that binding capacities by FcγRs do not correlate with the strength of the mediated effector function. FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb, showing no or very minor binding to TGN1412, mediated strongest T cell proliferation, while high-affinity FcγRI, exhibiting strong TGN1412 binding, mediated hardly any T-cell proliferation. These findings are of biological relevance because we show that FcγRI binds TGN1412, thus prevents binding to FcγRIIa or FcγRIIb, and consequently disables T-cell proliferation. In line with this, FcγRI- FcγRII+ but not FcγRI+ FcγRII+ monocytes mediate TGN1412-induced T-cell proliferation. Collectively, by using TGN1412 as example, our results indicate that binding of monomeric IgG subclasses does not predict the FcγR-mediated effector function, which has major implications for the design of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dudek
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weißmüller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Martina Anzaghe
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lilija Miller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sarah Sterr
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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8
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Iwata Y, Harada A, Kubo C, Inoue T, Tabo M, Mishima M. Different players generate positive responses in two in vitro cytokine assay formats with aqueous and immobilized TGN1412 analog. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:91-97. [PMID: 29787754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To detect potential risk of severe cytokine release syndrome, in vitro assay formats with human cells have been developed. The two major testing platforms are a combination of whole blood with aqueous-phase test articles (whole blood cytokine assay, WBCA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells with solid-phase articles (PBMC assay). Significant induction of cytokines was seen in both assays after treatment with a widely used control agent, TGN1412 or its analog CD28SA, but the WBCA cytokine profile differed from what was expected from clinical experience. In the WBCA, potential risk of CD28SA was detected by elevation of IL-8 whereas IL-2, a key cytokine after stimulation of CD28, was not induced in approximately 40% of donor samples. Therefore, further mechanistic understanding of the different responses in the in vitro assay was needed. In this study of donor samples treated with CD28SA, we compared the induction of cytokines and identified the cytokine-producing cells in the two assays. IL-2 was markedly elevated in all the donors in the PBMC assay but only in 1 of 3 donors in the WBCA. IL-8, the most sensitive biomarker in the WBCA, was produced by monocytes and granulocytes. T cells, the most relevant player in the PBMC assay with CD28SA, did not contribute to the positive response seen in two donors in the WBCA, which suggests that different players caused the positive cytokine responses to CD28SA in the two assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Iwata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Asako Harada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Chiyomi Kubo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Tabo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mishima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
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9
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Lemoine M. Animal extrapolation in preclinical studies: An analysis of the tragic case of TGN1412. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 61:35-45. [PMID: 28039775 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the received view, the transportation view, animal extrapolation consists in inductive prediction of the outcome of a mechanism in a target, based on an analogical mechanism in a model. Through an analysis of the failure of preclinical studies of TGN1412, an innovative drug, to predict the tragic consequences of its first-in-man trial in 2006, the received view is challenged by a proposed view of animal extrapolation, the chimera view. According to this view, animal extrapolation is based on a hypothesis about how human organisms work, supported by the amalgamation of results drawn from various experimental organisms, and only predicting the 'predictive grid', that is, a global framework of the effects to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- INSERM U930, France; Université de Tours - Faculté de Médecine - Département de SHS, 10 Bd Tonnellé 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
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10
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Swisher JFA, Feldman GM. The many faces of FcγRI: implications for therapeutic antibody function. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:160-74. [PMID: 26497519 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI or CD64) is the sole human Fc receptor with high affinity for monovalent IgG. While it contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in its cytoplasmic domain, binding of FcγRI can result in a complex array of activating and inhibitory outcomes. For instance, binding of monomeric IgG provides a low-intensity tonic signal through FcγRI that is necessary for full interferon γ receptor signaling in the same cell. Interaction of FcγRI with larger high-avidity complexes can result in phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines. However, numerous reports also document potent anti-inflammatory effects brought about by FcγRI engagement with immune complexes such as the inhibition of IFNγ and TLR4 signaling, and secretion of interleukin-10. This has led to conflicting hypotheses regarding the function of FcγRI, especially with regard to its role in the efficacy of several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. While many of these issues are still unclear, continued characterization of the regulation and context dependence of FcγRI function, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for these various outcomes, will improve our understanding of FcγRI biology as well as the therapeutic strategies designed to harness or constrain its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F A Swisher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gerald M Feldman
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review IV, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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11
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Brezski RJ, Georgiou G. Immunoglobulin isotype knowledge and application to Fc engineering. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:62-9. [PMID: 27003675 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based drugs continue to be one of the most rapidly growing classes of therapeutic molecules. At present, the majority of approved therapeutic antibodies are of the human IgG1 format, which can elicit immune effector functions (e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity). However, there is a wealth of functional diversity that is present in other isotypes and IgG subclasses that can be exploited to improve clinical safety and performance by increasing stability, reduction of adverse events, modulation of effector functions, and by the engagement of two antigens by a single antibody. This review presents an overview of the different antibody isotypes and subclasses and details how exchanging amino acids between different isotypes (i.e., 'cross-isotypes') can be exploited to generate novel therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Brezski
- Genentech, Antibody Engineering, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
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12
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Whritenour J, Casinghino S, Collinge M, Zhu X. Nonclinical Tools to Assess Risk of Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:561-76. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Whritenour
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - S. Casinghino
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - M. Collinge
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - X. Zhu
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
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13
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Khovanova N, Daga S, Shaikhina T, Krishnan N, Jones J, Zehnder D, Mitchell D, Higgins R, Briggs D, Lowe D. Subclass analysis of donor HLA-specific IgG in antibody-incompatible renal transplantation reveals a significant association of IgG4 with rejection and graft failure. Transpl Int 2015; 28:1405-15. [PMID: 26264744 PMCID: PMC4975692 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Donor HLA‐specific antibodies (DSAs) can cause rejection and graft loss after renal transplantation, but their levels measured by the current assays are not fully predictive of outcomes. We investigated whether IgG subclasses of DSA were associated with early rejection and graft failure. DSA levels were determined pretreatment, at the day of peak pan‐IgG level and at 30 days post‐transplantation in eighty HLA antibody‐incompatible kidney transplant recipients using a modified microbead assay. Pretreatment IgG4 levels were predictive of acute antibody‐mediated rejection (P = 0.003) in the first 30 days post‐transplant. Pre‐treatment presence of IgG4DSA (P = 0.008) and day 30 IgG3DSA (P = 0.03) was associated with poor graft survival. Multivariate regression analysis showed that in addition to pan‐IgG levels, total IgG4 levels were an independent risk factor for early rejection when measured pretreatment, and the presence of pretreatment IgG4DSA was also an independent risk factor for graft failure. Pretreatment IgG4DSA levels correlated independently with higher risk of early rejection episodes and medium‐term death‐censored graft survival. Thus, pretreatment IgG4DSA may be used as a biomarker to predict and risk stratify cases with higher levels of pan‐IgG DSA in HLA antibody‐incompatible transplantation. Further investigations are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Daga
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Renal Unit, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Nithya Krishnan
- Renal Unit, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - James Jones
- Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Zehnder
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Daniel Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Robert Higgins
- Renal Unit, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - David Briggs
- Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHS Blood and Transplant, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Lowe
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHS Blood and Transplant, Birmingham, UK
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Reed DM, Paschalaki KE, Starke RD, Mohamed NA, Sharp G, Fox B, Eastwood D, Bristow A, Ball C, Vessillier S, Hansel TT, Thorpe SJ, Randi AM, Stebbings R, Mitchell JA. An autologous endothelial cell:peripheral blood mononuclear cell assay that detects cytokine storm responses to biologics. FASEB J 2015; 29:2595-602. [PMID: 25746794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet need for human tissue bioassays to predict cytokine storm responses to biologics. Current bioassays that detect cytokine storm responses in vitro rely on endothelial cells, usually from umbilical veins or cell lines, cocultured with freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy adult volunteers. These assays therefore comprise cells from 2 separate donors and carry the disadvantage of mismatched tissues and lack the advantage of personalized medicine. Current assays also do not fully delineate mild (such as Campath) and severe (such as TGN1412) cytokine storm-inducing drugs. Here, we report a novel bioassay where endothelial cells grown from stem cells in the peripheral blood (blood outgrowth endothelial cells) and PBMCs from the same donor can be used to create an autologous coculture bioassay that responds by releasing a plethora of cytokines to authentic TGN1412 but only modestly to Campath and not to control antibodies such as Herceptin, Avastin, and Arzerra. This assay performed better than the traditional mixed donor assay in terms of cytokine release to TGN1412 and, thus, we suggest provides significant advancement and a definitive system by which biologics can be tested and paves the way for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Reed
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Koralia E Paschalaki
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Starke
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nura A Mohamed
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Sharp
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Fox
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Eastwood
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Bristow
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Ball
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Thorpe
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Randi
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- *Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, and Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Qatar Foundation Research and Development Division, Doha, Qatar; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom; Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Medimmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Hussain K, Hargreaves CE, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Chowdhury F, Frendéus B, Harper KS, Strefford JC, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Williams AP, French RR. Upregulation of FcγRIIb on monocytes is necessary to promote the superagonist activity of TGN1412. Blood 2015; 125:102-10. [PMID: 25395427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD28 superagonist antibody TGN1412 caused life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in healthy volunteers, which had not been predicted by preclinical testing. T cells in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) do not respond to soluble TGN1412 but do respond following high-density (HD) preculture. We show for the first time that this response is dependent on crystallizable fragment gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) expression on monocytes. This was unexpected because, unlike B cells, circulating monocytes express little or no FcγRIIb. However, FcγRIIb expression is logarithmically increased on monocytes during HD preculture, and this upregulation is necessary and sufficient to explain TGN1412 potency after HD preculture. B-cell FcγRIIb expression is unchanged by HD preculture, but B cells can support TGN1412-mediated T-cell proliferation when added at a frequency higher than that in PBMCs. Although low-density (LD) precultured PBMCs do not respond to TGN1412, T cells from LD preculture are fully responsive when cocultured with FcγRIIb-expressing monocytes from HD preculture, which shows that they are fully able to respond to TGN1412-mediated activation. Our novel findings demonstrate that cross-linking by FcγRIIb is critical for the superagonist activity of TGN1412 after HD preculture, and this may contribute to CRS in humans because of the close association of FcγRIIb-bearing cells with T cells in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdousi Chowdhury
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kirsty S Harper
- Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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16
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Thaventhiran T, Alhumeed N, Yeang HXA, Sethu S, Downey JS, Alghanem AF, Olayanju A, Smith EL, Cross MJ, Webb SD, Williams DP, Bristow A, Ball C, Stebbings R, Sathish JG. Failure to upregulate cell surface PD-1 is associated with dysregulated stimulation of T cells by TGN1412-like CD28 superagonist. MAbs 2014; 6:1290-9. [PMID: 25517314 PMCID: PMC4622985 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD28 superagonist (CD28SA) TGN1412 was administered to humans as an agent that can selectively activate and expand regulatory T cells but resulted in uncontrolled T cell activation accompanied by cytokine storm. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this uncontrolled T cell activation are unclear. Physiological activation of T cells leads to upregulation of not only activation molecules but also inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. We hypothesized that the uncontrolled activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells is due to both the enhanced expression of activation molecules and the lack of or reduced inhibitory signals. In this study, we show that anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated human T cells undergo time-limited controlled DNA synthesis, proliferation and interleukin-2 secretion, accompanied by PD-1 expression. In contrast, CD28SA-activated T cells demonstrate uncontrolled activation parameters including enhanced expression of LFA-1 and CCR5 but fail to express PD-1 on the cell surface. We demonstrate the functional relevance of the lack of PD-1 mediated regulatory mechanism in CD28SA-stimulated T cells. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for the dysregulated activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells and also highlight the potential for the use of differential expression of PD-1 as a biomarker of safety for T cell immunostimulatory biologics.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5
- CD28 superagonist
- CD28SA, CD28 superagonist
- CK2, casein kinase 2
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL-2, interleukin 2
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- S-phase, synthesis phase
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TEMs, effector memory T cells
- TGN1412
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3
- immunostimulatory biologics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilipan Thaventhiran
- a Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ; University of Liverpool ; Liverpool , UK
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17
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Bartholomaeus P, Semmler LY, Bukur T, Boisguerin V, Römer PS, Tabares P, Chuvpilo S, Tyrsin DY, Matskevich A, Hengel H, Castle J, Hünig T, Kalinke U. Cell Contact–Dependent Priming and Fc Interaction with CD32+ Immune Cells Contribute to the TGN1412-Triggered Cytokine Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2091-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Davies AM, Rispens T, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Gould HJ, Jefferis R, Aalberse RC, Sutton BJ. Structural determinants of unique properties of human IgG4-Fc. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:630-44. [PMID: 24211234 PMCID: PMC3905167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human IgG4, normally the least abundant of the four subclasses of IgG in serum, displays a number of unique biological properties. It can undergo heavy-chain exchange, also known as Fab-arm exchange, leading to the formation of monovalent but bispecific antibodies, and it interacts poorly with FcγRII and FcγRIII, and complement. These properties render IgG4 relatively “non-inflammatory” and have made it a suitable format for therapeutic monoclonal antibody production. However, IgG4 is also known to undergo Fc-mediated aggregation and has been implicated in auto-immune disease pathology. We report here the high-resolution crystal structures, at 1.9 and 2.35 Å, respectively, of human recombinant and serum-derived IgG4-Fc. These structures reveal conformational variability at the CH3–CH3 interface that may promote Fab-arm exchange, and a unique conformation for the FG loop in the CH2 domain that would explain the poor FcγRII, FcγRIII and C1q binding properties of IgG4 compared with IgG1 and -3. In contrast to other IgG subclasses, this unique conformation folds the FG loop away from the CH2 domain, precluding any interaction with the lower hinge region, which may further facilitate Fab-arm exchange by destabilisation of the hinge. The crystals of IgG4-Fc also display Fc–Fc packing contacts with very extensive interaction surfaces, involving both a consensus binding site in IgG-Fc at the CH2–CH3 interface and known hydrophobic aggregation motifs. These Fc–Fc interactions are compatible with intact IgG4 molecules and may provide a model for the formation of aggregates of IgG4 that can cause disease pathology in the absence of antigen. The first high-resolution crystal structures of IgG4-Fc have been solved. Arg409 adopts two conformations, each with a different effect on the CH3–CH3 interface. Crystal packing analysis reveals a novel Fc–Fc interface. The CH2 domain FG loop adopts a unique conformation, affecting FcγR and C1q binding. The IgG4-Fc crystal structures explain unique biological properties of IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Jefferis
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rob C Aalberse
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Centre Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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19
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Suchard SJ, Davis PM, Kansal S, Stetsko DK, Brosius R, Tamura J, Schneeweis L, Bryson J, Salcedo T, Wang H, Yang Z, Fleener CA, Ignatovich O, Plummer C, Grant S, Nadler SG. A Monovalent Anti-Human CD28 Domain Antibody Antagonist: Preclinical Efficacy and Safety. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4599-610. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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