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Mahla RS, Jones EL, Dustin LB. Ro60-Roles in RNA Processing, Inflammation, and Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7705. [PMID: 39062948 PMCID: PMC11277228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ro60/SSA2 autoantigen is an RNA-binding protein and a core component of nucleocytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Ro60 is essential in RNA metabolism, cell stress response pathways, and cellular homeostasis. It stabilises and mediates the quality control and cellular distribution of small RNAs, including YRNAs (for the 'y' in 'cytoplasmic'), retroelement transcripts, and misfolded RNAs. Ro60 transcriptional dysregulation or loss of function can result in the generation and release of RNA fragments from YRNAs and other small RNAs. Small RNA fragments can instigate an inflammatory cascade through endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic RNA sensors, which typically sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and mount the first line of defence against invading pathogens. However, the recognition of host-originating RNA moieties from Ro60 RNP complexes can activate inflammatory response pathways and compromise self-tolerance. Autoreactive B cells may produce antibodies targeting extracellular Ro60 RNP complexes. Ro60 autoantibodies serve as diagnostic markers for various autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren's disease (SjD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and they may also act as predictive markers for anti-drug antibody responses among rheumatic patients. Understanding Ro60's structure, function, and role in self-tolerance can enhance our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
| | | | - Lynn B. Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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2
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Kamakura T, Kameda K, Manabe M, Torii K, Sugiura Y, Ito S, Nakayama S, Shimizu T, Nagashima E, Kamiya K, Oka M, Tanaka M, Otsuka M, Ohtsuka M, Kotani A. PTBP1 protects Y RNA from cleavage leading to its apoptosis-specific degradation. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:322. [PMID: 38997262 PMCID: PMC11245482 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Some RNAs such as 28S rRNA, U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), and Y RNAs are known to be cleaved during apoptosis. The underlying mechanism, functions, and biological significance of RNA degradation in apoptosis remain elusive. Y RNAs are non-coding RNAs widely conserved from bacteria to mammals, and are major components of Ro ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes which contain the 60 kDa Ro protein (SS-A) and the 50 kDa La protein (SS-B). The autoantigenic Ro and La proteins were identified by autoantibodies present in the sera from patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS). We previously identified novel, functional small RNAs named AGO-taxis small RNAs (ASRs) that are specifically bound to Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1), which are processed from Y RNAs. Cell-free analysis combined with fractionation methods revealed that the apoptosis-specific biogenesis of ASRs or cleavage of Y RNA was induced by truncation of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), which is an endoribonuclease inhibitor of Y RNAs by caspase 3. Caspase 3-resistant PTBP1 mutant protected cleavage of Y RNAs in apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Furthermore, caspase 3-resistant PTBP1 mutant knock-in mice showed elevated cytokines, dysregulation of the germinal center formation compared to the wild-type mice at LPS stimulation, and high positivity of antinuclear antibody. Those results suggest that cleavage of Y RNAs or biogenesis of ASR during apoptosis has critical biological functions and their deregulation result in immune dysregulation and the formation of autoantibody, possibly leading to the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kamakura
- Department of Regulation of Infectious Cancer, Research Institute of Microbiological Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kameda
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Masahiko Manabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kan Torii
- Department of Regulation of Infectious Cancer, Research Institute of Microbiological Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Multi-Omics Platform, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiko Ito
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shunya Nakayama
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takanobu Shimizu
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagashima
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kamiya
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Department of Regulation of Infectious Cancer, Research Institute of Microbiological Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Field of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ai Kotani
- Department of Regulation of Infectious Cancer, Research Institute of Microbiological Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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IL-33/ST2 Activation Is involved in Ro60-Regulated Photosensitivity in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4955761. [PMID: 35909659 PMCID: PMC9328989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4955761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 33 contributes to various inflammatory processes. IL-33/ST2 activation participates in systemic lupus erythematous via binding to the receptor of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 protein (ST2). However, whether IL-33/ST2 interferes with the nosogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) has not been reported so far. Herein, we proposed to disclose the impacts on IL-33/ST2 activation and Ro60 on CLE and their potential implications in the photosensitization of CLE cells. IL-33, ST2, and Ro60 in CLE patients' skin lesions were detected. Murine keratinocytes stimulated with or without IL-33 were irradiated by ultraviolet B (UVB), and the levels of Ro60 and inflammation markers were determined. Keratinocytes were cocultured with J774.2 macrophages and stimulated with IL-33 for analysis of chemostasis. The results identified that IL-33, ST2, and downstream inflammation markers were significantly upregulated in CLE lesions with Ro60 overexpression. Additionally, IL-33 treatment promoted the upregulation of Ro60 induced by UVB treatment in murine keratinocytes. Moreover, IL-33 stimulates keratinocytes to induce macrophage migration via enhancing the generation of the chemokine (C–C motif) ligands 17 and 22. Meanwhile, the silencing of ST2 or nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) suppression abolished IL-33-induced upregulation of Ro60 in keratinocytes. Similarly, the inhibition of SOX17 expression was followed by downregulation of Ro60 in keratinocytes following IL-33 stimulation. In addition, UVB irradiation upregulated SOX17 in keratinocytes. Conclusively, the IL-33/ST2 axis interferes with Ro60-regulated photosensitization via activating the NF-κB- and PI3K/Akt- and SOX17-related pathways.
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Liu F, Chen J, Li Z, Meng X. Recent Advances in Epigenetics of Age-Related Kidney Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050796. [PMID: 35627181 PMCID: PMC9142069 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal aging has attracted increasing attention in today’s aging society, as elderly people with advanced age are more susceptible to various kidney disorders such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is no clear-cut universal mechanism for identifying age-related kidney diseases, and therefore, they pose a considerable medical and public health challenge. Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable modifications in the regulation of gene expression that do not require changes in the underlying genomic DNA sequence. A variety of epigenetic modifiers such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors have been proposed as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in numerous fields including cardiovascular diseases, immune system disease, nervous system diseases, and neoplasms. Accumulating evidence in recent years indicates that epigenetic modifications have been implicated in renal aging. However, no previous systematic review has been performed to systematically generalize the relationship between epigenetics and age-related kidney diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advances in epigenetic mechanisms of age-related kidney diseases as well as discuss the application of epigenetic modifiers as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the field of age-related kidney diseases. In summary, the main types of epigenetic processes including DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) modulation have all been implicated in the progression of age-related kidney diseases, and therapeutic targeting of these processes will yield novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
| | - Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
| | - Zhenqiong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (X.M.)
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5
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Reed JH. Transforming mutations in the development of pathogenic B cell clones and autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:101-115. [PMID: 35001403 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by serum autoantibodies, some of which are pathogenic, causing severe manifestations and organ injury. However, autoantibodies of the same antigenic reactivity are also present in the serum of asymptomatic people years before they develop any clinical signs of autoimmunity. Autoantibodies can arise during multiple stages of B cell development, and various genetic and environmental factors drive their production. However, what drives the development of pathogenic autoantibodies is poorly understood. Advances in single-cell technology have enabled the deep analysis of rare B cell clones producing pathogenic autoantibodies responsible for vasculitis in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome complicated by mixed cryoglobulinaemia. These findings demonstrated a cascade of genetic events involving stereotypic immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination and transforming somatic mutations in lymphoma genes and V(D)J regions that disrupted antibody quality control mechanisms and decreased autoantibody solubility. Most studies consider V(D)J mutations that enhance autoantibody affinity to drive pathology; however, V(D)J mutations that increase autoantibody propensity to form insoluble complexes could be a major contributor to autoantibody pathogenicity. Defining the molecular characteristics of pathogenic autoantibodies and failed tolerance checkpoints driving their formation will improve prognostication, enabling early treatment to prevent escalating organ damage and B cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Reed
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Kaucsár T, Róka B, Tod P, Do PT, Hegedűs Z, Szénási G, Hamar P. Divergent regulation of lncRNA expression by ischemia in adult and aging mice. GeroScience 2021; 44:429-445. [PMID: 34697716 PMCID: PMC8811094 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients have increased susceptibility to acute kidney injury (AKI). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are key regulators of cellular processes, and have been implicated in both aging and AKI. Our aim was to study the effects of aging and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) on the renal expression of lncRNAs. Adult and old (10- and 26-30-month-old) C57BL/6 N mice were subjected to unilateral IRI followed by 7 days of reperfusion. Renal expression of 90 lncRNAs and mRNA expression of injury, regeneration, and fibrosis markers was measured by qPCR in the injured and contralateral control kidneys. Tubular injury, regeneration, and fibrosis were assessed by histology. Urinary lipocalin-2 excretion was increased in old mice prior to IRI, but plasma urea was similar. In the control kidneys of old mice tubular cell necrosis and apoptosis, mRNA expression of kidney injury molecule-1, fibronectin-1, p16, and p21 was elevated. IRI increased plasma urea concentration only in old mice, but injury, regeneration, and fibrosis scores and their mRNA markers were similar in both age groups. AK082072 and Y lncRNAs were upregulated, while H19 and RepA transcript were downregulated in the control kidneys of old mice. IRI upregulated Miat, Igf2as, SNHG5, SNHG6, RNCR3, Malat1, Air, Linc1633, and Neat1 v1, while downregulated Linc1242. LncRNAs H19, AK082072, RepA transcript, and Six3os were influenced by both aging and IRI. Our results indicate that both aging and IRI alter renal lncRNA expression suggesting that lncRNAs have a versatile and complex role in aging and kidney injury. An Ingenuity Pathway Analysis highlighted that the most downregulated H19 may be linked to aging/senescence through p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kaucsár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Róka
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tod
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Phuong Thanh Do
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegedűs
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hamar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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7
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Chen W, Li L, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang R, Wang S, Wu Y, Xing D. Extracellular vesicle YRNA in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Huijser E, Versnel MA. Making Sense of Intracellular Nucleic Acid Sensing in Type I Interferon Activation in Sjögren's Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:532. [PMID: 33540529 PMCID: PMC7867173 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by dryness of the eyes and mucous membranes, which can be accompanied by various extraglandular autoimmune manifestations. The majority of patients exhibit persistent systemic activation of the type I interferon (IFN) system, a feature that is shared with other systemic autoimmune diseases. Type I IFNs are integral to anti-viral immunity and are produced in response to stimulation of pattern recognition receptors, among which nucleic acid (NA) receptors. Dysregulated detection of endogenous NAs has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Stimulation of endosomal Toll-like receptors by NA-containing immune complexes are considered to contribute to the systemic type I IFN activation. Accumulating evidence suggest additional roles for cytosolic NA-sensing pathways in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will provide an overview of the functions and signaling of intracellular RNA- and DNA-sensing receptors and summarize the evidence for a potential role of these receptors in the pathogenesis of pSS and the sustained systemic type I IFN activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjan A. Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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9
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Izmirly P, Kim M, Friedman DM, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Clancy R, Copel JA, Phoon CKL, Cuneo BF, Cohen RE, Robins K, Masson M, Wainwright BJ, Zahr N, Saxena A, Buyon JP. Hydroxychloroquine to Prevent Recurrent Congenital Heart Block in Fetuses of Anti-SSA/Ro-Positive Mothers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 76:292-302. [PMID: 32674792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical evidence support the role of macrophage Toll-like receptor signaling in maternal anti-SSA/Ro-mediated congenital heart block (CHB). OBJECTIVES Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an orally administered Toll-like receptor antagonist widely used in lupus including during pregnancy, was evaluated for efficacy in reducing the historical 18% recurrence rate of CHB. METHODS This multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 2-stage clinical trial was designed using Simon's optimal approach. Anti-SSA/Ro-positive mothers with a previous pregnancy complicated by CHB were recruited (n = 19 Stage 1; n = 35 Stage 2). Patients received 400 mg daily of HCQ prior to completion of gestational week 10, which was maintained through pregnancy. The primary outcome was 2° or 3° CHB any time during pregnancy, and secondary outcomes included isolated endocardial fibroelastosis, 1° CHB at birth and skin rash. RESULTS By intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, 4 of 54 evaluable pregnancies resulted in a primary outcome (7.4%; 90% confidence interval: 3.4% to 15.9%). Because 9 mothers took potentially confounding medications (fluorinated glucocorticoids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin) after enrollment but prior to a primary outcome, to evaluate HCQ alone, 9 additional mothers were recruited and followed the identical protocol. In the per-protocol analysis restricted to pregnancies exposed to HCQ alone, 4 of 54 (7.4%) fetuses developed a primary outcome as in the ITT. Secondary outcomes included mild endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 1) and cutaneous neonatal lupus (n = 4). CONCLUSIONS These prospective data support that HCQ significantly reduces the recurrence of CHB below the historical rate by >50%, suggesting that this drug should be prescribed for secondary prevention of fetal cardiac disease in anti-SSA/Ro-exposed pregnancies. (Preventive Approach to Congenital Heart Block With Hydroxychloroquine [PATCH]; NCT01379573).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Izmirly
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Mimi Kim
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Robert Clancy
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mala Masson
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Noel Zahr
- Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Amit Saxena
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jill P Buyon
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. https://twitter.com/JillBuyonMD
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10
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Leng Y, Sim S, Magidson V, Wolin SL. Noncoding Y RNAs regulate the levels, subcellular distribution and protein interactions of their Ro60 autoantigen partner. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6919-6930. [PMID: 32469055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding Y RNAs are abundant in animal cells and present in many bacteria. These RNAs are bound and stabilized by Ro60, a ring-shaped protein that is a target of autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies in bacteria revealed that Y RNA tethers Ro60 to a ring-shaped exoribonuclease, forming a double-ringed RNP machine specialized for structured RNA degradation. In addition to functioning as a tether, the bacterial RNA gates access of substrates to the Ro60 cavity. To identify roles for Y RNAs in mammals, we used CRISPR to generate mouse embryonic stem cells lacking one or both of the two murine Y RNAs. Despite reports that animal cell Y RNAs are essential for DNA replication, cells lacking these RNAs divide normally. However, Ro60 levels are reduced, revealing that Y RNA binding is required for Ro60 to accumulate to wild-type levels. Y RNAs regulate the subcellular location of Ro60, since Ro60 is reduced in the cytoplasm and increased in nucleoli when Y RNAs are absent. Last, we show that Y RNAs tether Ro60 to diverse effector proteins to generate specialized RNPs. Together, our data demonstrate that the roles of Y RNAs are intimately connected to that of their Ro60 partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Leng
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Soyeong Sim
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra L Wolin
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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11
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Valkov N, Das S. Y RNAs: Biogenesis, Function and Implications for the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:327-342. [PMID: 32285422 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, progress in the field of high-throughput sequencing technology and its application to a wide variety of biological specimens has greatly advanced the discovery and cataloging of a diverse set of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have been found to have unexpected biological functions. Y RNAs are an emerging class of highly conserved, small ncRNAs. There is a growing number of reports in the literature demonstrating that Y RNAs and their fragments are not just random degradation products but are themselves bioactive molecules. This review will outline what is currently known about Y RNA including biogenesis, structure and functional roles. In addition, we will provide an overview of studies reporting the presence and functions attributed to Y RNAs in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedyalka Valkov
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Seal RL, Chen LL, Griffiths-Jones S, Lowe TM, Mathews MB, O'Reilly D, Pierce AJ, Stadler PF, Ulitsky I, Wolin SL, Bruford EA. A guide to naming human non-coding RNA genes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103777. [PMID: 32090359 PMCID: PMC7073466 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a rapidly expanding field. Providing an official gene symbol and name to ncRNA genes brings order to otherwise potential chaos as it allows unambiguous communication about each gene. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC, www.genenames.org) is the only group with the authority to approve symbols for human genes. The HGNC works with specialist advisors for different classes of ncRNA to ensure that ncRNA nomenclature is accurate and informative, where possible. Here, we review each major class of ncRNA that is currently annotated in the human genome and describe how each class is assigned a standardised nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Seal
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Todd M Lowe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Mathews
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Dawn O'Reilly
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics Lab, MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pierce
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad National de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sandra L Wolin
- RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
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Singh M, Jackson KJL, Wang JJ, Schofield P, Field MA, Koppstein D, Peters TJ, Burnett DL, Rizzetto S, Nevoltris D, Masle-Farquhar E, Faulks ML, Russell A, Gokal D, Hanioka A, Horikawa K, Colella AD, Chataway TK, Blackburn J, Mercer TR, Langley DB, Goodall DM, Jefferis R, Gangadharan Komala M, Kelleher AD, Suan D, Rischmueller M, Christ D, Brink R, Luciani F, Gordon TP, Goodnow CC, Reed JH. Lymphoma Driver Mutations in the Pathogenic Evolution of an Iconic Human Autoantibody. Cell 2020; 180:878-894.e19. [PMID: 32059783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies arise in many autoimmune diseases, but it is not understood how the cells making them evade immune checkpoints. Here, single-cell multi-omics analysis demonstrates a shared mechanism with lymphoid malignancy in the formation of public rheumatoid factor autoantibodies responsible for mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. By combining single-cell DNA and RNA sequencing with serum antibody peptide sequencing and antibody synthesis, rare circulating B lymphocytes making pathogenic autoantibodies were found to comprise clonal trees accumulating mutations. Lymphoma driver mutations in genes regulating B cell proliferation and V(D)J mutation (CARD11, TNFAIP3, CCND3, ID3, BTG2, and KLHL6) were present in rogue B cells producing the pathogenic autoantibody. Antibody V(D)J mutations conferred pathogenicity by causing the antigen-bound autoantibodies to undergo phase transition to insoluble aggregates at lower temperatures. These results reveal a pre-neoplastic stage in human lymphomagenesis and a cascade of somatic mutations leading to an iconic pathogenic autoantibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | | | - Jing J Wang
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David Koppstein
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy J Peters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Deborah L Burnett
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Damien Nevoltris
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Etienne Masle-Farquhar
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Megan L Faulks
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Russell
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Divya Gokal
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Asami Hanioka
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-851, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander D Colella
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy K Chataway
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - James Blackburn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tim R Mercer
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - David B Langley
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - D Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dan Suan
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Maureen Rischmueller
- Rheumatology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medical Sciences and Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tom P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences and Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Joanne H Reed
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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14
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Chen S, Zhao Y, Jin H, Qi X, He J, Huang J, Ding Y, Chen W, Wu C, Ding X, Chen S, Zhang H, Shang Y, Du D, Zhao J. TROVE2 strengthens the anti-inflammatory effect via macrophage polarization by estrogen induction in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Life Sci 2020; 242:117207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Ormseth MJ, Solus JF, Sheng Q, Ye F, Song H, Wu Q, Guo Y, Oeser AM, Allen RM, Vickers KC, Stein CM. The Endogenous Plasma Small RNAome of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatol 2020; 2:97-105. [PMID: 31913579 PMCID: PMC7011423 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small RNA (sRNA) sequencing has revealed new sRNA classes beyond microRNAs (miRNAs). These sRNAs can regulate genes and act as biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine if the endogenous plasma sRNA landscape is altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with control subjects and to determine its association with disease-related parameters in RA. METHODS sRNA sequencing was performed on plasma from 165 RA and 90 control subjects who were frequency-matched for age, race, and sex. Endogenous sRNAs, such as miRNAs, isomiRs, sRNAs derived from small nuclear RNAs (snDRs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoDRs), Y RNAs (yDRs), transfer-derived RNAs (tDRs), long noncoding RNAs (lncDRs) as well as miscellaneous sRNAs (miscRNAs), were quantified using Tools for Integrative Genome analysis of Extracellular sRNAs (TIGER). Individual and categories of sRNAs were compared between RA and controls, and significantly altered sRNAs and sRNA categories were correlated with disease activity and general laboratory measures in RA. RESULTS Patients with RA had more miRNAs (1.42-fold, P = 0.01), more tDRs (1.14-fold, P = 0.04), and fewer yDRs (-1.41-fold, P = 0.009) compared with control subjects. Disease duration was inversely associated with yDRs. Disease-related parameters, such as Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), swollen joint count, and inflammatory markers were significantly positively associated with tDRs and miscRNAs, and miR-22-3p and related sequences and isomiRs were most significantly associated with DAS28. CONCLUSION Endogenous plasma sRNAs are altered in RA compared with control subjects. Although individual miRNAs have been well studied and many are excellent biomarkers in RA, several non-miRNA sRNAs were significantly associated with disease-related parameters as classes and may represent novel biomarkers for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Ormseth
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph F Solus
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fei Ye
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Haocan Song
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qiong Wu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yan Guo
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | | | - Ryan M Allen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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16
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Dhahbi J, Nunez Lopez YO, Schneider A, Victoria B, Saccon T, Bharat K, McClatchey T, Atamna H, Scierski W, Golusinski P, Golusinski W, Masternak MM. Profiling of tRNA Halves and YRNA Fragments in Serum and Tissue From Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Identify Key Role of 5' tRNA-Val-CAC-2-1 Half. Front Oncol 2019; 9:959. [PMID: 31616639 PMCID: PMC6775249 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer and, as indicated by The Oral Cancer Foundation, kills at an alarming rate of roughly one person per hour. With this study, we aimed at better understanding disease mechanisms and identifying minimally invasive disease biomarkers by profiling novel small non-coding RNAs (specifically, tRNA halves and YRNA fragments) in both serum and tumor tissue from humans. Small RNA-Sequencing identified multiple 5' tRNA halves and 5' YRNA fragments that displayed significant differential expression levels in circulation and/or tumor tissue, as compared to control counterparts. In addition, by implementing a modification of weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we identified an upregulated genetic module comprised of 5' tRNA halves and miRNAs (miRNAs were described in previous study using the same samples) with significant association with the cancer trait. By consequently implementing miRNA-overtargeting network analysis, the biological function of the module (and by "guilt by association," the function of the 5' tRNA-Val-CAC-2-1 half) was found to involve the transcriptional targeting of specific genes involved in the negative regulation of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle. These findings suggest that 5' tRNA-Val-CAC-2-1 half (reduced in serum of OSCC patients and elevated in the tumor tissue) could potentially serve as an OSCC circulating biomarker and/or target for novel anticancer therapies. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the specific molecular function of a 5'-tRNA half is specifically pinpointed in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Dhahbi
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Yury O. Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Berta Victoria
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Tatiana Saccon
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Krish Bharat
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Thaddeus McClatchey
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Wojciech Scierski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Golusinski
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Boccitto M, Wolin SL. Ro60 and Y RNAs: structure, functions, and roles in autoimmunity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:133-152. [PMID: 31084369 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1608902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ro60, also known as SS-A or TROVE2, is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein that is found in most animal cells, approximately 5% of sequenced prokaryotic genomes and some archaea. Ro60 is present in cells as both a free protein and as a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex, where its best-known partners are members of a class of noncoding RNAs called Y RNAs. Structural and biochemical analyses have revealed that Ro60 is a ring-shaped protein that binds Y RNAs on its outer surface. In addition to Y RNAs, Ro60 binds misfolded and aberrant noncoding RNAs in some animal cell nuclei. Although the fate of these defective Ro60-bound noncoding RNAs in animal cells is not well-defined, a bacterial Ro60 ortholog functions with 3' to 5' exoribonucleases to assist structured RNA degradation. Studies of Y RNAs have revealed that these RNAs regulate the subcellular localization of Ro60, tether Ro60 to effector proteins and regulate the access of other RNAs to its central cavity. As both mammalian cells and bacteria lacking Ro60 are sensitized to ultraviolet irradiation, Ro60 function may be important during exposure to some environmental stressors. Here we summarize the current knowledge regarding the functions of Ro60 and Y RNAs in animal cells and bacteria. Because the Ro60 RNP is a clinically important target of autoantibodies in patients with rheumatic diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neonatal lupus, we also discuss potential roles for Ro60 RNPs in the initiation and pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Boccitto
- a RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Sandra L Wolin
- a RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
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18
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Driedonks TAP, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Circulating Y-RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes; Implications for the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3164. [PMID: 30697216 PMCID: PMC6340977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of extracellular vesicles (EV) between immune cells plays a role in various immune regulatory processes. EV are nano-sized lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a multitude of proteins and small non-coding RNA molecules. Of the various RNA classes present in EV, miRNAs have been most intensively studied because of their known gene-regulatory functions. These miRNAs constitute only a minor part of all EV-enclosed RNA, whereas other 20–200 nt sized non-coding RNAs were shown to be abundantly present in EV. Several of these mid-sized RNAs perform basic functions in cells, but their function in EV remains elusive. One prominent class of mid-sized extracellular RNAs associated with EV are the Y-RNAs. This family of highly conserved non-coding RNAs was initially discovered as RNA component of circulating ribonucleoprotein autoantigens in serum from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome patients. Y-RNA has been implicated in cellular processes such as DNA replication and RNA quality control. In recent years, Y-RNA has been abundantly detected in EV from multiple different cell lines and biofluids, and also in murine and human retroviruses. Accumulating evidence suggests that EV-associated Y-RNA may be involved in a range of immune-related processes, including inflammation, immune suppression, and establishment of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, changes in plasma levels of extracellular Y-RNA have been associated with various diseases. Recent studies have aimed to address the mechanisms underlying their release and function. We for example showed that the levels of EV-associated Y-RNA released by immune cells can be regulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Combined, these data have triggered increased interest in extracellular Y-RNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of studies reporting the occurrence of extracellular Y-RNAs, as well as signaling properties and immune-related functions attributed to these RNAs. We list RNA-binding proteins currently known to interact with Y-RNAs and evaluate their occurrence in EV. In parallel, we discuss technical challenges in assessing whether extracellular Y-RNAs are contained in ribonucleoprotein complexes or EV. By integrating the current knowledge on extracellular Y-RNA we further reflect on the biomarker potential of Y-RNA and their role in immune cell communication and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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19
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Kim SY, Park MJ, Kwon JE, Choi SY, Seo HB, Jung KA, Choi JW, Baek JA, Lee HH, Lee BI, Park SH, Cho ML. Ro60 Inhibits Colonic Inflammation and Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. Immunol Lett 2018; 201:45-51. [PMID: 30395870 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear. The inflammation is associated with activation of T helper (Th) lymphocytes and chronic production of inflammatory cytokines. Ro60 suppresses the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, and interferon α by inhibiting Alu transcription; control of Ro60 mRNA expression may thus be therapeutically useful. However, few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of Ro60. The Ro60 level is decreased in IBD patients; we thus hypothesized that Ro60 was involved in the development of this autoimmune disease. We subjected mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis to gene therapy using a vector that overexpressed Ro60 threefold. We scored IBD progression by repeatedly weighing the mice. Ro60 ameliorated colitis severity and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Ro60 overexpression decreased the levels of α-smooth muscle actin (a marker of activated myofibroblasts) and type I collagen. The anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities of Ro60 ameliorated the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice by repressing inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Beom Seo
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Jung
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Baek
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Hee Lee
- Division of Gastroenterlogy, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-In Lee
- Division of Gastroenterlogy, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
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20
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Kabeerdoss J, Sandhya P, Danda D. Y RNA derived small RNAs in Sjögren's syndrome: Candidate biomarkers? Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:1763-1766. [PMID: 29152879 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies are important in pathogenesis and diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Ro60, Ro52 and La are RNA binding proteins of Y RNA, which were discovered more than three decades ago. Significance of Y RNA is not appreciated as much as Ro and La in SS. It can be hypothesised that 5'-YsRNA, short fragment derived from Y RNA may be recognized by TLR7 in pDC, which induces type I interferon signature in SS. New genomics tools, namely RNA seq, enables assay of 5'-YsRNA in blood. 5'-YsRNA has the potential to be a novel biomarker of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakanthan Kabeerdoss
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pulukool Sandhya
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Tonello M, Hoxha A, Mattia E, Zambon A, Visentin S, Cerutti A, Ghirardello A, Milanesi O, Ruffatti A. Low titer, isolated anti Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies is correlated with positive pregnancy outcomes in women at risk of congenital heart block. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:1155-1160. [PMID: 28204891 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart block (CHB) is an autoantibody mediated disorder presumably caused by placental transmission of maternal autoantibodies to Ro/SSA 52 kd, p200, Ro/SSA 60 kd, La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. This study investigated the clinical significance of isolated anti-Ro/SSA 52 kd, anti-p200, anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd, and anti-La/SSB antibodies in positive pregnant patients. One hundred sixty-three pregnant women positive to anti-Ro/SSA 52 kd and/or anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies were prospectively enrolled in the study. Anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60, anti-p200, and anti-La antibodies were assayed using home-made ELISA assays. Isolated antibody positivity was found in 25 women (15.3%), while multiple antibody positivity in 138 (84.7%). Twenty-four developed CHB, and the 139 had a favorable pregnancy outcome. The prevalence of isolated anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies was significantly higher (p < 0.046) as the prevalence of lower mean antibody titers (p < 0.0001) in the later group. Confirmation of these results by large-scale studies could lead clinicians to recommend less stringent fetal echocardiography monitoring in women with isolated anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tonello
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ariela Hoxha
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Mattia
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambon
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessia Cerutti
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ornella Milanesi
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amelia Ruffatti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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22
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Reed JH, Gorny MK, Li L, Cardozo T, Buyon JP, Clancy RM. Ro52 autoantibodies arise from self-reactive progenitors in a mother of a child with neonatal lupus. J Autoimmun 2017; 79:99-104. [PMID: 28118945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cardiac conduction defects in an 18-24 week old foetus in the absence of structural abnormalities predicts with near certainty the presence of autoantibodies against 60kD and 52kD SSA/Ro in the mother regardless of her health status. Previous studies have emphasized these autoantibodies as key mediators of tissue injury. The aim of this study was to focus on the anti-Ro52 response to determine whether these autoantibodies originate from progenitors that are inherently self-reactive or from B-cells that acquire self-reactivity during an immune response. We traced the evolution of two anti-Ro52 autoantibodies isolated from circulating IgG1-switched B-cells from an asymptomatic mother of a child with third degree congenital heart block. The autoantibodies were expressed as their immune form and as pre-immune ancestors by reverting somatic mutations to germline sequence. The reactivity of pre-immune and immune antibodies for Ro52, Ro60, La and DNA was measured. Both anti-Ro52 autoantibodies exhibited a low frequency of somatic mutations (3-4%) and utilised the same heavy and light chain genes but represented distinct clones based on differing complementarity determining region sequences. Pre- and post-immune antibodies showed specific binding to Ro52 with no measurable reactivity for other autoantigens. Ro52 binding was higher for immune antibodies compared to pre-immune counterparts demonstrating that autoreactivity was enhanced by affinity maturation. These data indicate that Ro52 reactivity is an intrinsic property of the germline antibody repertoire in a mother with a pathogenic antibody defined by cardiac injury in her offspring, and implies defects in both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Reed
- Dept. Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Dept. Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Dept. Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Dept. Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Dept. Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Dept. Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Clancy RM, Markham AJ, Buyon JP. Endosomal Toll-like receptors in clinically overt and silent autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:76-84. [PMID: 26683146 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), first identified as pattern recognition receptors, are now recognized to serve as a key interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by both continuous and cyclic stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system by endogenous nucleic acids released from apoptotic or necrotic cells. TLR7 and TLR9 function as innate sensors of viral infection as their ligands are ssRNA and dsDNA, respectively. Recognition of self nucleic acids by endosomal TLRs in B cells and pDCs is thought to be an important step in the pathogenesis of SLE, generating anti-nuclear antibodies and producing type I IFN. In this review, we take a specific look at how TLR7, non-coding RNA, and SSA/Ro60 can contribute to clinical autoimmunity and organ damage in the context of neonatal lupus (NL). Although 15 times less common than SLE, NL provides a unique opportunity to study two different aspects of autoimmunity: passively acquired tissue injury in a developing fetus and clinical progression of disease in an asymptomatic mother found to have anti-Ro60 autoantibodies only after identification of heart block/rash in a child. Finally, we discuss hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use by asymptomatic subjects which may forestall the clinical expression of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Clancy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Androo J Markham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Wang JJ, Al Kindi MA, Colella AD, Dykes L, Jackson MW, Chataway TK, Reed JH, Gordon TP. IgV peptide mapping of native Ro60 autoantibody proteomes in primary Sjögren's syndrome reveals molecular markers of Ro/La diversification. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:57-63. [PMID: 27609500 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have used high-resolution mass spectrometry to sequence precipitating anti-Ro60 proteomes from sera of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and compare immunoglobulin variable-region (IgV) peptide signatures in Ro/La autoantibody subsets. Anti-Ro60 were purified by elution from native Ro60-coated ELISA plates and subjected to combined de novo amino acid sequencing and database matching. Monospecific anti-Ro60 Igs comprised dominant public and minor private sets of IgG1 kappa and lambda restricted heavy and light chains. Specific IgV amino acid substitutions stratified anti-Ro60 from anti-Ro60/La responses, providing a molecular fingerprint of Ro60/La determinant spreading and suggesting that different forms of Ro60 antigen drive these responses. Sequencing of linked anti-Ro52 proteomes from individual patients and comparison with their anti-Ro60 partners revealed sharing of a dominant IGHV3-23/IGKV3-20 paired clonotype but with divergent IgV mutational signatures. In summary, anti-Ro60 IgV peptide mapping provides insights into Ro/La autoantibody diversification and reveals serum-based molecular markers of humoral Ro60 autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J Wang
- Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, SA Pathology, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mahmood A Al Kindi
- Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, SA Pathology, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Alex D Colella
- Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, SA Pathology, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia; Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lukah Dykes
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael W Jackson
- Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, SA Pathology, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tim K Chataway
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Immunology Division, Immunogenomics Laboratory, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tom P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, SA Pathology, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia.
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25
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Grönwall C, Clancy RM, Getu L, Lloyd KA, Siegel DL, Reed JH, Buyon JP, Silverman GJ. Modulation of natural IgM autoantibodies to oxidative stress-related neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:30-41. [PMID: 27289167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At birth, the human immune system already contains substantial levels of polymeric IgM, that include autoantibodies to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells (ACs) that are proposed to play homeostatic and anti-inflammatory roles. Yet the biologic origins and developmental regulation of these naturally arising antibodies remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that levels of IgM-antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts, a common type of in vivo generated oxidative stress-related neoepitope, directly correlate with the relative binding of neonatal-IgM to ACs. Levels of IgM to phosphorylcholine (PC), a natural antibody prevalent in adults, were relatively scant in cord blood, while there was significantly greater relative representation of IgM anti-MDA antibodies in newborns compared to adults. To investigate the potential interrelationships between neonatal IgM with pathogenic IgG-autoantibodies, we studied 103 newborns born to autoimmune mothers with IgG anti-Ro (i.e., 70 with neonatal lupus and 33 without neonatal lupus). In these subjects the mean levels of IgM anti-Ro60 were significantly higher than in the newborns from non-autoimmune mothers. In contrast, levels of IgM anti-MDA in IgG anti-Ro exposed neonates were significantly lower than in neonates from non-autoimmune mothers. The presence or absence of neonatal lupus did not appear to influence the total levels of IgM in the anti-Ro exposed newborns. Taken together, our studies provide evidence that the immune development of the natural IgM-repertoire may be affected, and become imprinted by, the transfer of maternal IgG into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lelise Getu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine & Therapeutic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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26
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Toll-like receptors and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases: new developments. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:344-57. [PMID: 27170508 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, new developments have been reported on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases. The inhibitory function of TLR10 has been demonstrated. Receptors that enhance the function of TLRs, and several TLR inhibitors, have been identified. In addition, the role of the microbiome and TLRs in the onset of rheumatic diseases has been reported. We review novel insights on the role of TLRs in several inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, gout and Lyme arthritis, with a focus on the signalling mechanisms mediated by the Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, the exogenous and endogenous ligands of TLRs, and the current and future therapeutic strategies to target TLR signalling in rheumatic diseases.
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Tonello M, Ruffatti A, Favaro M, Tison T, Del Ross T, Calligaro A, Hoxha A, Mattia E, Punzi L. Maternal autoantibody profiles at risk for autoimmune congenital heart block: a prospective study in high-risk patients. Lupus Sci Med 2016; 3:e000129. [PMID: 27026811 PMCID: PMC4809148 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2015-000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This prospective study aimed to identify antibody profiles characterising mothers with fetuses developing congenital heart block (CHB) by comparing their antibody frequencies and levels with those in unaffected mothers. Methods Eighty-one consecutive pregnant patients positive to anti-Ro±anti-La antibodies, at high risk of developing fetal CHB were prospectively studied. The 16 patients with fetal CHB outcome were considered the study population and the 65 patients with normal pregnancy outcomes were considered the control cohort. Anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60, anti-p200 and anti-La antibodies were assayed using home-made ELISA assays. Results The prevalence of anti-p200 antibodies was significantly higher in the fetal CHB affected patients than in the controls (p=0.03). Combinations of anti-p200 with anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 antibodies were significantly more frequent in the women with fetuses developing CHB than in the controls (p=0.03 for all combinations). The women with fetal CHB had significantly higher mean anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60 and anti-p200 levels than the controls (p=0.003, p=0.0001 and p=0.04, respectively); mean anti-La/SSB level was not significantly different in the two cohorts (p=0.25). Conclusions Since anti-p200, anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 antibodies, especially at high level, seem to identify patients at increased risk of developing fetal CHB, their detection could recognise anti-Ro/La positive women at risk for having an infant with this rare, potentially dangerous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tonello
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Amelia Ruffatti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Maria Favaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Tiziana Tison
- Blood Transfusion Unit , University Hospital of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Teresa Del Ross
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Antonia Calligaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Ariela Hoxha
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Elena Mattia
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
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28
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Reed JH, Gordon TP. Autoimmunity: Ro60-associated RNA takes its toll on disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 12:136-8. [PMID: 26553602 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Immunology Division, Immunogenomics Laboratory, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tom P Gordon
- Flinders Medical Centre and SA Pathology, Department of Immunology, Bedford Drive, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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29
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Targeting downstream transcription factors and epigenetic modifications following Toll-like receptor 7/8 ligation to forestall tissue injury in anti-Ro60 associated heart block. J Autoimmun 2015; 67:36-45. [PMID: 26432597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on the consistent demonstration of fibrosis of the atrioventricular node surrounded by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in anti-Ro antibody exposed fetuses dying with heart block, this study focuses on macrophage signaling stimulated by ssRNA associated with the Ro60 protein and the impact of antagonizing innate cell drivers such as TLR7/8. Transcriptome and epigenetic modifications which affect transcription factors, NF-κB and STAT1, were selected to evaluate the phenotype of macrophages in which TLR7/8 was ligated following treatment with either anti-Ro60/Ro60/hY3 RNA immune complexes or transfection with hY3. Based on microarray, TNF and IL6 were among the most highly upregulated genes in both stimulated conditions, each of which was significantly inhibited by preincubation with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). In contrast, following stimulation of macrophages with either TNF-α or IFN-α, which do not signal through TLR, the resultant gene expression was refractory to HCQ. Ligation of TLR7/8 resulted in increased histone methylation as measured by increased H3K4me2, a requirement for binding of NF-κB at certain promoters, specifically the kB1 region in the TNF promoter (ChIP-qPCR), which was significantly decreased by HCQ. In summary, these results support that the HCQ-sensitive phenotype of hY3 stimulated macrophages reflects the bifurcation of TLR downstream signals involving NF-κB and STAT 1 pathways and for the former dimethylation of H3K4. Accordingly, HCQ may act more as a preventive measure in downregulating the initial production of IFN-α or TNF-α and not affect the resultant autocoid stimulation reflected in TNF-α and IFN-α responsive genes. The beneficial scope of antimalarials in the prevention of organ damage, inclusive of heart block in an anti-Ro offspring or more broadly SLE, may include in part, a mechanism targeting TLR-dependent epigenetic modification.
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30
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Martinez BV, Dhahbi JM, Lopez YON, Lamperska K, Golusinski P, Luczewski L, Kolenda T, Atamna H, Spindler SR, Golusinski W, Masternak MM. Circulating small non-coding RNA signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19246-63. [PMID: 26057471 PMCID: PMC4662488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common human cancer, causing 350,000 individuals die worldwide each year. The overall prognosis in HNSCC patients has not significantly changed for the last decade. Complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms in HNSCC carcinogenesis could allow an earlier diagnosis and the use of more specific and effective therapies. In the present study we used deep sequencing to characterize small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in serum from HNSCC patients and healthy donors. We identified, for the first time, a multi-marker signature of 3 major classes of circulating sncRNAs in HNSCC, revealing the presence of circulating novel and known miRNAs, and tRNA- and YRNA-derived small RNAs that were significantly deregulated in the sera of HNSCC patients compared to healthy controls. By implementing a triple-filtering approach we identified a subset of highly biologically relevant miRNA-mRNA interactions and we demonstrated that the same genes/pathways affected by somatic mutations in cancer are affected by changes in the abundance of miRNAs. Therefore, one important conclusion from our work is that during cancer development, there seems to be a convergence of oncogenic processes driven by somatic mutations and/or miRNA regulation affecting key cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Victoria Martinez
- University of Central Florida, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Joseph M. Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yury O. Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Katarzyna Lamperska
- Deptartment of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Golusinski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Luczewski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Deptartment of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Medical Education, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- University of Central Florida, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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31
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Markham AJ, Rasmussen SE, Salmon JE, Martinez-Ortiz W, Cardozo TJ, Clancy RM, Buyon JP. Reactivity to the p305 Epitope of the α1G T-Type Calcium Channel and Autoimmune-Associated Congenital Heart Block. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.115.001836. [PMID: 25994441 PMCID: PMC4599413 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only 2% of mothers positive for anti-SSA/Ro (Ro) antibodies have children with congenital heart block (CHB). This study aimed to determine whether reactivity with p305, an epitope within the α1G T-type calcium channel, confers added risk over anti-Ro antibodies. METHODS AND RESULTS Using sera from anti-Ro-exposed pregnancies resulting in offspring with CHB, no disease but CHB-sibling, and no disease and no CHB-sibling, as well as disease (lupus without anti-Ro) and healthy controls, reactivities were determined for binding to Ro60, p305, and an epitope within Ro60, p133-Ro60, which shares structural properties with p305, including key amino acids and an α-helical structure. Candidate peptides were further evaluated in an in vitro model that assessed the binding of maternal antibodies to apoptotic cells. In anti-Ro-positive mothers, anti-p305 autoantibodies (>3 SD above healthy controls) were detected in 3/59 (5%) CHB pregnancies, 4/30 (13%) unaffected pregnancies with a CHB-sibling, and 0/42 (0%) of unaffected pregnancies with no CHB-sibling. For umbilical bloods (61 CHB, 41 healthy with CHB sibling), no association of anti-p305 with outcome was detected; however, overall levels of anti-p305 were elevated compared to mothers during pregnancy in all groups studied. For anti-p133-Ro60, reactivity paralleled that of anti-p305. In the screen employing apoptotic cells, p133-Ro60, but not p305, significantly attenuated the binding of immunoglobulin G isolated from a mother whose child had CHB (42.1% reduced to 13.9%, absence/presence of p133-Ro60, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that anti-p305 is not a robust maternal marker for assessing increased risk of CHB during an anti-SSA/Ro pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androo J Markham
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.J.M., S.E.R., R.M.C., J.P.B.)
| | - Sara E Rasmussen
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.J.M., S.E.R., R.M.C., J.P.B.)
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY (J.E.S.)
| | - Wilnelly Martinez-Ortiz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (W.M.O., T.J.C.)
| | - Timothy J Cardozo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (W.M.O., T.J.C.)
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.J.M., S.E.R., R.M.C., J.P.B.)
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (A.J.M., S.E.R., R.M.C., J.P.B.)
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Dhahbi JM, Spindler SR, Atamna H, Boffelli D, Martin DI. Deep Sequencing of Serum Small RNAs Identifies Patterns of 5' tRNA Half and YRNA Fragment Expression Associated with Breast Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2014; 6:37-47. [PMID: 25520563 PMCID: PMC4260766 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s20764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs circulating in the blood may serve as signaling molecules because of their ability to carry out a variety of cellular functions. We have previously described tRNA- and YRNA-derived small RNAs circulating as components of larger complexes in the blood of humans and mice; the characteristics of these small RNAs imply specific processing, secretion, and physiological regulation. In this study, we have asked if changes in the serum abundance of these tRNA and YRNA fragments are associated with a diagnosis of cancer. We used deep sequencing and informatics analysis to catalog small RNAs in the sera of breast cancer cases and normal controls. 5′ tRNA halves and YRNA fragments are abundant in both groups, but we found that a breast cancer diagnosis is associated with changes in levels of specific subtypes. This prompted us to look at existing sequence datasets of serum small RNAs from 42 breast cancer cases, taken at the time of diagnosis. We find significant changes in the levels of specific 5′ tRNA halves and YRNA fragments associated with clinicopathologic characteristics of the cancer. Although these findings do not establish causality, they suggest that circulating 5′ tRNA halves and YRNA fragments with known cellular functions may participate in breast cancer syndromes and have potential as circulating biomarkers. Larger studies with multiple types of cancer are needed to adequately evaluate their potential use for the development of noninvasive cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA. ; Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Medical Education, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - David Ik Martin
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Abstract
Neonatal lupus syndrome is associated with transplacental passage of maternal anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibodies. Children display cutaneous, hematological, liver or cardiac features. Cardiac manifestations include congenital heart block (CHB); endocardial fibroelastosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. The prevalence of CHB in newborns of anti-Ro/SSA positive women with known connective tissue disease is between 1 and 2% and the risk of recurrence is around 19%. Skin and systemic lesions are transient, whereas CHB is definitive and associated with significant morbidity and a mortality of 18%. A pacemaker must be implanted in 2/3 of cases. Myocarditis may be associated or appear secondly. Mothers of children with CHB are usually asymptomatic or display Sjogren's syndrome or undifferentiated connective tissue disease. In anti-Ro/SSA positive pregnant women, fetal echocardiography should be performed at least every 2 weeks from the 16th to 24th week gestation. An electrocardiogram should be performed for all newborn babies. The benefit of fluorinated corticosteroid therapy for CHB detected in utero remains unclear. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine may be associated with a decreased recurrent CHB risk in a subsequent offspring. A prospective study is actually ongoing to confirm these findings.
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34
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Dhahbi JM. Circulating small noncoding RNAs as biomarkers of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 17:86-98. [PMID: 24607831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) mediate a variety of cellular functions in animals and plants. Deep sequencing has made it possible to obtain highly detailed information on the types and abundance of sncRNAs in biological specimens, leading to the discovery that sncRNAs circulate in the blood of humans and mammals. The most abundant types of circulating sncRNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs), 5' transfer RNA (tRNA) halves, and YRNA fragments, with minute amounts of other types that may nevertheless be significant. Of the more abundant circulating sncRNAs only miRNAs have well described functions, but characteristics of the others suggest specific processing and secretion as complexes that protect the RNA from degradation. The properties of circulating sncRNAs are consistent with their serving as signaling molecules, and investigations of circulating miRNAs support the view that they can enter cells and regulate cellular functions. The serum levels of specific sncRNAs change markedly with age, and these changes can be mitigated by calorie restriction (CR), indicating that levels are under physiologic control. The ability of circulating sncRNAs to transmit functions between cells and to regulate a broad spectrum of cellular functions, and the changes in their levels with age, implicate them in the manifestations of aging. Our understanding of the functions of circulating sncRNA, particularly in relation to aging, is currently at a very early stage; results to date suggest that more extensive investigation will yield important insights into mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Massie C, Hudson M, Tatibouet S, Steele R, Huynh T, Fritzler MJ, Baron M, Pineau CA. Absence of an association between anti-Ro antibodies and prolonged QTc interval in systemic sclerosis: a multicenter study of 689 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 44:338-44. [PMID: 25128430 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between anti-Ro antibodies, namely anti-Ro60/SS-A and anti-Ro52/TRIM21, together and separately, and a prolonged QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. METHODS A total of 689 SSc patients enrolled in a multicenter cohort study underwent a 12-lead resting EKG at baseline. The QTc interval was measured, and a QTc ≥ 440ms was considered prolonged. Detailed clinical data and sera of these patients were collected and positivity for anti-Ro60/SS-A and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies was determined using an addressable laser bead immunoassay (ALBIA). RESULTS QTc prolongation was common in this SSc cohort (25%). In a univariate analysis, Ro antibodies, together or separately, were not associated with prolongation of the QTc interval [mean difference in QTc in anti-Ro antibody positive versus negative subjects was -2.2ms (p = 0.5748), in anti-Ro60/SS-A antibody positive versus negative subjects was 1.3ms (p = 0.8616), and in anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody positive versus negative subjects was -3.3ms (p = 0.4106)]. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for possible confounders, there was no association between prolonged QTc and anti-Ro antibodies [odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45, 1.22], anti-Ro60/SS-A antibodies (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.72, 3.41), and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibodies (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.26). However, in both univariate and multivariate analyses, QTc prolongation was associated with longer disease duration, greater disease severity, and the presence of anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies. CONCLUSIONS QTc prolongation is common in SSc, although anti-Ro antibodies do not seem to be associated with it as is the case in systemic lupus erythematosus. The reasons for this difference as well as the cause of abnormalities in cardiac repolarization in SSc will require additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Massie
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, Room A-725, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine Rd, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Solène Tatibouet
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Russell Steele
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Mathematics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thao Huynh
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray Baron
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital, Room A-725, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine Rd, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Christian A Pineau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ambrosi A, Sonesson SE, Wahren-Herlenius M. Molecular mechanisms of congenital heart block. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:2-9. [PMID: 24434353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block (CHB) is a passively acquired autoimmune condition associated with maternal anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and primarily affecting electric signal conduction at the atrioventricular node in the fetal heart. CHB occurs in 1-2% of anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive pregancies and has a recurrence rate of 12-20% in a subsequent pregnancy. Despite the long-recognized association between maternal anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies and CHB, the molecular mechanisms underlying CHB pathogenesis are not fully understood, but several targets for the maternal autoantibodies in the fetal heart have been suggested. Recent studies also indicate that fetal susceptibility genes determine whether an autoantibody-exposed fetus will develop CHB or not, and begin to identify such genes. In this article, we review the different lines of investigation undertaken to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in CHB development and reflect on the hypotheses put forward to explain CHB pathogenesis as well as on the questions left unanswered and that should guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ambrosi
- Unit of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sven-Erik Sonesson
- Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marie Wahren-Herlenius
- Unit of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dhahbi JM, Spindler SR, Atamna H, Boffelli D, Mote P, Martin DIK. 5′-YRNA fragments derived by processing of transcripts from specific YRNA genes and pseudogenes are abundant in human serum and plasma. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:990-8. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00129.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs carry out a variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, and in multiple species they can travel between cells, thus serving as signaling molecules. In mammals multiple small RNAs have been found to circulate in the blood, although in most cases the targets of these RNAs, and even their functions, are not well understood. YRNAs are small (84–112 nt) RNAs with poorly characterized functions, best known because they make up part of the Ro ribonucleoprotein autoantigens in connective tissue diseases. In surveying small RNAs present in the serum of healthy adult humans, we have found YRNA fragments of lengths 27 nt and 30–33 nt, derived from the 5′-ends of specific YRNAs and generated by cleavage within a predicted internal loop. Many of the YRNAs from which these fragments are derived were previously annotated only as pseudogenes, or predicted informatically. These 5′-YRNA fragments make up a large proportion of all small RNAs (including miRNAs) present in human serum. They are also present in plasma, are not present in exosomes or microvesicles, and circulate as part of a complex with a mass between 100 and 300 kDa. Mouse serum contains far fewer 5′-YRNA fragments, possibly reflecting the much greater copy number of YRNA genes and pseudogenes in humans. The function of the 5′-YRNA fragments is at present unknown, but the processing and secretion of specific YRNAs to produce 5′-end fragments that circulate in stable complexes are consistent with a signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Stephen R. Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neuroscience, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Center for Genetics, Childrens Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Patricia Mote
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - David I. K. Martin
- Center for Genetics, Childrens Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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