1
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Cheung J, Zahorowska B, Suranyi M, Wong JKW, Diep J, Spicer ST, Verma ND, Hodgkinson SJ, Hall BM. CD4 +CD25 + T regulatory cells in renal transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017683. [PMID: 36426347 PMCID: PMC9681496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to an allograft activates lymphocytes with the capacity to cause rejection. Activation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells (Treg) can down-regulate allograft rejection and can induce immune tolerance to the allograft. Treg represent <10% of peripheral CD4+T cells and do not markedly increase in tolerant hosts. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells include both resting and activated Treg that can be distinguished by several markers, many of which are also expressed by effector T cells. More detailed characterization of Treg to identify increased activated antigen-specific Treg may allow reduction of non-specific immunosuppression. Natural thymus derived resting Treg (tTreg) are CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells and only partially inhibit alloantigen presenting cell activation of effector cells. Cytokines produced by activated effector cells activate these tTreg to more potent alloantigen-activated Treg that may promote a state of operational tolerance. Activated Treg can be distinguished by several molecules they are induced to express, or whose expression they have suppressed. These include CD45RA/RO, cytokine receptors, chemokine receptors that alter pathways of migration and transcription factors, cytokines and suppression mediating molecules. As the total Treg population does not increase in operational tolerance, it is the activated Treg which may be the most informative to monitor. Here we review the methods used to monitor peripheral Treg, the effect of immunosuppressive regimens on Treg, and correlations with clinical outcomes such as graft survival and rejection. Experimental therapies involving ex vivo Treg expansion and administration in renal transplantation are not reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Cheung
- Renal Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael Suranyi
- Renal Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jason Diep
- Renal Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen T. Spicer
- Renal Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nirupama D. Verma
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Hodgkinson
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce M. Hall
- Renal Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Kranz E, Kuhlmann CJ, Chan J, Kim PY, Chen ISY, Kamata M. Efficient derivation of chimeric-antigen receptor-modified TSCM cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877682. [PMID: 35967430 PMCID: PMC9366550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy employs autologous-T cells modified with an antigen-specific CAR. Current CAR-T manufacturing processes tend to yield products dominated by effector T cells and relatively small proportions of long-lived memory T cells. Those few cells are a so-called stem cell memory T (TSCM) subset, which express naïve T-cell markers and are capable of self-renewal and oligopotent differentiation into effector phenotypes. Increasing the proportion of this subset may lead to more effective therapies by improving CAR-T persistence; however, there is currently no standardized protocol for the effective generation of CAR-TSCM cells. Here we present a simplified protocol enabling efficient derivation of gene-modified TSCM cells: Stimulation of naïve CD8+ T cells with only soluble anti-CD3 antibody and culture with IL-7 and IL-15 was sufficient for derivation of CD8+ T cells harboring TSCM phenotypes and oligopotent capabilities. These in-vitro expanded TSCM cells were engineered with CARs targeting the HIV-1 envelope protein as well as the CD19 molecule and demonstrated effector activity both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. This simple protocol for the derivation of CAR-TSCM cells may facilitate improved adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kranz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles J. Kuhlmann
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joshua Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Y. Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Masakazu Kamata,
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3
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Kokkinou E, Pandey RV, Mazzurana L, Gutierrez-Perez I, Tibbitt CA, Weigel W, Soini T, Carrasco A, Rao A, Nagasawa M, Bal SM, Jangard M, Friberg D, Lindforss U, Nordenvall C, Ljunggren M, Haapaniemi S, Keita ÅV, Söderholm J, Hedin C, Spits H, Bryceson YT, Mjösberg J. CD45RA +CD62L - ILCs in human tissues represent a quiescent local reservoir for the generation of differentiated ILCs. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj8301. [PMID: 35427178 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj8301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are highly plastic and predominantly mucosal tissue-resident cells that contribute to both homeostasis and inflammation depending on the microenvironment. The discovery of naïve-like ILCs suggests an ILC differentiation process that is akin to naïve T cell differentiation. Delineating the mechanisms that underlie ILC differentiation in tissues is crucial for understanding ILC biology in health and disease. Here, we showed that tonsillar ILCs expressing CD45RA lacked proliferative activity, indicative of cellular quiescence. CD62L distinguished two subsets of CD45RA+ ILCs. CD45RA+CD62L+ ILCs (CD62L+ ILCs) resembled circulating naïve ILCs because they lacked the transcriptional, metabolic, epigenetic, and cytokine production signatures of differentiated ILCs. CD45RA+CD62L- ILCs (CD62L- ILCs) were epigenetically similar to CD62L+ ILCs but showed a transcriptional, metabolic, and cytokine production signature that was more akin to differentiated ILCs. CD62L+ and CD62L- ILCs contained uni- and multipotent precursors of ILC1s/NK cells and ILC3s. Differentiation of CD62L+ and CD62L- ILCs led to metabolic reprogramming including up-regulation of genes associated with glycolysis, which was needed for their effector functions after differentiation. CD62L- ILCs with preferential differentiation capacity toward IL-22-producing ILC3s accumulated in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. These data suggested distinct differentiation potential of CD62L+ and CD62L- ILCs between tissue microenvironments and identified that manipulation of these cells is a possible approach to restore tissue-immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ram Vinay Pandey
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Gutierrez-Perez
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Andrew Tibbitt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Whitney Weigel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tea Soini
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carrasco
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maho Nagasawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Bal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mattias Jangard
- ENT Unit, Sophiahemmet University Research Laboratory and Sophiahemmet Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pelvic Cancer, GI Oncology and Colorectal Surgery Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Nordenvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pelvic Cancer, GI Oncology and Colorectal Surgery Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Ljunggren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pelvic Cancer, GI Oncology and Colorectal Surgery Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Haapaniemi
- Department of Surgery, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Söderholm
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Hedin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Bakker DS, van der Wal MM, Heeb LE, Giovannone B, Asamoah M, Delemarre EM, Drylewicz J, Nierkens S, Boyman O, de Bruin-Weller MS, Thijs JL, van Wijk F. Early and Long-Term Effects of Dupilumab Treatment on Circulating T-Cell Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1943-1953.e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Perciani CT, Liu LY, Wood L, MacParland SA. Enhancing Immunity with Nanomedicine: Employing Nanoparticles to Harness the Immune System. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7-20. [PMID: 33346646 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The failure of immune responses to vaccines and dysfunctional immune responses to viral infection, tumor development, or neoantigens lead to chronic viral infection, tumor progression, or incomplete immune protection after vaccination. Thus, strategies to boost host immunity are a topic of intense research and development. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) possess immunological properties and can be modified to promote improved local immune responses. Nanoparticle-based approaches have been employed to enhance vaccine efficacy and host immune responses to viral and tumor antigens, with impressive results. In this Perspective, we present an overview of studies, such as the one reported by Alam et al. in this issue of ACS Nano, in which virus-like particles have been employed to enhance immunity. We review the cellular cornerstones of effective immunity and discuss how NPs can harness these interactions to overcome the current obstacles in vaccinology and oncology. We also discuss the barriers to effective NP-mediated immune priming including (1) NP delivery to the site of interest, (2) the quality of response elicited, and (3) the potential of the response to overcome immune escape. Through this Perspective, we aim to highlight the value of nanomedicine not only in delivering therapies but also in coordinating the enhancement of host immune responses. We provide a forward-looking outlook for future NP-based approaches and how they could be tailored to promote this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T Perciani
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lewis Y Liu
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lawrence Wood
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Sterkens A, Lambert J, Bervoets A. Alopecia areata: a review on diagnosis, immunological etiopathogenesis and treatment options. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:215-230. [PMID: 33386567 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from alopecia areata (AA) can lose hair in focal regions, the complete scalp, including eyelashes and eyebrows, or even the entire body. The exact pathology is not yet known, but the most described theory is a collapse of the immune privilege system, which can be found in some specific regions of the body. Different treatment options, local and systemic, are available, but none of them have been proven to be effective in the long term as well for every treatment there should be considered for the possible side effects. In many cases, treated or non-treated, relapse often occurs. The prognosis is uncertain and is negatively influenced by the subtypes alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis and characteristics such as associated nail lesions, hair loss for more than 10 years and a positive familial history. The unpredictable course of the disease also makes it a mental struggle and AA patients are more often associated with depression and anxiety compared to the healthy population. Research into immunology and genetics, more particularly in the field of dendritic cells (DC), is recommended for AA as there is evidence of the possible role of DC in the treatment of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple Sclerosis and cancer. Promising therapies for the future treatment of AA are JAK-STAT inhibitors and PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sterkens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - J Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - A Bervoets
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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7
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that may affect any body organ. Sarcoidosis is associated with many environmental and occupational exposures. Because the exact immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis is unknown, it is not known whether these exposures are truly causing sarcoidosis, rendering the immune system more susceptible to the development of sarcoidosis, exacerbating subclinical cases of sarcoidosis, or causing a granulomatous condition distinct from sarcoidosis. This manuscript outlines what is known about the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis and postulates mechanisms whereby these exposures could cause or exacerbate the disease. We also describe the varied environmental and occupational exposures that have been associated with sarcoidosis. This includes potential infectious exposures such as mycobacteria and Propionibacterium acnes, a skin commensal bacterium, as well as non-infectious environmental exposures including inhaled bioaerosols, metal dusts and products of combustion. Further insights concerning the relationship of environmental exposures to the development of sarcoidosis may have a major impact on the prevention and treatment of this enigmatic disease.
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8
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Dotan I, Allez M, Danese S, Keir M, Tole S, McBride J. The role of integrins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: Approved and investigational anti-integrin therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:245-262. [PMID: 31215680 PMCID: PMC6973243 DOI: 10.1002/med.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The underlying pathobiology of IBD includes an increase in infiltrating gut-homing lymphocytes. Although lymphocyte homing is typically a tightly regulated and stepwise process involving multiple integrins and adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells, the distinct roles of integrin-expressing immune cells is not fully understood in the pathology of IBD. In this review, we detail the involvement of integrins expressed on specific lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of IBD and discuss the current status of approved and investigational integrin-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, INSERM U1160, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Gastrointestinal Immunopathology Laboratory and IBD Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Mary Keir
- Department of Research and Early Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Swati Tole
- Department of Product Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- Department of Research and Early Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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9
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Ogongo P, Porterfield JZ, Leslie A. Lung Tissue Resident Memory T-Cells in the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:992. [PMID: 31130965 PMCID: PMC6510113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread BCG vaccination and effective anti-TB drugs, Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from an infectious agent worldwide. Several recent publications give reasons to be optimistic about the possibility of a more effective vaccine, but the only full-scale clinical trial conducted failed to show protection above BCG. The immunogenicity of vaccines in humans is primarily evaluated by the systemic immune responses they generate, despite the fact that a correlation between these responses and protection from TB disease has not been demonstrated. A novel approach to tackling this problem is to study the local immune responses that occur at the site of TB infection in the human lung, rather than those detectable in blood. There is a growing understanding that pathogen specific T-cell immunity can be highly localized at the site of infection, due to the existence of tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm). Notably, these cells do not recirculate in the blood and thus may not be represented in studies of the systemic immune response. Here, we review the potential role of Trms as a component of the TB immune response and discuss how a better understanding of this response could be harnessed to improve TB vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Jacquelot N, Duong CPM, Belz GT, Zitvogel L. Targeting Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Melanoma and Other Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2480. [PMID: 30420855 PMCID: PMC6215820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is highly heterogeneous. It is composed of a diverse array of immune cells that are recruited continuously into lesions. They are guided into the tumor through interactions between chemokines and their receptors. A variety of chemokine receptors are expressed on the surface of both tumor and immune cells rendering them sensitive to multiple stimuli that can subsequently influence their migration and function. These features significantly impact tumor fate and are critical in melanoma control and progression. Indeed, particular chemokine receptors expressed on tumor and immune cells are strongly associated with patient prognosis. Thus, potential targeting of chemokine receptors is highly attractive as a means to quench or eliminate unconstrained tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquelot
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie P M Duong
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Sud/Paris XI University, LeKremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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11
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Mircheff AK, Wang Y, Li M, Pan BX, Ding C. Pregnancy probabilistically augments potential precursors to chronic, immune-mediated or autoimmune lacrimal gland infiltrates. Ocul Surf 2017; 16:120-131. [PMID: 28974417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study asked whether pregnancy, a risk factor for dry eye disease associated with both chronic, immune-mediated- and autoimmune etiologies, augments development of clusters of coordinately functioning cells (CCFC) that may be precursors to pathological lacrimal gland infiltrates. METHODS Lacrimal glands were from six virgin- and six term-pregnant rabbits of the same age and environmental exposure history. Seventy-two immune response-related gene transcripts were assayed by real time RT-PCR. Principal component (PC) analysis identified transcript signatures of CCFC contributing negative (⊖) or positive (⊕) PC loadings and determined gland PC projections, which reflect levels of CCFC development. RESULTS Three CCFC were of interest as potential precursors to pathological infiltrates. CCFC 1⊖ was suggestive of an ectopic lymphoid structure with resting T cells and B cells. CCFC 1⊕ was suggestive of an immune-mediated infiltrate with TH1 cells and mature, cytotoxic B cells. CCFC 2⊖ was suggestive of an ectopic lymphoid structure with activated T cells, mature B cells, germinal center, and plasmacytes. CCFC 4⊖ and CCFC 5⊖ also included plasmacytes. Pregnancy augmented CCFC 1⊖ in some glands; augmented CCFC 1⊕ in others; and augmented CCFC 2⊖, CCFC 4⊖, and CCFC 5⊖ different combinations. CONCLUSIONS Potential precursors of pathological infiltrates form in the lacrimal glands by the time of sexual maturity. Pregnancy augments lacrimal gland plasmacyte populations, and it can augment development of potential precursors to either chronic, immune-mediated infiltrates or autoimmune infiltrates of various phenotypes. Systemic and strictly local, probabilistic phenomena interact with pregnancy to determine which combinatorial phenotypes are favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin K Mircheff
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Physiology & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Billy X Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chuanqing Ding
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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12
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Donor T-cell responses and disease progression patterns of multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:1609-1615. [PMID: 28967897 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Donor T-cells transferred after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) can result in long-term disease control in myeloma by the graft-versus-myeloma (GvM) effect. However, T-cell therapy may show differential effectiveness against bone marrow (BM) infiltration and focal myeloma lesions resulting in different control and progression patterns. Outcomes of 43 myeloma patients who underwent T-cell-depleted alloSCT with scheduled donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) were analyzed with respect to diffuse BM infiltration and focal progression. For comparison, 12 patients for whom a donor search was started but no alloSCT was performed, were analyzed. After DLI, complete disappearance of myeloma cells in BM occurred in 86% of evaluable patients. The probabilities of BM progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years after start of donor search, alloSCT and DLI, were 17% (95% confidence interval 0-38%), 51% (36-66%), and 62% (44-80%) respectively. In contrast, the probabilities of focal PFS at 2 years after start of donor search, alloSCT and DLI, were 17% (0-38%), 30% (17-44%) and 28% (11-44%), respectively. Donor-derived T-cell responses effectively reduce BM infiltration, but not focal progression in myeloma, illustrating potent immunological responses in BM with only limited effect of T-cells on focal lesions.
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Wagner DH. Of the multiple mechanisms leading to type 1 diabetes, T cell receptor revision may play a prominent role (is type 1 diabetes more than a single disease?). Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:271-80. [PMID: 27271348 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A single determinant factor for autoimmunity does not exist; disease development probably involves contributions from genetics, the environment and immune dysfunction. Type 1 diabetes is no exception. Genomewide-associated studies (GWAS) analysis in T1D has proved disappointing in revealing contributors to disease prediction; the only reliable marker has been human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Specific HLAs include DR3/DR4/DQ2/DQ8, for example. Because HLA molecules present antigen to T cells, it is reasonable that certain HLA molecules have a higher affinity to present self-antigen. Recent studies have shown that additional polymorphisms in HLA that are restricted to autoimmune conditions are further contributory. A caveat is that not all individuals with the appropriate 'pro-autoimmune' HLA develop an autoimmune disease. Another crucial component is autoaggressive T cells. Finding a biomarker to discriminate autoaggressive T cells has been elusive. However, a subset of CD4 helper cells that express the CD40 receptor have been described as becoming pathogenic. An interesting function of CD40 on T cells is to induce the recombination-activating gene (RAG)1/RAG2 T cell receptor recombination machinery. This observation is contrary to immunology paradigms that changes in TCR molecules cannot take place outside the thymic microenvironment. Alteration in TCR, called TCR revision, not only occurs, but may help to account for the development of autoaggressive T cells. Another interesting facet is that type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be more than a single disease; that is, multiple cellular components contribute uniquely, but result ultimately in the same clinical outcome, T1D. This review considers the process of T cell maturation and how that could favor auto-aggressive T cell development in T1D. The potential contribution of TCR revision to autoimmunity is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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14
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Skin CD4(+) memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11514. [PMID: 27160938 PMCID: PMC4866325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although memory T cells within barrier tissues can persist as permanent residents, at least some exchange with blood. The extent to which this occurs is unclear. Here we show that memory CD4+ T cells in mouse skin are in equilibrium with the circulation at steady state. These cells are dispersed throughout the inter-follicular regions of the dermis and form clusters with antigen presenting cells around hair follicles. After infection or administration of a contact sensitizing agent, there is a sustained increase in skin CD4+ T-cell content, which is confined to the clusters, with a concomitant CCL5-dependent increase in CD4+ T-cell recruitment. Skin CCL5 is derived from CD11b+ cells and CD8+ T cells, with the elimination of the latter decreasing CD4+ T-cell numbers. These results reveal a complex pattern of tissue-retention and equilibration for CD4+ memory T cells in skin, which is altered by infection and inflammation history. Memory T cells are vital responders to skin inflammation, but cell localization and dynamics of exchange with the bloodstream are not clear. Here the authors use parabiosis and intravital microscopy to show that CD4+ memory T cells equilibrate with the circulation and cluster around hair follicles in response to CCL5-dependent responses to viral infection or contact sensitization.
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15
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Au BC, Lee CJ, Lopez-Perez O, Foltz W, Felizardo TC, Wang JCM, Huang J, Fan X, Madden M, Goldstein A, Jaffray DA, Moloo B, McCart JA, Medin JA. Direct Lymph Node Vaccination of Lentivector/Prostate-Specific Antigen is Safe and Generates Tissue-Specific Responses in Rhesus Macaques. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4010006. [PMID: 28536373 PMCID: PMC5344243 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapy is emerging from a nadir and demonstrating tangible benefits to patients. A variety of approaches are now employed. We are invoking antigen (Ag)-specific responses through direct injections of recombinant lentivectors (LVs) that encode sequences for tumor-associated antigens into multiple lymph nodes to optimize immune presentation/stimulation. Here we first demonstrate the effectiveness and antigen-specificity of this approach in mice challenged with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-expressing tumor cells. Next we tested the safety and efficacy of this approach in two cohorts of rhesus macaques as a prelude to a clinical trial application. Our vector encodes the cDNA for rhesus macaque PSA and a rhesus macaque cell surface marker to facilitate vector titering and tracking. We utilized two independent injection schemas demarcated by the timing of LV administration. In both cohorts we observed marked tissue-specific responses as measured by clinical evaluations and magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland. Tissue-specific responses were sustained for up to six months-the end-point of the study. Control animals immunized against an irrelevant Ag were unaffected. We did not observe vector spread in test or control animals or perturbations of systemic immune parameters. This approach thus offers an "off-the-shelf" anti-cancer vaccine that could be made at large scale and injected into patients-even on an out-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Au
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Chyan-Jang Lee
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | | | - Warren Foltz
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | | | - James C M Wang
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Ju Huang
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Xin Fan
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Melissa Madden
- Animal Resources Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | | | - David A Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Badru Moloo
- Animal Resources Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - J Andrea McCart
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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16
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Peske JD, Woods AB, Engelhard VH. Control of CD8 T-Cell Infiltration into Tumors by Vasculature and Microenvironment. Adv Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26216636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T-cells are a critical brake on the initial development of tumors. In established tumors, the presence of CD8 T-cells is correlated with a positive patient prognosis, although immunosuppressive mechanisms limit their effectiveness and they are rarely curative without manipulation. Cancer immunotherapies aim to shift the balance back to dominant antitumor immunity through antibody blockade of immunosuppressive signaling pathways, vaccination, and adoptive transfer of activated or engineered T-cells. These approaches have yielded striking responses in small subsets of patients with solid tumors, most notably those with melanoma. Importantly, the subset of patients who respond to vaccination or immunosuppression blockade therapies are those with CD8 T-cells present in the tumor prior to initiating therapy. While current adoptive cell therapy approaches can be dramatically effective, they require infusion of extremely large numbers of T-cells, but the number that actually infiltrates the tumor is very small. Thus, poor representation of CD8 T-cells in tumors is a fundamental hurdle to successful immunotherapy, over and above the well-established barrier of immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss the factors that determine whether immune cells are present in tumors, with a focus on the representation of cytotoxic CD8 T-cells. We emphasize the critically important role of tumor-associated vasculature as a gateway that enables the active infiltration of both effector and naïve CD8 T-cells that exert antitumor activity. We also discuss strategies to enhance the gateway function and extend the effectiveness of immunotherapies to a broader set of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Peske
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber B Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Immunologic memory is the adaptive immune system's powerful ability to remember a previous antigen encounter and react with accelerated vigor upon antigen re-exposure. It provides durable protection against reinfection with pathogens and is the foundation for vaccine-induced immunity. Unlike the relatively restricted immunologic purview of memory B cells and CD8 T cells, the field of CD4 T-cell memory must account for multiple distinct lineages with diverse effector functions, the issue of lineage commitment and plasticity, and the variable distribution of memory cells within each lineage. Here, we discuss the evidence for lineage-specific CD4 T-cell memory and summarize the known factors contributing to memory-cell generation, plasticity, and long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melba Marie Tejera
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Liao Y, Geng P, Tian Y, Miao H, Liang H, Zeng R, Ni B, Ruan Z. Marked anti-tumor effects of CD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells from melanoma-bearing mice. Immunol Invest 2014; 44:147-63. [PMID: 25122543 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.944980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells have been shown to play pivotal roles in anti-viral immunity, chronic myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. Recently, CD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells from naïve mice (nCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells) have shown superior anti-tumor properties in melanoma-bearing mice. Considering that antigen-specific memory T cells have shown to possess more potent immunity than non-specific memory T cells, we hypothesized that CD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells from tumor-bearing individuals (mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells) might have superior anti-tumor effect than nCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells. Therefore, we investigated phenotypes, functions and the in vivo distribution of mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells in tumor-bearing mice. We found that, while keeping the features of central memory T cells, the frequency of mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cell in the spleen of tumor-bearing mice was significantly higher than that the one of nCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cell in naive mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells had higher proliferation rate and IFN-γ production than nCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells, in vitro. We performed adoptive transfer of mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells into melanoma-bearing mice and tracked them in spleen, lymph nodes and in melanoma tissues. Our results show that mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells had stronger in vivo anti-tumoral activity than nCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of mCD8(+)CD62L(+) T cells in the immunotherapy of melanoma and possibly other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Liao
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China , and
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19
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Apoptosis of antigen-specific CTLs contributes to low immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue post vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:5198-205. [PMID: 25066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) represents a major reservoir of HIV in infected individuals. Vaccines can induce strong systemic immune responses but these have less impact on CD4 T cells activity and numbers in GALT. In this study, we vaccinated mice with an adenovirus vector that expressed the envelope gene from HIV and observed immune responses in the peripheral blood, spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. We found that (1) the number of HIV-specific CD8 T cells was dramatically lower in GALT than in other tissues; (2) the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) was expressed at high levels in HIV-specific CD8 T cells including memory T cells in GALT; and (3) high levels of HIV-specific CD8 T cell apoptosis were occurring in GALT. These results suggest that contributing to GALT becoming an HIV reservoir during infection is a combination of exhaustion and/or dysfunction of HIV-specific CTLs at that site. These results emphasize the importance of developing of an effective mucosal vaccine against HIV.
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20
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Smith CJ, Turula H, Snyder CM. Systemic hematogenous maintenance of memory inflation by MCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004233. [PMID: 24992722 PMCID: PMC4081724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several low-grade persistent viral infections induce and sustain very large numbers of virus-specific effector T cells. This was first described as a response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that establishes a life-long persistent/latent infection, and sustains the largest known effector T cell populations in healthy people. These T cells remain functional and traffic systemically, which has led to the recent exploration of CMV as a persistent vaccine vector. However, the maintenance of this remarkable response is not understood. Current models propose that reservoirs of viral antigen and/or latently infected cells in lymph nodes stimulate T cell proliferation and effector differentiation, followed by migration of progeny to non-lymphoid tissues where they control CMV reactivation. We tested this model using murine CMV (MCMV), a natural mouse pathogen and homologue of human CMV (HCMV). While T cells within draining lymph nodes divided at a higher rate than cells elsewhere, antigen-dependent proliferation of MCMV-specific effector T cells was observed systemically. Strikingly, inhibition of T cell egress from lymph nodes failed to eliminate systemic T cell division, and did not prevent the maintenance of the inflationary populations. In fact, we found that the vast majority of inflationary cells, including most cells undergoing antigen-driven division, had not migrated into the parenchyma of non-lymphoid tissues but were instead exposed to the blood supply. Indeed, the immunodominance and effector phenotype of inflationary cells, both of which are primary hallmarks of memory inflation, were largely confined to blood-localized T cells. Together these results support a new model of MCMV-driven memory inflation in which most immune surveillance occurs in circulation, and in which most inflationary effector T cells are produced in response to viral antigen presented by cells that are accessible to the blood supply. Herpesviruses persist for the life of the host and must be continuously controlled by a robust immune surveillance effort. In the case of the cytomegalovirus (CMV), this ongoing immune surveillance promotes the accumulation of CMV-specific T cells in a process known as “memory inflation”. We and others have proposed that the ability to induce memory inflation may be an important benefit of CMV-based vaccine vectors that persist within the host and continuously boost the immune response. However, it has been difficult to determine where T cells are encountering CMV in the body, leading to many unanswered questions about the maintenance of this remarkable response. Previous models proposed that T cells encountered viral antigen within lymph nodes and then migrated to other tissues to prevent CMV reactivation. However, we found that the majority of T cells stimulated by CMV were present in circulation, where they could be sustained without the input from T cells localized to lymph nodes. In fact, two of the defining features of memory inflation - inflated numbers and an effector phenotype - were restricted to cells that were exposed to the blood. Thus, we propose that memory inflation during CMV infection is largely the result of immune surveillance that occurs in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Griffith JW, Sokol CL, Luster AD. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: positioning cells for host defense and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 32:659-702. [PMID: 24655300 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, we now know that this complex system of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane signaling receptors is also critical for the generation of primary and secondary adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate important roles for the chemokine system in the priming of naive T cells, in cell fate decisions such as effector and memory cell differentiation, and in regulatory T cell function. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding how the chemokine system orchestrates immune cell migration and positioning at the organismic level in homeostasis, in acute inflammation, and during the generation and regulation of adoptive primary and secondary immune responses in the lymphoid system and peripheral nonlymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Griffith
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; , ,
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22
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Brinkman CC, Peske JD, Engelhard VH. Peripheral tissue homing receptor control of naïve, effector, and memory CD8 T cell localization in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Front Immunol 2013; 4:241. [PMID: 23966998 PMCID: PMC3746678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation induces homing receptors that bind ligands on peripheral tissue vasculature, programing movement to sites of infection and injury. There are three major types of CD8 effector T cells based on homing receptor expression, which arise in distinct lymphoid organs. Recent publications indicate that naïve, effector, and memory T cell migration is more complex than once thought; while many effectors enter peripheral tissues, some re-enter lymph nodes (LN), and contain central memory precursors. LN re-entry can depend on CD62L or peripheral tissue homing receptors. Memory T cells in LN tend to express the same homing receptors as their forebears, but often are CD62Lneg. Homing receptors also control CD8 T cell tumor entry. Tumor vasculature has low levels of many peripheral tissue homing receptor ligands, but portions of it resemble high endothelial venules (HEV), enabling naïve T cell entry, activation, and subsequent effector activity. This vasculature is associated with positive prognoses in humans, suggesting it may sustain ongoing anti-tumor responses. These findings reveal new roles for homing receptors expressed by naïve, effector, and memory CD8 T cells in controlling entry into lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colin Brinkman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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