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Zhang Q, Basappa J, Wang HY, Nunez-Cruz S, Lobello C, Wang S, Liu X, Chekol S, Guo L, Ziober A, Nejati R, Shestov A, Feldman M, Glickson JD, Turner SD, Blair IA, Van Dang C, Wasik MA. Chimeric kinase ALK induces expression of NAMPT and selectively depends on this metabolic enzyme to sustain its own oncogenic function. Leukemia 2023; 37:2436-2447. [PMID: 37773266 PMCID: PMC11152057 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
As we show in this study, NAMPT, the key rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway, one of the three known pathways involved in NAD synthesis, is selectively over-expressed in anaplastic T-cell lymphoma carrying oncogenic kinase NPM1::ALK (ALK + ALCL). NPM1::ALK induces expression of the NAMPT-encoding gene with STAT3 acting as transcriptional activator of the gene. Inhibition of NAMPT affects ALK + ALCL cells expression of numerous genes, many from the cell-signaling, metabolic, and apoptotic pathways. NAMPT inhibition also functionally impairs the key metabolic and signaling pathways, strikingly including enzymatic activity and, hence, oncogenic function of NPM1::ALK itself. Consequently, NAMPT inhibition induces cell death in vitro and suppresses ALK + ALCL tumor growth in vivo. These results indicate that NAMPT is a novel therapeutic target in ALK + ALCL and, possibly, other similar malignancies. Targeting metabolic pathways selectively activated by oncogenic kinases to which malignant cells become "addicted" may become a novel therapeutic approach to cancer, alternative or, more likely, complementary to direct inhibition of the kinase enzymatic domain. This potential therapy to simultaneously inhibit and metabolically "starve" oncogenic kinases may not only lead to higher response rates but also delay, or even prevent, development of drug resistance, frequently seen when kinase inhibitors are used as single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johnvesly Basappa
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cosimo Lobello
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shengchun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seble Chekol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex Shestov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerry D Glickson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ian A Blair
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chi Van Dang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Zhang Q, Wang HY, Nayak A, Nunez-Cruz S, Slupianek A, Liu X, Basappa J, Fan JS, Chekol S, Nejati R, Bogusz AM, Turner SD, Swaminathan K, Wasik MA. Induction of Transcriptional Inhibitor HES1 and the Related Repression of Tumor-Suppressor TXNIP Are Important Components of Cell-Transformation Program Imposed by Oncogenic Kinase NPM-ALK. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1186-1198. [PMID: 35640677 PMCID: PMC9379685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study reports that hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES1), known to repress gene transcription in progenitor cells of several cell lineages, was strongly expressed in cells and tissues of T-cell lymphoma expressing the oncogenic chimeric tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase [ALK; ALK+ T-cell lymphoma (TCL)]. The structural analysis of the Orange domain of HES1 indicated that HES1 formed a highly stable homodimer. Of note, repression of HES1 expression led to inhibition of ALK+ TCL cell growth in vivo. The expression of the HES1 gene was induced by NPM-ALK through activation of STAT3, which bound to the gene's promoter and induced the gene's transcription. NPM-ALK also directly phosphorylated HES1 protein. In turn, HES1 up-regulated and down-regulated in ALK+ TCL cells, the expression of numerous genes, protein products of which are involved in key cell functions, such as cell proliferation and viability. Among the genes inhibited by HES1 was thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), encoding a protein implicated in promotion of cell death in various types of cells. Accordingly, ALK+ TCL cells and tissues lacked expression of TXNIP, and its transcription was co-inhibited by HES1 and STAT3 in an NPM-ALK-dependent manner. Finally, the induced expression of TXNIP induced massive apoptotic cell death of ALK+ TCL cells. The results reveal a novel NPM-ALK-controlled pro-oncogenic regulatory network and document an important role of HES and TXNIP in the NPM-ALK-driven oncogenesis, with the former protein displaying oncogenic and the latter tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anindita Nayak
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Artur Slupianek
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johnvesly Basappa
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seble Chekol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agata M Bogusz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Kreutmair S, Lippert LJ, Klingeberg C, Albers-Leischner C, Yacob S, Shlyakhto V, Mueller T, Mueller-Rudorf A, Yu C, Gorantla SP, Miething C, Duyster J, Illert AL. NIPA (Nuclear Interaction Partner of ALK) Is Crucial for Effective NPM-ALK Mediated Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875117. [PMID: 35646639 PMCID: PMC9137267 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NPM-ALK fusion kinase is expressed in 60% of systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCL). A Nuclear Interaction Partner of ALK (NIPA) was identified as a binding partner of NPM-ALK. To identify the precise role of NIPA for NPM-ALK-driven lymphomagenesis, we investigated various NPM-ALK+ cell lines and mouse models. Nipa deletion in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in reduced transformation ability and colony formation upon NPM-ALK expression. Downregulating NIPA in murine NPM-ALK+ Ba/F3 and human ALCL cells decreased their proliferation ability and demonstrated synergistic effects of ALK inhibition and NIPA knockdown. Comprehensive in vivo analyses using short- and long-latency transplantation mouse models with NPM-ALK+ bone marrow (BM) revealed that Nipa deletion inhibited NPM-ALK-induced tumorigenesis with prolonged survival and reduced spleen colonies. To avoid off-target effects, we combined Nipa deletion and NPM-ALK expression exclusively in T cells using a lineage-restricted murine ALCL-like model resembling human disease: control mice died from neoplastic T-cell infiltration, whereas mice transplanted with Lck-CreTG/wtNipaflox/flox NPM-ALK+ BM showed significantly prolonged survival. Immunophenotypic analyses indicated a characteristic ALCL-like phenotype in all recipients but revealed fewer “stem-cell-like” features of Nipa-deficient lymphomas compared to controls. Our results identify NIPA as a crucial player in effective NPM-ALK-driven ALCL-like disease in clinically relevant murine and cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Johanna Lippert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathrin Klingeberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Albers-Leischner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salome Yacob
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Shlyakhto
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tony Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Mueller-Rudorf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chuanjiang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sivahari Prasad Gorantla
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelius Miething
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Illert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anna Lena Illert,
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Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071650. [PMID: 35406421 PMCID: PMC8997054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare type of disease that occurs throughout the world and has four subtypes. A summary and comparison of these subtypes can assist with advancing our knowledge of the mechanism and treatment of ALCL, which is helpful in making progress in this field. Abstract Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), as well as one of the subtypes of T cell lymphoma, accounting for 1 to 3% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and around 15% of T cell lymphomas. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified anaplastic large cell lymphoma into four categories: ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ALCL), ALK-negative ALCL (ALK−ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), and breast-implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL), respectively. Clinical symptoms, gene changes, prognoses, and therapy differ among the four types. Large lymphoid cells with copious cytoplasm and pleomorphic characteristics with horseshoe-shaped or reniform nuclei, for example, are found in both ALK+ and ALK−ALCL. However, their epidemiology and pathogenetic origins are distinct. BIA-ALCL is currently recognized as a new provisional entity, which is a noninvasive disease with favorable results. In this review, we focus on molecular pathogenesis and management of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
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Resistance to Targeted Agents Used to Treat Paediatric ALK-Positive ALCL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236003. [PMID: 34885113 PMCID: PMC8656581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In general, the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) diagnosed in childhood has a good survival outcome when treated with multi-agent chemotherapy. However, side effects of treatment are common, and outcomes are poorer after relapse, which occurs in up to 30% of cases. New drugs are required that are more effective and have fewer side effects. Targeted therapies are potential solutions to these problems, however, the development of resistance may limit their impact. This review summarises the potential resistance mechanisms to these targeted therapies. Abstract Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the third most common malignancy diagnosed in children. The vast majority of paediatric NHL are either Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). Multi-agent chemotherapy is used to treat all of these types of NHL, and survival is over 90% but the chemotherapy regimens are intensive, and outcomes are generally poor if relapse occurs. Therefore, targeted therapies are of interest as potential solutions to these problems. However, the major problem with all targeted agents is the development of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance are not well understood, but increased knowledge will facilitate optimal management strategies through improving our understanding of when to select each targeted agent, and when a combinatorial approach may be helpful. This review summarises currently available knowledge regarding resistance to targeted therapies used in paediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL. Specifically, we outline where gaps in knowledge exist, and further investigation is required in order to find a solution to the clinical problem of drug resistance in ALCL.
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Merlio JP, Kadin ME. Cytokines, Genetic Lesions and Signaling Pathways in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4256. [PMID: 34503066 PMCID: PMC8428234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ALCL is a tumor of activated T cells and possibly innate lymphoid cells with several subtypes according to clinical presentation and genetic lesions. On one hand, the expression of transcription factors and cytokine receptors triggers signaling pathways. On the other hand, ALCL tumor cells also produce many proteins including chemokines, cytokines and growth factors that affect patient symptoms. Examples are accumulation of granulocytes stimulated by IL-8, IL-17, IL-9 and IL-13; epidermal hyperplasia and psoriasis-like skin lesions due to IL-22; and fever and weight loss in response to IL-6 and IFN-γ. In this review, we focus on the biology of the main ALCL subtypes as the identification of signaling pathways and ALCL-derived cytokines offers opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
- INSERM U1053, University Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marshall E. Kadin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Biological and genetic landscape of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 47:942-951. [PMID: 33158639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that can develop around breast implants. Breast implants are among the most commonly used medical devices for cosmetic or reconstructive purposes. In the past few years, the number of women with breast implants diagnosed with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has increased, and several studies have suggested a direct association between breast implants and an increased risk of this disease. Although it has been hypothesized that chronic stimulation of the immune system caused by implant materials and biofilms as well as a possible genetic predisposition play an important role in this disease, the cellular and molecular causes of BIA-ALCL are not fully understood. This review aims to describe the current understanding around the environmental and molecular drivers of BIA-ALCL as well as the genetic and chromosomal abnormalities identified in this disease to date.
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Sorrentino D, Frentzel J, Mitou G, Blasco RB, Torossian A, Hoareau-Aveilla C, Pighi C, Farcé M, Meggetto F, Manenti S, Espinos E, Chiarle R, Giuriato S. High Levels of miR-7-5p Potentiate Crizotinib-Induced Cytokilling and Autophagic Flux by Targeting RAF1 in NPM-ALK Positive Lymphoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102951. [PMID: 33066037 PMCID: PMC7650725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas are a pediatric disease, which still needs treatment improvement. Crizotinib was the first ALK-targeted inhibitor used in clinics, but relapses are now known to occur. Current research efforts indicate that combined therapies could represent a superior strategy to eradicate malignant cells and prevent tumor recurrence. Autophagy is a self-digestion cellular process, known to be induced upon diverse cancer therapies. Our present work demonstrates that the potentiation of the crizotinib-induced autophagy flux, through the serine/threonine kinase RAF1 downregulation, drives ALK+ ALCL cells to death. These results should encourage further investigations on the therapeutic modulation of autophagy in this particular cancer settings and other ALK-related malignancies. Abstract Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) are an aggressive pediatric disease. The therapeutic options comprise chemotherapy, which is efficient in approximately 70% of patients, and targeted therapies, such as crizotinib (an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)), used in refractory/relapsed cases. Research efforts have also converged toward the development of combined therapies to improve treatment. In this context, we studied whether autophagy could be modulated to improve crizotinib therapy. Autophagy is a vesicular recycling pathway, known to be associated with either cell survival or cell death depending on the cancer and therapy. We previously demonstrated that crizotinib induced cytoprotective autophagy in ALK+ lymphoma cells and that its further intensification was associated with cell death. In line with these results, we show here that combined ALK and Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma 1 (RAF1) inhibition, using pharmacological (vemurafenib) or molecular (small interfering RNA targeting RAF1 (siRAF1) or microRNA-7-5p (miR-7-5p) mimics) strategies, also triggered autophagy and potentiated the toxicity of TKI. Mechanistically, we found that this combined therapy resulted in the decrease of the inhibitory phosphorylation on Unc-51-like kinase-1 (ULK1) (a key protein in autophagy initiation), which may account for the enforced autophagy and cytokilling effect. Altogether, our results support the development of ALK and RAF1 combined inhibition as a new therapeutic approach in ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sorrentino
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julie Frentzel
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Merck Serono S.A., Department of Biotechnology Process Sciences, Route de Fenil 25, Z.I. B, 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Mitou
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Rafael B. Blasco
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Avédis Torossian
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Coralie Hoareau-Aveilla
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Chiara Pighi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Manon Farcé
- Pôle Technologique du CRCT—Plateau de Cytométrie et Tri cellulaire—INSERM U1037, F-31037 Toulouse, France;
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Espinos
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(5)-82-74-16-35
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9
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A novel model of controlling PD-L1 expression in ALK + anaplastic large cell lymphoma revealed by CRISPR screening. Blood 2019; 134:171-185. [PMID: 31151983 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1-based immunotherapy highlights the critical role played by PD-L1 in cancer progression and reveals an urgent need to develop new approaches to attenuate PD-L1 function by gaining insight into how its expression is controlled. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) expresses a high level of PD-L1 as a result of the constitutive activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways downstream of ALK activity, making it an excellent model in which to define the signaling processes responsible for PD-L1 upregulation in tumor cells. Here, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 library screening, we sought a comprehensive understanding of the molecular effectors required for PD-L1 regulation in ALK+ ALCL. Indeed, we determined that PD-L1 induction is dependent on the nucleophosmin-ALK oncoprotein activation of STAT3, as well as a signalosome containing GRB2/SOS1, which activates the MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. These signaling networks, through STAT3 and the GRB2/SOS1, ultimately induce PD-L1 expression through the action of transcription factors IRF4 and BATF3 on the enhancer region of the PD-L1 gene. IRF4 and BATF3 are essential for PD-L1 upregulation, and IRF4 expression is correlated with PD-L1 levels in primary ALK+ ALCL tissues. Targeting this oncogenic signaling pathway in ALK+ ALCL largely inhibited the ability of PD-L1-mediated tumor immune escape when cocultured with PD-1-positive T cells and natural killer cells. Thus, our identification of this previously unrecognized regulatory hub not only accelerates our understanding of the molecular circuitry that drives tumor immune escape but also provides novel opportunities to improve immunotherapeutic intervention strategies.
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Zhang B, Jiao A, Dai M, Wiest DL, Zhuang Y. Id3 Restricts γδ NKT Cell Expansion by Controlling Egr2 and c-Myc Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1452-1459. [PMID: 30012846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
γδ NKT cells are neonatal-derived γδ T lymphocytes that are grouped together with invariant NKT cells based on their shared innate-like developmental program characterized by the transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger). Previous studies have demonstrated that the population size of γδ NKT cells is tightly controlled by Id3-mediated inhibition of E-protein activity in mice. However, how E proteins promote γδ NKT cell development and expansion remains to be determined. In this study, we report that the transcription factor Egr2, which also activates PLZF expression in invariant NKT cells, is essential for regulating γδ NKT cell expansion. We observed a higher expression of Egr family genes in γδ NKT cells compared with the conventional γδ T cell population. Loss of function of Id3 caused an expansion of γδ NKT cells, which is accompanied by further upregulation of Egr family genes as well as PLZF. Deletion of Egr2 in Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells prevented cell expansion and blocked PLZF upregulation. We further show that this Egr2-mediated γδ NKT cell expansion is dependent on c-Myc. c-Myc knockdown attenuated the proliferation of Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells, whereas c-Myc overexpression enhanced the proliferation of Id3/Egr2-double-deficient γδ NKT cells. Therefore, our data reveal a regulatory circuit involving Egr2-Id3-E2A, which normally restricts the population size of γδ NKT cells by adjusting Egr2 dosage and c-Myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China
| | - Meifang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
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Montes-Mojarro IA, Steinhilber J, Bonzheim I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. The Pathological Spectrum of Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040107. [PMID: 29617304 PMCID: PMC5923362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents a group of malignant T-cell lymphoproliferations that share morphological and immunophenotypical features, namely strong CD30 expression and variable loss of T-cell markers, but differ in clinical presentation and prognosis. The recognition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion proteins as a result of chromosomal translocations or inversions was the starting point for the distinction of different subgroups of ALCL. According to their distinct clinical settings and molecular findings, the 2016 revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes four different entities: systemic ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ ALCL), systemic ALK-negative ALCL (ALK− ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pC-ALCL), and breast implant-associated ALCL (BI-ALCL), the latter included as a provisional entity. ALK is rearranged in approximately 80% of systemic ALCL cases with one of its partner genes, most commonly NPM1, and is associated with favorable prognosis, whereas systemic ALK− ALCL shows heterogeneous clinical, phenotypical, and genetic features, underlining the different oncogenesis between these two entities. Recognition of the pathological spectrum of ALCL is crucial to understand its pathogenesis and its boundaries with other entities. In this review, we will focus on the morphological, immunophenotypical, and molecular features of systemic ALK+ and ALK− ALCL. In addition, BI-ALCL will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne A Montes-Mojarro
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Steinhilber
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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From Pathology to Precision Medicine in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Expressing Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK+ ALCL). Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100138. [PMID: 29035291 PMCID: PMC5664077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma expressing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK+ ALCL) is a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we discuss the historical findings that led to its classification as a unique disease, despite its varied clinical presentation and histology. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying ALK+ ALCL pathology and the questions that remain in the field. Finally, we visit how decades of ALK+ ALCL research has yielded more precise drugs that hold promise for the future.
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Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase: the ultimate oncogene and therapeutic target. Blood 2016; 129:823-831. [PMID: 27879258 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase physiologically expressed by fetal neural cells. However, aberrantly expressed ALK is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies, including distinct types of lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. The aberrant ALK expression in nonneural cells results from chromosomal translocations that create novel fusion proteins. These protein hybrids compose the proximal part of a partner gene, including its promoter region, and the distal part of ALK, including the coding sequence for the entire kinase domain. ALK was first identified in a subset of T-cell lymphomas with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) morphology (ALK+ ALCL), the vast majority of which harbor the well-characterized nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK co-opts several intracellular signal transduction pathways, foremost being the STAT3 pathway, normally activated by cytokines from the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family to promote cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Many genes and proteins modulated by NPM-ALK are also involved in evasion of antitumor immune response, protection from hypoxia, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell migration and invasiveness, and cell metabolism. In addition, NPM-ALK uses epigenetic silencing mechanisms to downregulate tumor suppressor genes to maintain its own expression. Importantly, NPM-ALK is capable of transforming primary human CD4+ T cells into immortalized cell lines indistinguishable from patient-derived ALK+ ALCL. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of NPM-ALK induces long-lasting complete remissions in a large subset of heavily pretreated adult patients and the vast majority of children with high-stage ALK+ ALCL. Combining ALK inhibition with other novel therapeutic modalities should prove even more effective.
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Buetti-Dinh A, O’Hare T, Friedman R. Sensitivity Analysis of the NPM-ALK Signalling Network Reveals Important Pathways for Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Combination Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163011. [PMID: 27669408 PMCID: PMC5036789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large subset of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) patients harbour a somatic aberration in which anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is fused to nucleophosmin (NPM) resulting in a constitutively active signalling fusion protein, NPM-ALK. We computationally simulated the signalling network which mediates pathological cell survival and proliferation through NPM-ALK to identify therapeutically targetable nodes through which it may be possible to regain control of the tumourigenic process. The simulations reveal the predominant role of the VAV1-CDC42 (cell division control protein 42) pathway in NPM-ALK-driven cellular proliferation and of the Ras / mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK) / extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade in controlling cell survival. Our results also highlight the importance of a group of interleukins together with the Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) / signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling in the development of NPM-ALK derived ALCL. Depending on the activity of JAK3 and STAT3, the system may also be sensitive to activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP1), which has an inhibitory effect on cell survival and proliferation. The identification of signalling pathways active in tumourigenic processes is of fundamental importance for effective therapies. The prediction of alternative pathways that circumvent classical therapeutic targets opens the way to preventive approaches for countering the emergence of cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Buetti-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (ABD); (RF)
| | - Thomas O’Hare
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America
| | - Ran Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ABD); (RF)
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Malcolm TIM, Hodson DJ, Macintyre EA, Turner SD. Challenging perspectives on the cellular origins of lymphoma. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160232. [PMID: 27683157 PMCID: PMC5043587 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both B and T lymphocytes have signature traits that set them apart from other cell types. They actively and repeatedly rearrange their DNA in order to produce a unique and functional antigen receptor, they have potential for massive clonal expansion upon encountering antigen via this receptor or its precursor, and they have the capacity to be extremely long lived as ‘memory’ cells. All three of these traits are fundamental to their ability to function as the adaptive immune response to infectious agents, but concurrently render these cells vulnerable to transformation. Thus, it is classically considered that lymphomas arise at a relatively late stage in a lymphocyte's development during the process of modifying diversity within antigen receptors, and when the cell is capable of responding to stimulus via its receptor. Attempts to understand the aetiology of lymphoma have reinforced this notion, as the most notable advances to date have shown chronic stimulation of the antigen receptor by infectious agents or self-antigens to be key drivers of these diseases. Despite this, there is still uncertainty about the cell of origin in some lymphomas, and increasing evidence that a subset arises in a more immature cell. Specifically, a recent study indicates that T-cell lymphoma, in particular nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-driven anaplastic large cell lymphoma, may originate in T-cell progenitors in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim I M Malcolm
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Hematology and INSERM1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité at Descartes and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75743 Cedex 15, France
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Level 3, Box 231, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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16
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Turner SD, Lamant L, Kenner L, Brugières L. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in paediatric and young adult patients. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:560-72. [PMID: 26913827 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a heterogeneous disease of debateable origin that, in children, is largely anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive with aberrant ALK activity induced following the formation of chromosomal translocations. Whilst the survival rates for this disease are relatively high, a significant proportion (20-40%) of patients suffer disease relapse, in some cases on multiple occasions and therefore suffer the toxic side-effects of combination chemotherapy. Traditionally, patients are treated with a combination of agents although recent data from relapse patients have suggested that low risk patients might benefit from single agent vinblastine and, going forward, the addition of ALK inhibitors to the therapeutic regimen may have beneficial consequences. There are also a plethora of other drugs that might be advantageous to patients with ALCL and many of these have been identified through laboratory research although the decision as to which drugs to implement in trials will not be trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,European Research Initiative for ALK related Malignancies, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- European Research Initiative for ALK related Malignancies, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Lukas Kenner
- European Research Initiative for ALK related Malignancies, Toulouse, France.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurence Brugières
- European Research Initiative for ALK related Malignancies, Toulouse, France.,Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et l'Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wei T, Naym DG, Fredholm S, Fink-Puches R, Cerroni L, Odum N, O'Malley JT, Gniadecki R, Wolf P. STAT3/5-Dependent IL9 Overexpression Contributes to Neoplastic Cell Survival in Mycosis Fungoides. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3328-39. [PMID: 26851186 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sustained inflammation is a key feature of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Resident IL9-producing T cells have been found in skin infections and certain inflammatory skin diseases, but their role in MF is currently unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed lesional skin from patients with MF for the expression of IL9 and its regulators. To determine which cells were producing IL9, high-throughput sequencing was used to identify malignant clones and Vb-specific antibodies were employed to visualize malignant cells in histologic preparations. To explore the mechanism of IL9 secretion, we knocked down STAT3/5 and IRF4 by siRNA transfection in CTCL cell lines receiving psoralen+UVA (PUVA) ± anti-IL9 antibody. To further examine the role of IL9 in tumor development, the EL-4 T-cell lymphoma model was used in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Malignant and reactive T cells produce IL9 in lesional skin. Expression of the Th9 transcription factor IRF4 in malignant cells was heterogeneous, whereas reactive T cells expressed it uniformly. PUVA or UVB phototherapy diminished the frequencies of IL9- and IL9r-positive cells, as well as STAT3/5a and IRF4 expression in lesional skin. IL9 production was regulated by STAT3/5 and silencing of STAT5 or blockade of IL9 with neutralizing antibodies potentiated cell death after PUVA treatment in vitro IL9-depleted mice exhibited a reduction of tumor growth, higher frequencies of regulatory T cells, and activated CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IL9 and its regulators are promising new targets for therapy development in mycosis fungoides. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3328-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Vieyra-Garcia
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tianling Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gram Naym
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regina Fink-Puches
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John T O'Malley
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Key Points
IRF4 regulates MYC expression in ALCL. ALCL survival depends on IRF4/MYC signaling.
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