1
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Tao H, Pan Y, Chu S, Li L, Xie J, Wang P, Zhang S, Reddy S, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Differential controls of MAIT cell effector polarization by mTORC1/mTORC2 via integrating cytokine and costimulatory signals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2029. [PMID: 33795689 PMCID: PMC8016978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have important functions in immune responses against pathogens and in diseases, but mechanisms controlling MAIT cell development and effector lineage differentiation remain unclear. Here, we report that IL-2/IL-15 receptor β chain and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) not only serve as lineage-specific markers for IFN-γ-producing MAIT1 and IL-17A-producing MAIT17 cells, but are also important for their differentiation, respectively. Both IL-2 and IL-15 induce mTOR activation, T-bet upregulation, and subsequent MAIT cell, especially MAIT1 cell, expansion. By contrast, IL-1β induces more MAIT17 than MAIT1 cells, while IL-23 alone promotes MAIT17 cell proliferation and survival, but synergizes with IL-1β to induce strong MAIT17 cell expansion in an mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover, mTOR is dispensable for early MAIT cell development, yet pivotal for MAIT cell effector differentiation. Our results thus show that mTORC2 integrates signals from ICOS and IL-1βR/IL-23R to exert a crucial role for MAIT17 differentiation, while the IL-2/IL-15R-mTORC1-T-bet axis ensures MAIT1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuai Chu
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Srija Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Mallela K, Kumar A. Role of TSC1 in physiology and diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2269-2282. [PMID: 33575875 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery as the gene altered in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant disorder, the interest in TSC1 (Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1) has steadily risen. TSC1, an essential component of the pro-survival PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway, plays an important role in processes like development, cell growth and proliferation, survival, autophagy and cilia development by co-operating with a variety of regulatory molecules. Recent studies have emphasized the tumor suppressive role of TSC1 in several human cancers including liver, lung, bladder, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. TSC1 perceives inputs from various signaling pathways, including TNF-α/IKK-β, TGF-β-Smad2/3, AKT/Foxo/Bim, Wnt/β-catenin/Notch, and MTOR/Mdm2/p53 axis, thereby regulating cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, invasion, and immune regulation. This review provides a first comprehensive evaluation of TSC1 and illuminates its diverse functions apart from its involvement in TSC genetic disorder. Further, we have summarized the physiological functions of TSC1 in various cellular events and conditions whose dysregulation may lead to several pathological manifestations including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Mallela
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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3
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Painter GF, Burn OK, Hermans IF. Using agonists for iNKT cells in cancer therapy. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:1-6. [PMID: 33340930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to act as an anti-cancer agent in mice through the specific stimulation of type I NKT (iNKT) cells has prompted extensive investigation to translate this finding to the clinic. However, low frequencies of iNKT cells in cancer patients and their hypo-responsiveness to repeated stimulation have been seen as barriers to its efficacy. Currently the most promising clinical application of α-GalCer, or its derivatives, is as stimuli for ex vivo expansion of iNKT cells for adoptive therapy, although some encouraging clinical results have recently been reported using α-GalCer pulsed onto large numbers of antigen presenting cells (APCs). In on-going preclinical studies, attempts to improve efficacy of injected iNKT cell agonists have focussed on optimising presentation in vivo, through encapsulation in particulate vectors, making structural changes that help binding to the presenting molecule CD1d, or injecting agonists covalently attached to recombinant CD1d. Variations on these same approaches are being used to enhance the APC-licencing function of iNKT cells in vivo to induce adaptive immune responses to associated tumour antigens. Looking ahead, a unique capacity of in vivo-activated iNKT cells to facilitate formation of resident memory CD8+ T cells is a new observation that could find a role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin F Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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4
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Xie D, Zhang S, Chen P, Deng W, Pan Y, Xie J, Wang J, Liao B, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Negative control of diacylglycerol kinase ζ-mediated inhibition of T cell receptor signaling by nuclear sequestration in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1729-1745. [PMID: 32525220 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play important roles in restraining diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated signaling. Within the DGK family, the ζ isoform appears to be the most important isoform in T cells for controlling their development and function. DGKζ has been demonstrated to regulate T cell maturation, activation, anergy, effector/memory differentiation, defense against microbial infection, and antitumor immunity. Given its critical functions, DGKζ function should be tightly regulated to ensure proper signal transduction; however, mechanisms that control DGKζ function are still poorly understood. We report here that DGKζ dynamically translocates from the cytosol into the nuclei in T cells after TCR stimulation. In mice, DGKζ mutant defective in nuclear localization displayed enhanced ability to inhibit TCR-induced DAG-mediated signaling in primary T cells, maturation of conventional αβT and iNKT cells, and activation of peripheral T cells compared with WT DGKζ. Our study reveals for the first time nuclear sequestration of DGKζ as a negative control mechanism to spatially restrain it from terminating DAG mediated signaling in T cells. Our data suggest that manipulation of DGKζ nucleus-cytosol shuttling as a novel strategy to modulate DGKζ activity and immune responses for treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yun Pan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jinhai Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jinli Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bryce Liao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John W Sleasman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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5
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Tao H, Li L, Gao Y, Wang Z, Zhong XP. Differential Control of iNKT Cell Effector Lineage Differentiation by the Forkhead Box Protein O1 (Foxo1) Transcription Factor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2710. [PMID: 31824499 PMCID: PMC6881238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invariant NKT (iNKT) cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the non-classical MHC like molecule CD1d. They represent an innate T-cell lineage with the ability to rapidly produce a variety of cytokines in response to agonist stimulation to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. In thymus, most iNKT cells complete their maturation and differentiate to multiple effector lineages such as iNKT-1, iNKT-2, and iNKT-17 cells that possess the capability to produce IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-17A, respectively, and play distinct roles in immune responses and diseases. Mechanisms that control iNKT lineage fate decisions are still not well understood. Evidence has revealed critical roles of Foxo1 of the forkhead box O1 subfamily of transcription factors in the immune system. However, its role in iNKT cells has been unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that deletion of Foxo1 causes severe decreases of iNKT cell total numbers due to impairment of late but not early iNKT cell development. Deficiency of Foxo1 results in decreases of iNKT-1 but increases of iNKT-17 cells. Our data reveal that Foxo1 controls iNKT effector lineage fate decision by promoting iNKT-1 but suppressing iNKT-17 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Metabolic coordination of T cell quiescence and activation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:55-70. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Zhang L, Donda A. Alpha-Galactosylceramide/CD1d-Antibody Fusion Proteins Redirect Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Immunity to Solid Tumors and Promote Prolonged Therapeutic Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1417. [PMID: 29163493 PMCID: PMC5672503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress in cancer immunotherapies have been obtained by the use of tumor targeting strategies, in particular with the development of bi-functional fusion proteins such as ImmTacs or BiTes, which engage effector T cells for targeted elimination of tumor cells. Given the significance of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, we have developed a bi-functional protein composed of the extracellular part of CD1d molecule that was genetically fused to an scFv fragment from high affinity antibodies against HER2 or CEA. Systemic treatments with the CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins loaded with the agonist alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) led to specific iNKT cell activation, resulting in a sustained growth inhibition of established tumors expressing HER2 or CEA, while treatment with the free αGalCer was ineffective. Importantly, we discovered that αGalCer/CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins were able to maintain iNKT cells reactive to multiple re-stimulations in contrast to their anergic state induced after a single injection of free αGalCer. We further demonstrated that the antitumor effects by αGalCer/CD1d-antitumor fusion proteins were largely dependent on the iNKT cell-mediated transactivation of NK cells. Moreover, prolonged antitumor effects could be obtained when combining the CD1d-antitumor fusion protein treatment with a therapeutic peptide/CpG cancer vaccine, which favored the capacity of iNKT cells to transactivate cross-presenting DCs for efficient priming of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. We will also summarize these pre-clinical results with a special focus on the cellular mechanisms underlying iNKT cell unresponsiveness to antigen re-challenge. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives regarding iNKT cell-mediated tumor targeting strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Zhang
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alena Donda
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Xie DL, Zheng MM, Zheng Y, Gao H, Zhang J, Zhang T, Guo JC, Yang XF, Zhong XP, Lou YL. Vibrio vulnificus induces mTOR activation and inflammatory responses in macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181454. [PMID: 28719654 PMCID: PMC5515453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus), a Gram-negative marine bacterium, can cause life-threatening primary septicemia, especially in patients with liver diseases. How V. vulnificus affects the liver and how it acts on macrophages are not well understood. In this report, we demonstrated that V. vulnificus infection causes a strong inflammatory response, marked expansion of liver-resident macrophages, and liver damage in mice. We demonstrated further that V. vulnificus activates mTOR in macrophages and inhibition of mTOR differentially regulates V. vulnificus induced inflammatory responses, suggesting the possibility of targeting mTOR as a strategy to modulate V. vulnificus induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Chun Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X. Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YLL); (XPZ)
| | - Yong-Liang Lou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- China Ministry of Education Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YLL); (XPZ)
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9
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Favreau M, Menu E, Gaublomme D, Vanderkerken K, Faict S, Maes K, De Bruyne E, Govindarajan S, Drennan M, Van Calenbergh S, Leleu X, Zabeau L, Tavernier J, Venken K, Elewaut D. Leptin receptor antagonism of iNKT cell function: a novel strategy to combat multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 31:2678-2685. [PMID: 28490813 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of bone marrow changes with aging is the increase in adipocyte composition, but how this impacts development of multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown. Here, we report the role of the adipokine leptin as master regulator of anti-myeloma tumor immunity by modulating the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell function. A marked increase in serum leptin levels and leptin receptor (LR) expression on iNKT cells in MM patients and the 5T33 murine MM model was observed. MM cells and leptin synergistically counteracted anti-tumor functionality of both murine and human iNKT cells. In vivo blockade of LR signaling combined with iNKT stimulation resulted in superior anti-tumor protection. This was linked to persistent IFN-γ secretion upon repeated iNKT cell stimulation and a restoration of the dynamic antigen-induced motility arrest as observed by intravital microscopy, thereby showing alleviation of iNKT cell anergy. Overall our data reveal the LR axis as novel therapeutic target for checkpoint inhibition to treat MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Favreau
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Gaublomme
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Faict
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Govindarajan
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Drennan
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - X Leleu
- Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Pôle Régional de Cancérologie, Hospital de la Miléterie, Poitiers, France
| | - L Zabeau
- Department of Biochemistry, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Tavernier
- Department of Biochemistry, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Venken
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Elewaut
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Deng W, Yang J, Lin X, Shin J, Gao J, Zhong XP. Essential Role of mTORC1 in Self-Renewal of Murine Alveolar Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:492-504. [PMID: 27881705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMϕ) have the capacity of local self-renewal through adult life; however, mechanisms that regulate AMϕ self-renewal remain poorly understood. We found that myeloid-specific deletion of Raptor, an essential component of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1, resulted in a marked decrease of this population of cells accompanying altered phenotypic features and impaired phagocytosis activity. We demonstrated further that Raptor/mTORC1 deficiency did not affect AMϕ development, but compromised its proliferative activity at cell cycle entry in the steady-state as well as in the context of repopulation in irradiation chimeras. Mechanically, mTORC1 confers AMϕ optimal responsiveness to GM-CSF-induced proliferation. Thus, our results demonstrate an essential role of mTORC1 for AMϕ homeostasis by regulating proliferative renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Deng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jialong Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xingguang Lin
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China;
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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11
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Chen SS, Hu Z, Zhong XP. Diacylglycerol Kinases in T Cell Tolerance and Effector Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:130. [PMID: 27891502 PMCID: PMC5103287 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that regulate the relative levels of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) in cells by phosphorylating DAG to produce PA. Both DAG and PA are important second messengers cascading T cell receptor (TCR) signal by recruiting multiple effector molecules, such as RasGRP1, PKCθ, and mTOR. Studies have revealed important physiological functions of DGKs in the regulation of receptor signaling and the development and activation of immune cells. In this review, we will focus on recent progresses in our understanding of two DGK isoforms, α and ζ, in CD8 T effector and memory cell differentiation, regulatory T cell development and function, and invariant NKT cell development and effector lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley S Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA
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12
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Lin X, Yang J, Wang J, Huang H, Wang HX, Chen P, Wang S, Pan Y, Qiu YR, Taylor GA, Vallance BA, Gao J, Zhong XP. mTOR is critical for intestinal T-cell homeostasis and resistance to Citrobacter rodentium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34939. [PMID: 27731345 PMCID: PMC5059740 DOI: 10.1038/srep34939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells play an important role in promoting mucosal immunity against pathogens, but the mechanistic basis for their homeostasis in the intestine is still poorly understood. We report here that T-cell-specific deletion of mTOR results in dramatically decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers in the lamina propria of both small and large intestines under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. These defects result in defective host resistance against a murine enteropathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, leading to the death of the animals. We further demonstrated that mTOR deficiency reduces the generation of gut-homing effector T-cells in both mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches without obviously affecting expression of gut-homing molecules on those effector T-cells. Using mice with T-cell-specific ablation of Raptor/mTORC1 or Rictor/mTORC2, we revealed that both mTORC1 and, to a lesser extent, mTORC2 contribute to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell accumulation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Additionally, mTORC1 but not mTORC2 plays an important role regulating the proliferative renewal of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the intestines. Our data thus reveal that mTOR is crucial for T-cell accumulation in the GI tract and for establishing local adaptive immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Yang J, Lin X, Pan Y, Wang J, Chen P, Huang H, Xue HH, Gao J, Zhong XP. Critical roles of mTOR Complex 1 and 2 for T follicular helper cell differentiation and germinal center responses. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27690224 PMCID: PMC5063587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play critical roles for germinal center responses and effective humoral immunity. We report here that mTOR in CD4 T cells is essential for Tfh differentiation. In Mtorf/f-Cd4Cre mice, both constitutive and inducible Tfh differentiation is severely impaired, leading to defective germinal center B cell formation and antibody production. Moreover, both mTORC1 and mTORC2 contribute to Tfh and GC B cell development but may do so via distinct mechanisms. mTORC1 mainly promotes CD4 T cell proliferation to reach the cell divisions necessary for Tfh differentiation, while Rictor/mTORC2 regulates Tfh differentiation by promoting Akt activation and TCF1 expression without grossly influencing T cell proliferation. Together, our results reveal crucial but distinct roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in CD4 T cells during Tfh differentiation and germinal center responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17936.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jinli Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, United States
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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14
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Yang M, Chen S, Du J, He J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu G, Peng W, Zeng X, Li D, Xu P, Guo W, Chang Z, Wang S, Tian Z, Dong Z. NK cell development requires Tsc1-dependent negative regulation of IL-15-triggered mTORC1 activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12730. [PMID: 27601261 PMCID: PMC5023956 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of metabolic signalling by IL-15 is required for natural killer (NK) cell development. Here we show that Tsc1, a repressor of mTOR, is dispensable for the terminal maturation, survival and function of NK cells but is critical to restrict exhaustive proliferation of immature NK cells and activation downstream of IL-15 during NK cell development. Tsc1 is expressed in immature NK cells and is upregulated by IL-15. Haematopoietic-specific deletion of Tsc1 causes a marked decrease in the number of NK cells and compromises rejection of ‘missing-self' haematopoietic tumours and allogeneic bone marrow. The residual Tsc1-null NK cells display activated, pro-apoptotic phenotype and elevated mTORC1 activity. Deletion of Raptor, a component of mTORC1, largely reverses these defects. Tsc1-deficient NK cells express increased levels of T-bet and downregulate Eomes and CD122, a subunit of IL-15 receptor. These results reveal a role for Tsc1-dependent inhibition of mTORC1 activation during immature NK cell development. IL-15 orchestrates NK cell metabolism, proliferation, and activation. Here the authors show that Tsc1 is dispensable for mature NK cells but is critical for survival of immature NK by preventing their exhaustive proliferation and activation downstream of IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Yang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China.,Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Junming He
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuande Wang
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zehua Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Guangao Liu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wanwen Peng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaokang Zeng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Panglian Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zai Chang
- Center of Animal Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Song Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 340036, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
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15
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Wang HX, Cheng JS, Chu S, Qiu YR, Zhong XP. mTORC2 in Thymic Epithelial Cells Controls Thymopoiesis and T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:141-50. [PMID: 27233961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) play important roles in T cell generation. Mechanisms that control TEC development and function are still not well defined. The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)2 signals to regulate cell survival, nutrient uptake, and metabolism. We report in the present study that mice with TEC-specific ablation of Rictor, a critical and unique adaptor molecule in mTORC2, display thymic atrophy, which accompanies decreased TEC numbers in the medulla. Moreover, generation of multiple T cell lineages, including conventional TCRαβ T cells, regulatory T cells, invariant NKT cells, and TCRγδ T cells, was reduced in TEC-specific Rictor-deficient mice. Our data demonstrate that mTORC2 in TECs is important for normal thymopoiesis and efficient T cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Joyce S Cheng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Pre-Med (BS/MD) Health Scholar Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19222
| | - Shuai Chu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China;
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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16
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Keating R, McGargill MA. mTOR Regulation of Lymphoid Cells in Immunity to Pathogens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:180. [PMID: 27242787 PMCID: PMC4862984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to pathogens exists as a fine balance between promoting activation and expansion of effector cells, while simultaneously limiting normal and aberrant responses. These seemingly opposing functions are kept in check by immune regulators. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that senses nutrient availability and, in turn, regulates cell metabolism, growth, and survival accordingly. mTOR plays a pivotal role in facilitating immune defense against invading pathogens by regulating the differentiation, activation, and effector functions of lymphoid cells. Here, we focus on the emerging and sometimes contradictory roles of mTOR in orchestrating lymphoid cell-mediated host immune responses to pathogens. A thorough understanding of how mTOR impacts lymphoid cells in pathogen defense will provide the necessary base for developing therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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17
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Bandyopadhyay K, Marrero I, Kumar V. NKT cell subsets as key participants in liver physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:337-46. [PMID: 26972772 PMCID: PMC4856801 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that generally recognize lipid antigens and are enriched in microvascular compartments of the liver. NKT cells can be activated by self- or microbial-lipid antigens and by signaling through toll-like receptors. Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thereby determine the milieu for subsequent immunity or tolerance. It is becoming clear that two different subsets of NKT cells-type I and type II-have different modes of antigen recognition and have opposing roles in inflammatory liver diseases. Here we focus mainly on the roles of both NKT cell subsets in the maintenance of immune tolerance and inflammatory diseases in liver. Furthermore, how the differential activation of type I and type II NKT cells influences other innate cells and adaptive immune cells to result in important consequences for tissue integrity is discussed. It is crucial that better reagents, including CD1d tetramers, be used in clinical studies to define the roles of NKT cells in liver diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Idania Marrero
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Stradner MH, Cheung KP, Lasorella A, Goldrath AW, D'Cruz LM. Id2 regulates hyporesponsive invariant natural killer T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:640-5. [PMID: 26880074 PMCID: PMC4980213 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell response to primary stimulation with the glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), is robust, the secondary response to this stimulus is muted resulting in a hyporesponsive state characterized by anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) production and high expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and neuropilin 1 (NRP1). The E protein transcription factors and their negative regulators, the Id proteins, have previously been shown to regulate iNKT cell thymic development, subset differentiation and peripheral survival. Here, we provide evidence that the expression of the transcriptional regulator Id2 is downregulated upon stimulation of iNKT cells with their cognate antigen. Moreover, loss of Id2 expression by iNKT cells resulted in a hyporesponsive state, with splenic Id2-deficient iNKT cells expressing low levels of TBET, high levels of PD1 and NRP1 and production of IL-10 upon stimulation. We propose that downregulation of Id2 expression is an essential component of induction of the anti-inflammatory, hyporesponsive state in iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Stradner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kitty P Cheung
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Louise M D'Cruz
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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mTOR and its tight regulation for iNKT cell development and effector function. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:536-45. [PMID: 26253278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, which express the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR that recognizes lipid antigens, have the ability to rapidly respond to agonist stimulation, producing a variety of cytokines that can shape both innate and adaptive immunity. iNKT cells have been implicated in host defense against microbial infection, in anti-tumor immunity, and a multitude of diseases such as allergies, asthma, graft versus host disease, and obesity. Emerging evidence has demonstrated crucial role for mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in immune cells, including iNKT. In this review we will discuss current understanding of how mTOR and its tight regulation control iNKT cell development, effector lineage differentiation, and function.
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20
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Ci X, Kuraoka M, Wang H, Carico Z, Hopper K, Shin J, Deng X, Qiu Y, Unniraman S, Kelsoe G, Zhong XP. TSC1 Promotes B Cell Maturation but Is Dispensable for Germinal Center Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127527. [PMID: 26000908 PMCID: PMC4441391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), a tumor suppressor that acts by inhibiting mTOR signaling, plays an important role in the immune system. We report here that TSC1 differentially regulates mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2/Akt signaling in B cells. TSC1 deficiency results in the accumulation of transitional-1 (T1) B cells and progressive losses of B cells as they mature beyond the T1 stage. Moreover, TSC1KO mice exhibit a mild defect in the serum antibody responses or rate of Ig class-switch recombination after immunization with a T-cell-dependent antigen. In contrast to a previous report, we demonstrate that both constitutive Peyer’s patch germinal centers (GCs) and immunization-induced splenic GCs are unimpaired in TSC1-deficient (TSC1KO) mice and that the ratio of GC B cells to total B cells is comparable in WT and TSC1KO mice. Together, our data demonstrate that TSC1 plays important roles for B cell development, but it is dispensable for GC formation and serum antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ci
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zachary Carico
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Kristen Hopper
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yirong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shyam Unniraman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (GK)
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (GK)
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21
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Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR Links Environmental Signals to T Cell Fate Decisions. Front Immunol 2015; 5:686. [PMID: 25653651 PMCID: PMC4299512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell fate decisions play an integral role in maintaining the health of organisms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The localized microenvironment in which developing and mature T cells reside provides signals that serve essential functions in shaping these fate decisions. These signals are derived from the immune compartment, including antigens, co-stimulation, and cytokines, and other factors, including growth factors and nutrients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a vital sensor of signals within the immune microenvironment, is a central regulator of T cell biology. In this review, we discuss how various environmental cues tune mTOR activity in T cells, and summarize how mTOR integrates these signals to influence multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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22
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Prevot N, Pyaram K, Bischoff E, Sen JM, Powell JD, Chang CH. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 regulates invariant NKT cell development and function independent of promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:223-30. [PMID: 25404366 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses and incorporates different environmental cues via the two signaling complexes mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. As a result, mTOR controls cell growth and survival, and also shapes different effector functions of the cells including immune cells such as T cells. We demonstrate in this article that invariant NKT (iNKT) cell development is controlled by mTORC2 in a cell-intrinsic manner. In mice deficient in mTORC2 signaling because of the conditional deletion of the Rictor gene, iNKT cell numbers were reduced in the thymus and periphery. This is caused by decreased proliferation of stage 1 iNKT cells and poor development through subsequent stages. Functionally, iNKT cells devoid of mTORC2 signaling showed reduced number of IL-4-expressing cells, which correlated with a decrease in the transcription factor GATA-3-expressing cells. However, promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF), a critical transcription factor for iNKT cell development, is expressed at a similar level in mTORC2-deficient iNKT cells compared with that in the wild type iNKT cells. Furthermore, cellular localization of PLZF was not altered in the absence of mTOR2 signaling. Thus, our study reveals the PLZF-independent mechanisms of the development and function of iNKT cells regulated by mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Prevot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kalyani Pyaram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Evan Bischoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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23
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Robertson FC, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. NKT cell networks in the regulation of tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:543. [PMID: 25389427 PMCID: PMC4211539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor immunosurveillance. These NKT cells uniquely recognize lipid antigens, and their rapid yet specific reactions influence both innate and adaptive immunity. In tumor immunity, two NKT subsets (type I and type II) have contrasting roles in which they not only cross-regulate one another, but also impact innate immune cell populations, including natural killer, dendritic, and myeloid lineage cells, as well as adaptive populations, especially CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The extent to which NKT cells promote or suppress surrounding cells affects the host’s ability to prevent neoplasia and is consequently of great interest for therapeutic development. Data have shown the potential for therapeutic use of NKT cell agonists and synergy with immune response modifiers in both pre-clinical studies and preliminary clinical studies. However, there is room to improve treatment efficacy by further elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying NKT cell networks. Here, we discuss the progress made in understanding NKT cell networks, their consequent role in the regulation of tumor immunity, and the potential to exploit that knowledge in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Robertson
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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24
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Role of tumor suppressor TSC1 in regulating antigen-specific primary and memory CD8 T cell responses to bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3045-57. [PMID: 24818661 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01816-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates various environmental cues such as the presence of antigen, inflammation, and nutrients to regulate T cell growth, metabolism, and function. The tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1)/TSC2 complex negatively regulates the activity of an mTOR-containing multiprotein complex called mTOR complex 1. Recent studies have revealed an essential cell-intrinsic role for TSC1 in T cell survival, quiescence, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Given the emerging role of mTOR activity in the regulation of the quantity and quality of CD8 T cell responses, in this study, we examine the role of its suppressor, TSC1, in the regulation of antigen-specific primary and memory CD8 T cell responses to bacterial infection. Using an established model system of transgenic CD8 cell adoptive transfer and challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing a cognate antigen, we found that TSC1 deficiency impairs antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses, resulting in weak expansion, exaggerated contraction, and poor memory generation. Poor expansion of TSC1-deficient cells was associated with defects in survival and proliferation in vivo, while enhanced contraction was correlated with an increased ratio of short-lived effectors to memory precursors in the effector cell population. This perturbation of effector-memory differentiation was concomitant with decreased expression of eomesodermin among activated TSC1 knockout cells. Upon competitive adoptive transfer with wild-type counterparts and antigen rechallenge, TSC1-deficient memory cells showed moderate defects in expansion but not cytokine production. Taken together, these findings provide direct evidence of a CD8 T cell-intrinsic role for TSC1 in the regulation of antigen-specific primary and memory responses.
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