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Li X, He X, Lin B, Li L, Deng Q, Wang C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao J, Li X, Li Y, Xi Q, Zhang R. Quercetin Limits Tumor Immune Escape through PDK1/CD47 Axis in Melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:541-563. [PMID: 38490807 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2450023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Quercetin (3,3[Formula: see text],4[Formula: see text],5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a bioactive plant-derived flavonoid, abundant in fruits and vegetables, that can effectively inhibit the growth of many types of tumors without toxicity. Nevertheless, the effect of quercetin on melanoma immunology has yet to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of the antitumor immunity action of quercetin in melanoma through both in vivo and in vitro methods. Our research revealed that quercetin has the ability to boost antitumor immunity by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment through increasing the percentages of M1 macrophages, CD8[Formula: see text] T lymphocytes, and CD4[Formula: see text] T lymphocytes and promoting the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-[Formula: see text] from CD8[Formula: see text] T cells, consequently suppressing the growth of melanoma. Furthermore, we revealed that quercetin can inhibit cell proliferation and migration of B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, down-regulating PDK1 can inhibit the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD47. In the rescue experiment, we overexpressed PDK1 and found that the protein and mRNA expression levels of CD47 increased correspondingly, while the addition of quercetin reversed this effect. Moreover, quercetin could stimulate the proliferation and enhance the function of CD8[Formula: see text] T cells. Therefore, our results identified a novel mechanism through which CD47 is regulated by quercetin to promote phagocytosis, and elucidated the regulation of quercetin on macrophages and CD8[Formula: see text] T cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. The use of quercetin as a therapeutic drug holds potential benefits for immunotherapy, enhancing the efficacy of existing treatments for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xue He
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Deng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510062, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Kim H, Kim S, Lim H, Chung AJ. Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1088-1120. [PMID: 38174732 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies. However, their application to solid tumors is limited, and they face challenges in safety, scalability, and cost. To enhance current CAR-T cell therapies, the integration of microfluidic technologies, harnessing their inherent advantages, such as reduced sample consumption, simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high scalability, has emerged as a powerful solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step manufacturing process of CAR-T cells, identifies existing difficulties at each production stage, and discusses the successful implementation of microfluidics and related technologies in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates the potential of microfluidics-based methodologies in advancing cell-based therapy across various applications, including solid tumors, next-generation CAR constructs, T-cell receptors, and the development of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- MxT Biotech, 04785 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sprent J, Boyman O. Optimising IL-2 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e5. [PMID: 38455463 PMCID: PMC10917570 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The key role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy is well established and is highlighted by the remarkable capacity of Ab-mediated checkpoint blockade to overcome T-cell exhaustion and amplify anti-tumor responses. However, total or partial tumor remission following checkpoint blockade is still limited to only a few types of tumors. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to devise new methods for improving tumor immunity. Currently, much attention is being focused on therapy with IL-2. This cytokine is a powerful growth factor for T cells and optimises their effector functions. When used at therapeutic doses for cancer treatment, however, IL-2 is highly toxic. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that modifying the structure or presentation of IL-2 can reduce toxicity and lead to effective anti-tumor responses in synergy with checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the complex interaction of IL-2 with T cells: first during normal homeostasis, then during responses to pathogens, and finally in anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 1466, Australia
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, Hobart 7000, Australia
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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4
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Heinzel S, Cheon H, Belz GT, Hodgkin PD. Survival and division fate programs are preserved but retuned during the naïve to memory CD8 + T-cell transition. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:46-57. [PMID: 37840018 PMCID: PMC10952575 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are generated from naïve precursors undergoing proliferation during the initial immune response. Both naïve and memory T cells are maintained in a resting, quiescent state and respond to activation with a controlled proliferative burst and differentiation into effector cells. This similarity in the maintenance and response dynamics points to the preservation of key cellular fate programs; however, whether memory T cells have acquired intrinsic changes in these programs that may contribute to the enhanced immune protection in a recall response is not fully understood. Here we used a quantitative model-based analysis of proliferation and survival kinetics of in vitro-stimulated murine naïve and memory CD8+ T cells in response to homeostatic and activating signals to establish intrinsic similarities or differences within these cell types. We show that resting memory T cells display heightened sensitivity to homeostatic cytokines, responding to interleukin (IL)-2 in addition to IL-7 and IL-15. The proliferative response to αCD3 was equal in size and kinetics, demonstrating that memory T cells undergo the same controlled division burst and automated return to quiescence as naïve T cells. However, perhaps surprisingly, we observed reduced expansion of αCD3-stimulated memory T cells in response to activating signals αCD28 and IL-2 compared with naïve T cells. Overall, we demonstrate that although sensitivities to cytokine and costimulatory signals have shifted, fate programs regulating the scale of the division burst are conserved in memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - HoChan Cheon
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
- Frazer InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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Yang R, Yang M, Wu Z, Liu B, Zheng M, Lu L, Wu S. Tespa1 deficiency reduces the antitumour immune response by decreasing CD8 +T cell activity in a mouse Lewis lung cancer model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110865. [PMID: 37660596 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Thymocyte-expressed, positive selection-associated 1 (Tespa1) is a key molecule in T-cell development and has been linked to immune diseases. However, its role in antitumour CD8+T cell immunity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Tespa1 plays an important role in antitumour CD8+T cell immunity. First, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, Lewis lung cancer cells grew faster in Tespa1 knockout (Tespa1-/-) mice, with reduced apoptosis, and decreased CD8+T cells in peripheral blood and tumor tissues. Second, the proportion of CD8+T and Th1 cells in the splenocytes of Tespa1-/- mice was lower than that in WT mice. Third, Tespa1-/- CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) showed weakened proliferation, invasion, cytotoxicity, and protein expression of IL-2 signalling pathway components compared to WT CD8+TILs. Furthermore, PD-1 expression in CD8+TILs was higher in Tespa1-/- than in WT mice. Lastly, CD8+TILs in WT mice improved the antitumour ability of Tespa1-/- mice. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Tespa1 plays a critical role in the tumor immune system by regulating CD8+T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou 318000, China; Department of Pharmacology, Lishui University School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- The First Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zehua Wu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Bingjin Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Lishui University School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China.
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6
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Kim YJ, Rho KN, Jeong S, Lee GW, Kim HO, Cho HJ, Bae WK, Oh IJ, Lee SW, Cho JH. CD5 Expression Dynamically Changes During the Differentiation of Human CD8 + T Cells Predicting Clinical Response to Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e35. [PMID: 37670812 PMCID: PMC10475823 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the molecular dynamics associated with T cell differentiation enhances our understanding of T cell biology and opens up new possibilities for clinical implications. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of CD5 expression in CD8+ T cell differentiation and explored its potential clinical uses. Using PBMCs from 29 healthy donors, we observed a stepwise decrease in CD5 expression as CD8+ T cells progressed through the differentiation stages. Interestingly, we found that CD5 expression was initially upregulated in response to T cell receptor stimulation, but diminished as the cells underwent proliferation, potentially explaining the differentiation-associated CD5 downregulation. Based on the proliferation-dependent downregulation of CD5, we hypothesized that relative CD5 expression could serve as a marker to distinguish the heterogeneous CD8+ T cell population based on their proliferation history. In support of this, we demonstrated that effector memory CD8+ T cells with higher CD5 expression exhibited phenotypic and functional characteristics resembling less differentiated cells compared to those with lower CD5 expression. Furthermore, in the retrospective analysis of PBMCs from 30 non-small cell lung cancer patients, we found that patients with higher CD5 expression in effector memory T cells displayed CD8+ T cells with a phenotype closer to the less differentiated cells, leading to favorable clinical outcomes in response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. These findings highlight the dynamics of CD5 expression as an indicator of CD8+ T cell differentiation status, and have implications for the development of predictive biomarker for ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Kim
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Kyung Na Rho
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Saei Jeong
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Gil-Woo Lee
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Lee
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
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7
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Chang Y, Kang P, Cui T, Guo W, Zhang W, Du P, Yi X, Guo S, Gao T, Li C, Li S. Pharmacological inhibition of demethylzeylasteral on JAK-STAT signaling ameliorates vitiligo. J Transl Med 2023; 21:434. [PMID: 37403086 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of CD8+ T cells and their trafficking to the skin through JAK-STAT signaling play a central role in the development of vitiligo. Thus, targeting this key disease pathway with innovative drugs is an effective strategy for treating vitiligo. Natural products isolated from medicinal herbs are a useful source of novel therapeutics. Demethylzeylasteral (T-96), extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, possesses immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS The efficacy of T-96 was tested in our mouse model of vitiligo, and the numbers of CD8+ T cells infiltration and melanocytes remaining in the epidermis were quantified using whole-mount tail staining. Immune regulation of T-96 in CD8+ T cells was evaluated using flow cytometry. Pull-down assay, mass spectrum analysis, molecular docking, knockdown and overexpression approaches were utilized to identify the target proteins of T-96 in CD8+ T cells and keratinocytes. RESULTS Here, we found that T-96 reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration in the epidermis using whole-mount tail staining and alleviated the extent of depigmentation to a comparable degree of tofacitinib (Tofa) in our vitiligo mouse model. In vitro, T-96 decreased the proliferation, CD69 membrane expression, and IFN-γ, granzyme B, (GzmB), and perforin (PRF) levels in CD8+ T cells isolated from patients with vitiligo. Pull-down assays combined with mass spectrum analysis and molecular docking showed that T-96 interacted with JAK3 in CD8+ T cell lysates. Furthermore, T-96 reduced JAK3 and STAT5 phosphorylation following IL-2 treatment. T-96 could not further reduce IFN-γ, GzmB and PRF expression following JAK3 knockdown or inhibit increased immune effectors expression upon JAK3 overexpression. Additionally, T-96 interacted with JAK2 in IFN-γ-stimulated keratinocytes, inhibiting the activation of JAK2, decreasing the total and phosphorylated protein levels of STAT1, and reducing the production and secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10. T-96 did not significantly inhibit STAT1 and CXCL9/10 expression following JAK2 knockdown, nor did it suppress upregulated STAT1-CXCL9/10 signaling upon JAK2 overexpression. Finally, T-96 reduced the membrane expression of CXCR3, and the culture supernatants pretreated with T-96 under IFN-γ stressed keratinocytes markedly blocked the migration of CXCR3+CD8+ T cells, similarly to Tofa in vitro. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that T-96 might have positive therapeutic responses to vitiligo by pharmacologically inhibiting the effector functions and skin trafficking of CD8+ T cells through JAK-STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengran Du
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Ning J, Wang J, Zheng H, Peng S, Mao T, Wang L, Yu G, Liu J, Liu S, Zhang T, Ding S, Lu F, Chen X. Solely HBsAg intrauterine exposure accelerates HBV clearance by promoting HBs-specific immune response in the mouse pups. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1356-1370. [PMID: 35538876 PMCID: PMC9132461 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2071172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to perinatal mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) remains a serious global public health problem. It has been shown that intrauterine exposure to HBV antigens might account for the MTIT-related chronic infection. However, whether hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) intrauterine exposure affected the offspring’s immune response against HBV and MTIT of HBV has not been fully clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects and the potential mechanisms of the HBsAg intrauterine exposure on the persistence of HBV replication using a solely HBsAg intrauterine exposure mice model. Our results revealed that solely HBsAg intrauterine exposure significantly accelerated the clearance of HBV when these mice were hydrodynamically injected with pBB4.5-HBV1.2 plasmids after birth, which may be due to the increased number of HBs-specific CD8+ T cells and interferon-gamma secretion in the liver of mice. Mechanismly, HBsAg intrauterine exposure activated antigen-presenting dendritic cells, which led to the generation of antigen-specific cellular immunological memory. Our data provide an important experimental evidence for the activation of neonatal immune response by HBsAg intrauterine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Beijing Artificial Liver Treatment & Training Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shigang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Rahimmanesh I, Tavangar M, Zahedi SN, Azizi Y, Khanahmad Shahreza H. Optimization of Culture Media for Ex vivo T-Cell Expansion for Adoptive T-Cell Therapy. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:94. [PMID: 36518860 PMCID: PMC9744083 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_349_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T-cell therapy is a promising treatment strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The ability of immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer of genetically modified T cells to generate powerful clinical responses has been highlighted by recent clinical success. Techniques which are used to expand large numbers of T cells from different sources are critical in adoptive cell therapy. In this study, we evaluated the expansion, proliferation, activation of T lymphocytes, in the presence of various concentrations of interleukin-2, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and insulin. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of different supplemented culture media on T cell expansion was evaluated using MTT assay. The expression level of the Ki-67 proliferation marker was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, flow cytometry analysis was performed to access T cell subpopulations. RESULTS Our results showed that supplemented culture media with an optimized concentration of PHA and interleukin-2 increased total fold expansion of T cells up to 500-fold with approximately 90% cell viability over 7 days. The quantitative assessment of Ki-67 in expanded T cells showed a significant elevation of this proliferation marker. Flow cytometry was also used to assess the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and the main expanded population was CD3+ CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we introduced a low-cost and rapid method to support the efficient expansion of T cells for adoptive cell therapy and other in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrsa Tavangar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Noushin Zahedi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yadollah Azizi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad Shahreza
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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T-cell dysfunction in the glioblastoma microenvironment is mediated by myeloid cells releasing interleukin-10. Nat Commun 2022; 13:925. [PMID: 35177622 PMCID: PMC8854421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, certain tumor types, such as Glioblastomas, are highly resistant due to their tumor microenvironment disabling the anti-tumor immune response. Here we show, by applying an in-silico multidimensional model integrating spatially resolved and single-cell gene expression data of 45,615 immune cells from 12 tumor samples, that a subset of Interleukin-10-releasing HMOX1+ myeloid cells, spatially localizing to mesenchymal-like tumor regions, drive T-cell exhaustion and thus contribute to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These findings are validated using a human ex-vivo neocortical glioblastoma model inoculated with patient derived peripheral T-cells to simulate the immune compartment. This model recapitulates the dysfunctional transformation of tumor infiltrating T-cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway rescues T-cell functionality both in our model and in-vivo, providing further evidence of IL-10 release being an important driving force of tumor immune escape. Our results thus show that integrative modelling of single cell and spatial transcriptomics data is a valuable tool to interrogate the tumor immune microenvironment and might contribute to the development of successful immunotherapies. The tumour microenvironment counteracts immune therapy in Glioblastomas. Authors show here, using spatially resolved and single cell transcriptomics, that dysfunctional T cells are induced by a myeloid cell subset via Interleukin-10 signalling, and inhibition of the downstream JAK/STAT pathway might restore glioblastoma immune therapy responsiveness.
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11
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Liu Y, Cong Y, Niu Y, Yuan Y, Tan F, Lai Q, Hu Y, Hou B, Li J, Lin C, Zheng H, Dong J, Tang J, Chen Q, Brzostek J, Zhang X, Chen XL, Wang HR, Gascoigne NRJ, Xu B, Lin SH, Fu G. Themis is indispensable for IL-2 and IL-15 signaling in T cells. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabi9983. [PMID: 35167340 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi9983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To perform their antiviral and antitumor functions, T cells must integrate signals both from the T cell receptor (TCR), which instruct the cell to remain quiescent or become activated, and from cytokines that guide cellular proliferation and differentiation. In mature CD8+ T cells, Themis has been implicated in integrating TCR and cytokine signals. We investigated whether Themis plays a direct role in cytokine signaling in mature T cells. Themis was required for IL-2- and IL-15-driven CD8+ T cell proliferation both in mice and in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that Themis promoted the activation of the transcription factor Stat and mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling downstream of cytokine receptors. Metabolomics and stable isotope tracing analyses revealed that Themis deficiency reduced glycolysis and serine and nucleotide biosynthesis, demonstrating a receptor-proximal requirement for Themis in triggering the metabolic changes that enable T cell proliferation. The cellular, metabolic, and biochemical defects caused by Themis deficiency were corrected in mice lacking both Themis and the phosphatase Shp1, suggesting that Themis mediates IL-2 and IL-15 receptor-proximal signaling by restraining the activity of Shp1. Together, these results not only shed light on the mechanisms of cytokine signaling but also provide new clues on manipulating T cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Cong
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yujia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fancheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Lai
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bowen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junchen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qinwei Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu-Hai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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12
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Lewis DA, Ly T. Cell Cycle Entry Control in Naïve and Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727441. [PMID: 34692683 PMCID: PMC8526999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play important roles in immunity and immuno-oncology. Upon antigen recognition and co-stimulation, naïve CD8+ T cells escape from dormancy to engage in a complex programme of cellular growth, cell cycle entry and differentiation, resulting in rapid proliferation cycles that has the net effect of producing clonally expanded, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). A fraction of activated T cells will re-enter dormancy by differentiating into memory T cells, which have essential roles in adaptive immunity. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cell cycle entry control in CD8+ T cells and crosstalk between these mechanisms and pathways regulating immunological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lewis
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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13
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Qin R, Zhao C, Wang CJ, Xu W, Zhao JY, Lin Y, Yuan YY, Lin PC, Li Y, Zhao S, Huang Y. Tryptophan potentiates CD8 + T cells against cancer cells by TRIP12 tryptophanylation and surface PD-1 downregulation. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002840. [PMID: 34326168 PMCID: PMC8323461 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan catabolites suppress immunity. Therefore, blocking tryptophan catabolism with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors is pursued as an anticancer strategy. METHODS The intracellular level of tryptophan and kynurenine was detected by mass spectrum analysis. The effect of tryptophan and IDO inhibitors on cell surface programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) level were measured by flow cytometry. A set of biochemical analyses were used to figure out the underlying mechanism. In vitro co-culture system, syngeneic mouse models, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate the role of tryptophan and IDO inhibitor in regulating the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Here, we reported that IDO inhibitors activated CD8+ T cells also by accumulating tryptophan that downregulated PD-1. Tryptophan and IDO inhibitors administration, both increased intracellular tryptophan, and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) overexpression decreased Jurkat and mice CD8+ T cell surface PD-1. Mechanistically, WARS tryptophanylated lysine 1136 of and activated E3 ligase TRIP12 to degrade NFATc1, a PD-1 transcription activator. SIRT1 de-tryptophanylated TRIP12 and reversed the effects of tryptophan and WARS on PD-1. Tryptophan or IDO inhibitors potentiated CD8+ T cells to induce apoptosis of co-cultured cancer cells, increased cancer-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and slowed down tumor growth of lung cancer in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the immune-activating efficacy of tryptophan, and suggested tryptophan supplemental may benefit IDO inhibitors and PD-1 blockade during anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lin
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Yuan
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Sohn M, Na HY, Shin HS, Ryu SH, Park S, In H, Choi W, Park JS, Hwang S, Chu MK, Park CG. Global Gene Expression of T Cells Is Differentially Regulated by Peritoneal Dendritic Cell Subsets in an IL-2 Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648348. [PMID: 34079542 PMCID: PMC8165281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) in peripheral tissues may have a unique role to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to antigens that enter the tissues. Peritoneal cavity is the body compartment surrounding various tissues and organs and housing diverse immune cells. Here, we investigated the specialized features of classical DC (cDC) subsets following the intraperitoneal injection of a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Peritoneal cDC1s were superior to cDC2s in activating OVA-specific CD8 T cells, while both cDCs were similar in stimulating OVA-specific CD4 T cells. Each peritoneal cDC subset differentially regulated the homing properties of CD8 T cells. CD8 T cells stimulated by cDC1s displayed a higher level of lung-homing receptor CCR4, whereas those stimulated by cDC2s prominently expressed various homing receptors including gut-homing molecules CCR9 and α4β7. Also, we found that cDC1s played a dominating role over cDC2s in controlling the overall gene expression of CD8 T cells. Soluble factor(s) emanating from CD8 T cells stimulated by peritoneal cDC1s were responsible for mediating this dominance of cDC1s, and we identified IL-2 as a soluble factor regulating the global gene expression of T cells. Collectively, our study indicates that different peritoneal cDC subsets effectively diversify T cell responses by altering the level of cytokines, such as IL-2, in the milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moah Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Na
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seul Hye Ryu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunju In
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wanho Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Soo Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soomin Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Kyung Chu
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, GENUV Inc., Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Zhang Z, Xiong D, Wang X, Liu H, Wang T. Mapping the functional landscape of T cell receptor repertoires by single-T cell transcriptomics. Nat Methods 2021; 18:92-99. [PMID: 33408405 PMCID: PMC7799492 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-01020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental and bioinformatics approaches have been developed to characterize the human T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. However, the unknown functional relevance of TCR profiling hinders unbiased interpretation of the biology of T cells. To address this inadequacy, we developed tessa, a tool to integrate TCRs with gene expression of T cells to estimate the effect that TCRs confer on the phenotypes of T cells. Tessa leveraged techniques combining single-cell RNA-sequencing with TCR sequencing. We validated tessa and showed its superiority over existing approaches that investigate only the TCR sequences. With tessa, we demonstrated that TCR similarity constrains the phenotypes of T cells to be similar and dictates a gradient in antigen targeting efficiency of T cell clonotypes with convergent TCRs. We showed this constraint could predict a functional dichotomization of T cells postimmunotherapy treatment and is weakened in tumor contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danyi Xiong
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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16
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Saleh R, Sasidharan Nair V, Al-Dhaheri M, Khawar M, Abu Nada M, Alajez NM, Elkord E. RNA-Seq Analysis of Colorectal Tumor-Infiltrating Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets Revealed Gene Signatures of Poor Prognosis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604906. [PMID: 33312958 PMCID: PMC7703275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), including polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) and immature MDSCs (I-MDSCs), are usually associated with disease progression in cancer patients, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, biological mechanisms and molecular pathways regulated by MDSC subpopulations in the CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been fully investigated. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of tumor-infiltrating I-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs isolated from tumor tissues of six CRC patients, compared to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We also compared the transcriptomic profiles of tumor-infiltrating PMN-MDSCs to I-MDSCs. Our results showed different molecular pathways regulated by each MDSC subset, potentially reflecting their phenotypical/molecular/functional characteristics in the CRC TME. Moreover, we identified gene signatures in PMN-MDSC and I-MDSC of poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset from patients with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). However, functional studies are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saleh
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mahwish Khawar
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nehad M Alajez
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Tang Y, Zhu L, Xu Q, Zhang X, Li B, Lee LJ. The co-stimulation of anti-CD28 and IL-2 enhances the sensitivity of ELISPOT assays for detection of neoantigen-specific T cells in PBMC. J Immunol Methods 2020; 484-485:112831. [PMID: 32758496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neoantigen-based cancer immunotherapies hold the promise of being a truly personalized, effective treatment for diverse cancer types. ELISPOT assays, as a powerful experimental technique, can verify the existence of antigen specific T cells to support basic clinical research and monitor clinical trials. However, despite the high sensitivity of ELISPOT assays, detecting immune responses of neoantigen specific T cells in a patient or healthy donor's PBMCs is still extremely difficult, since the frequency of these T cells can be very low. We developed a novel experimental method, by co-stimulation of T cells with anti-CD28 and IL-2 at the beginning of ELISPOT, to further increase the sensitivity of ELISPOT and mitigate the challenge introduced by low frequency T cells. Under the optimal concentration of 1 μg/ml for anti-CD28 and 1 U/ml for IL-2, an 11.7-fold increase of T cell response against CMV peptide was observed by using our method, and it outperforms other cytokine stimulation alternatives (5-10 folds). We also showed that this method can be effectively applied to detect neoantigen-specific T cells in healthy donors' and a melanoma patient's PBMCs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the co-stimulation of anti-CD28 and IL-2 is able to significantly improve the sensitivity of ELISPOT assays, indicating that anti-CD28 and IL-2 signaling can act in synergy to lower the T cell activation threshold and trigger more neoantigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Tang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Qumiao Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-GenoImmune, Wuhan 490079, China.
| | - Bo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-GenoImmune, Wuhan 490079, China.
| | - Leo J Lee
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-GenoImmune, Wuhan 490079, China; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada.
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18
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Kashiwakura Y, Kojima H, Kanno Y, Hashiguchi M, Kobata T. Heparin affects the induction of regulatory T cells independent of anti-coagulant activity and suppresses allogeneic immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:119-135. [PMID: 32562271 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used anti-coagulant that enhances anti-thrombin (AT) activity. However, heparin also suppresses immune and inflammatory responses in various rodent models and clinical trials, respectively. The mechanism by which heparin suppresses immune responses is unclear. The effect of heparin on regulatory T cells (Tregs ) in allogeneic immune responses was analysed using an acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) mouse model and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs). In-vitro culture systems were utilized to study the effects of heparin on Tregs . Heparin administration reduced mortality rates and increased the proportion of Tregs in the early post-transplantation period of aGVHD mice. In both murine and human MLRs, heparin increased Tregs and inhibited responder T cell proliferation. Heparin promoted functional CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg generation from naive CD4+ T cells, increased interleukin (IL)-2 production and enhanced the activation of pre-existing Tregs with IL-2. Heparin-induced Treg increases were not associated with anti-coagulant activity through AT, but required negatively charged sulphation of heparin. Importantly, N-acetyl heparin, a chemically modified heparin without anti-coagulant activity, induced Tregs and decreased mortality in aGVHD mice. Our results indicate that heparin contributes to Treg -mediated immunosuppression through IL-2 production and suggest that heparin derivatives may be useful for immunopathological control by efficient Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - H Kojima
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Y Kanno
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Hashiguchi
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kobata
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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19
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Ge W, Wang HY, Zhao HM, Liu XK, Zhong YB, Long J, Zuo ZY, Liu DY. Effect of Sishen Pill on Memory T Cells From Experimental Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:908. [PMID: 32714185 PMCID: PMC7343851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune memory has a protective effect on the human body, but abnormal immune memory is closely related to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sishen Pill (SSP) is a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, which is often used to treat chronic colitis, but it is not clear whether SSP can alleviate experimental colitis by remodeling immune memory. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of SSP on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was evaluated by colonic length, colonic weight index, macroscopic and microscopic scores, and pathological observation. The cytokine levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the percentages of central memory T (Tcm) and effector memory T (Tem) cells were analyze\d by flow cytometry; and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling proteins was measured by western blotting. After 7-days' treatment, SSP alleviated DSS-induced colitis, which was demonstrated by decreased colonic weight index, colonic weight, histopathological injury scores, restored colonic length, gradual recovery of colonic mucosa, and lower levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15, while SSP increased IL-10 expression. SSP obviously regulated the quantity and subpopulation of Tcm and Tem cells. Furthermore, SSP markedly inhibited activation of PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt, Id2, T-bet, forkhead box O3a, Noxa, and C-myc proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and activated Rictor, Raptor, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)1, TSC2, phospho-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-α, AMPK-α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2, kinesin family member 2a, and 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase. These results indicate that SSP effectively controls Tem cells in the peripheral blood to relieve experimental colitis induced by DSS, which were potentially related with inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Proctology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - You-Bao Zhong
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Long
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Zuo
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Pharmacology Office, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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20
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Araujo B de Lima V, Borch A, Hansen M, Draghi A, Spanggaard I, Rohrberg K, Reker Hadrup S, Lassen U, Svane IM. Common phenotypic dynamics of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes across different histologies upon checkpoint inhibition: impact on clinical outcome. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:204-213. [PMID: 32201034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the cancer therapeutic landscape and our perception of interactions between the immune system and tumor cells. Despite remarkable progress, disease relapse and primary resistance are not uncommon. Understanding the biological processes that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) undergo during ICI, how this affects the tumor microenvironment (TME) and, ultimately, clinical outcome is, therefore, necessary to further improve treatment efficacy. AIM In the current study, we sought to characterize TILs from patients with metastatic solid tumors undergoing ICI correlating flowcytometric findings with clinical outcome. METHODS In total, 20 patients with 10 different metastatic solid tumors treated with ICIs targeting programmed-cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 axis were included in this study. The phenotype of T cells deriving from biopsies obtained prior to treatment initiation and on-treatment was investigaded. Analyses were focused on T cells' degree of differentiation and activity and how they correlate with transcriptomic changes in the TME. RESULTS Data indicate that patients benefitting from ICIs accumulate CD8+central memory T cells. TILs developed an effector-like phenotype over time, which was also associated with a cytolytic gene signature. In terms of modulation of T-cell responses, we observed that high expression of checkpoint molecules pre-treatment (i.e., PD-1, lymphocyte activation gene-3 [LAG-3], B and T-lymphocyte attenuator [BTLA] and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing-3 [TIM-3]) was associated with similar gene signature and correlated to treatment benefit. Increasing expression of LAG-3 and BTLA in the CD8 compartment and their co-expression with PD-1 during treatment were, however, a common feature for patients who failed to respond to ICIs. CONCLUSIONS Besides identifying immune profiles suggestive of response to ICI, our results provide a more nuanced picture regarding expression of checkpoint molecules that goes beyond T-cell anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Borch
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Arianna Draghi
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Iben Spanggaard
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Oncology, Phase 1 Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Oncology, Phase 1 Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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21
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Shu CC, Wu LSH, Wu MF, Lai HC, Wang PH, Cheng SL, Wang JY, Yu CJ. Mono- and poly-functional T cells in nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease patients: Implications in analyzing risk of disease progression. Cytokine 2019; 120:176-185. [PMID: 31085455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AT A GLANCE The diagnosis and progression of nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTN-LD) are important for clinical judgement but cannot easily be predicted. The immunological response of mono- and poly-functional T cells, a representative of host reactivity to NTM, could be a surrogate biomarker for disease and progression prediction. BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and M. abscessus (MAB) induced lung disease (LD) have become a clinical concern. Predicting clinical disease relevance and progression is important, but suitable biomarkers are lacking. The host immune response of mono- and poly-functional T cells might aid in clinical judgement. METHODS We enrolled 140 participants, including 42 MAC-LD, 25 MAB-LD, 31 MAC airway colonization (MAC-Co), 15 MAB-Co patients, and 27 healthy controls. Their blood mono- and poly-functional T cells were measured and analyzed after in-vitro stimulation. RESULTS Patients with MAC-LD generally had lower total IFN-γ+, total TNF-α+ and triple-positive T cells but higher mono-IL-2+ expression than the controls and MAC-Co group. The MAB-LD group had lower total IL-2 and triple positive cells than the controls and colonization group. Multivariate analysis revealed that body mass index (BMI), mono-IL2+ CD4+ and triple positive-CD8+ cells (PMA stimulation) significantly predicted MAC-LD from the controls. By contrast, male gender and triple positive-CD4+ cells predicted MAC-LD from colonization. On the other hand, the triple positive-CD4+ cells (PMA stimulation) alone or together with the mock/MAB ratio of IL-2+/TNF-α+ CD4 cells could predict MAB-LD in the MAB-Co group or the controls. Among MAC/MAB-LD patients without anti-mycobacterial treatment, MAC-specific mono-IFN-γ+ CD4+ cells and PMA-induced triple positive-CD4+ cells were correlated with progression, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.875. CONCLUSIONS The patients with MAC/MAB-LD had attenuated poly-functional T cells. The triple-positive CD4+ cells could be useful in diagnosing disease from colonization. MAC-specific mono-IFN-γ+ CD4+ cells and triple positive-CD4+ might predict radiographic progression, which could be useful in making treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Fang Wu
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ping-Huai Wang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Lung Cheng
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan-Ze University, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
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22
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Astawa INM, Oka IBM, Dwinata IM. Antibody immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2a responses against some cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis in Balb/c mice. Vet World 2018; 11:1641-1647. [PMID: 30587902 PMCID: PMC6303487 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1641-1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2a are the surrogate markers respectively for humoral and cellular immune responses of hosts against antigens including cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis. A study was conducted to investigate the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of Balb/c mice against some individual cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis in an effort to determine the roles of each protein in inducing the humoral and cellular immune responses in host. Materials and Methods: Individual p71, p31, and p14 proteins of C. bovis were purified by separation of the proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution of individual proteins from the gel. Six female Balb/c mice were immunized 4 times at 10-day intervals with the crude cystic fluid proteins, and sera were collected for the measurement of IgG1 and IgG2a levels against the individual proteins. Sera samples collected before the first immunization were used as negative antibody control, sera samples collected after the fourth immunization were used as positive antibody control, and crude cystic fluid protein was used as positive antigen control. Results: All immunized mice were immune to p71, p31, p14, and crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis. The crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the first and the second immunizations but switched into a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Protein 71 kDa (p71) induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the fourth immunization. In contrast, p14 induced a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Low and balance IgG1 and IgG2a levels against p31 were observed following the first to the fourth immunizations. Conclusion: Using IgG1 and IgG2a levels as the surrogate markers, it appears that cystic fluid antigens of C. bovis induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in Balb/c mice. The p71 appears to be a better inducer of cellular immune response, whereas p14 is a better inducer of humoral immune response of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - I Made Dwinata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali 80232, Indonesia
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23
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Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Abondio P, De Fanti S, Sarno S, Sherpa MG, Sherpa PT, Marinelli G, Natali L, Di Marcello M, Peluzzi D, Luiselli D, Pettener D, Sazzini M. Evidence of Polygenic Adaptation to High Altitude from Tibetan and Sherpa Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2919-2930. [PMID: 30335146 PMCID: PMC6239493 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Tibetans and Sherpa present several physiological adjustments evolved to cope with selective pressures imposed by the high-altitude environment, especially hypobaric hypoxia, few selective sweeps at a limited number of hypoxia related genes were confirmed by multiple genomic studies. Nevertheless, variants at these loci were found to be associated only with downregulation of the erythropoietic cascade, which represents an indirect aspect of the considered adaptive phenotype. Accordingly, the genetic basis of Tibetan/Sherpa adaptive traits remains to be fully elucidated, in part due to limitations of selection scans implemented so far and mostly relying on the hard sweep model. In order to overcome this issue, we used whole-genome sequence data and several selection statistics as input for gene network analyses aimed at testing for the occurrence of polygenic adaptation in these high-altitude Himalayan populations. Being able to detect also subtle genomic signatures ascribable to weak positive selection at multiple genes of the same functional subnetwork, this approach allowed us to infer adaptive evolution at loci individually showing small effect sizes, but belonging to highly interconnected biological pathways overall involved in angiogenetic processes. Therefore, these findings pinpointed a series of selective events neglected so far, which likely contributed to the augmented tissue blood perfusion observed in Tibetans and Sherpa, thus uncovering the genetic determinants of a key biological mechanism that underlies their adaptation to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Natali
- Explora Nunaat International, Montorio al Vomano, Teramo, Italy.,Italian Institute of Human Paleontology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Peluzzi
- Explora Nunaat International, Montorio al Vomano, Teramo, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Davide Pettener
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Priego N, Zhu L, Monteiro C, Mulders M, Wasilewski D, Bindeman W, Doglio L, Martínez L, Martínez-Saez E, Ramón Y Cajal S, Megías D, Hernández-Encinas E, Blanco-Aparicio C, Martínez L, Zarzuela E, Muñoz J, Fustero-Torre C, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Hernández-Laín A, Bertero L, Poli V, Sanchez-Martinez M, Menendez JA, Soffietti R, Bosch-Barrera J, Valiente M. STAT3 labels a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes required for brain metastasis. Nat Med 2018; 24:1024-1035. [PMID: 29892069 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment imposes a particularly intense selective pressure on metastasis-initiating cells, but successful metastases bypass this control through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Reactive astrocytes are key components of this microenvironment that confine brain metastasis without infiltrating the lesion. Here, we describe that brain metastatic cells induce and maintain the co-option of a pro-metastatic program driven by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes surrounding metastatic lesions. These reactive astrocytes benefit metastatic cells by their modulatory effect on the innate and acquired immune system. In patients, active STAT3 in reactive astrocytes correlates with reduced survival from diagnosis of intracranial metastases. Blocking STAT3 signaling in reactive astrocytes reduces experimental brain metastasis from different primary tumor sources, even at advanced stages of colonization. We also show that a safe and orally bioavailable treatment that inhibits STAT3 exhibits significant antitumor effects in patients with advanced systemic disease that included brain metastasis. Responses to this therapy were notable in the central nervous system, where several complete responses were achieved. Given that brain metastasis causes substantial morbidity and mortality, our results identify a novel treatment for increasing survival in patients with secondary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neibla Priego
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Zhu
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cátia Monteiro
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manon Mulders
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Wasilewski
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wendy Bindeman
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Doglio
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Liliana Martínez
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Saez
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Lola Martínez
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- ProteoRed-ISCIII. Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- ProteoRed-ISCIII. Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Bertero
- Medical Sciences Department, Division of Pathology, University and City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Javier A Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Neuro-Oncology Department, University and City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was first described almost three decades ago as a Ca
2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription factor in T cells. Since then, a large body of research uncovered the regulation and physiological function of different NFAT homologues in the immune system and many other tissues. In this review, we will discuss novel roles of NFAT in T cells, focusing mainly on its function in humoral immune responses, immunological tolerance, and the regulation of immune metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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26
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Smith GA, Taunton J, Weiss A. IL-2Rβ abundance differentially tunes IL-2 signaling dynamics in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/510/eaan4931. [PMID: 29259099 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulates both activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to proliferate. IL-2 signals through an identical receptor complex and promotes the same dose-dependent phosphorylation of the canonical transcription factor STAT5 in both cell types. Despite this, CD8+ T cells enter the S phase earlier and proliferate to a greater extent than do CD4+ T cells in response to IL-2. We identified distinct IL-2 signaling dynamics in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In IL-2-stimulated CD8+ T cells, STAT5 phosphorylation increased rapidly and was sustained for 6 hours. In contrast, CD4+ T cells had a biphasic response, with maxima at 15 min and 2 to 4 hours after stimulation. Both cell types required vesicular trafficking, but only CD4+ T cells required new protein synthesis to maintain high phosphorylation of STAT5. Two subunits of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ, were twice as abundant in CD8+ T cells than in CD4+ T cells. Reduction of IL-2Rβ abundance by 50% was sufficient to convert CD8+ T cells to a CD4+ T cell-like signaling pattern and delay S phase entry. These results suggest that the larger pool of IL-2Rβ chains in CD8+ T cells is required to sustain IL-2 signaling and contributes to the quantitatively greater proliferative response to IL-2 relative to that of CD4+ T cells. This cell type-specific difference in IL-2Rβ abundance appears to tune responses, potentially preventing extensive, autoimmune proliferation of CD4+ T cells, while still enabling sufficient proliferation of CD8+ T cells to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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27
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Li Y, Strick-Marchand H, Lim AI, Ren J, Masse-Ranson G, Dan Li, Jouvion G, Rogge L, Lucas S, Bin Li, Di Santo JP. Regulatory T cells control toxicity in a humanized model of IL-2 therapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1762. [PMID: 29176694 PMCID: PMC5701141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While patient selection and clinical management have reduced high-dose IL-2 (HDIL2) immunotherapy toxicities, the immune mechanisms that underlie HDIL2-induced morbidity remain unclear. Here we show that dose-dependent morbidity and mortality of IL-2 immunotherapy can be modeled in human immune system (HIS) mice. Depletion of human T cell subsets during the HDIL2 treatment reduces toxicity, pointing to the central function of T cells. Preferential expansion of effector T cells secondary to defective suppressive capacity of regulatory T (Treg) cells after HDIL2 therapy further underscores the importance of Treg in the maintenance of immune tolerance. IL-2 toxicity is induced by selective depletion or inhibition of Treg after LDIL2 therapy, and is ameliorated in HDIL2-treated HIS mice receiving the PIM-1 kinase inhibitor, Kaempferol. Modeling IL-2 pathophysiology in HIS mice offers a means to understand the functions of effector and regulatory T cells in immune-mediated toxicities associated with cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Helene Strick-Marchand
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Jiazi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Guillemette Masse-Ranson
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200025, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Lars Rogge
- Institut Pasteur, Immunoregulation Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, and WELBIO, B1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200025, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, 75724, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1223, 75724, Paris, France.
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28
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Vaeth M, Maus M, Klein-Hessling S, Freinkman E, Yang J, Eckstein M, Cameron S, Turvey SE, Serfling E, Berberich-Siebelt F, Possemato R, Feske S. Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry Controls Clonal Expansion of T Cells through Metabolic Reprogramming. Immunity 2017; 47:664-679.e6. [PMID: 29030115 PMCID: PMC5683398 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is the main Ca2+ influx pathway in lymphocytes and is essential for T cell function and adaptive immunity. SOCE is mediated by Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels that are activated by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 and STIM2. SOCE regulates many Ca2+-dependent signaling molecules, including calcineurin, and inhibition of SOCE or calcineurin impairs antigen-dependent T cell proliferation. We here report that SOCE and calcineurin regulate cell cycle entry of quiescent T cells by controlling glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. SOCE directs the metabolic reprogramming of naive T cells by regulating the expression of glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and metabolic regulators through the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and the PI3K-AKT kinase-mTOR nutrient-sensing pathway. We propose that SOCE controls a critical "metabolic checkpoint" at which T cells assess adequate nutrient supply to support clonal expansion and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mate Maus
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Scott Cameron
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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IL-12 stimulates CTLs to secrete exosomes capable of activating bystander CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13365. [PMID: 29042682 PMCID: PMC5645350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against intracellular pathogens is generally accomplished by immense CTL expansion and activation, which can destroy infected cells. Vigorous immune responses can lead to activation of bystander CD8+ T cells, but the contribution from antigen-specific CTLs is not well understood. We found that CTLs secrete extracellular vesicles following antigen stimulation. These CTL-derived vesicles contain CTL proteins and exhibit markers and size profiles consistent with exosomes. Interestingly, further stimulation of CTLs with IL-12 impacts exosome size and leads to selective enrichment of certain exosomal proteins. More important, exosomes from IL-12-stimulated CTLs directly activated bystander naïve CD8+ T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFNγ) and granzyme B (GZB) in the absence of antigens, whereas control exosomes derived from antigen-stimulated CTLs did not. In addition, IL-12 induced exosomes are able to strengthen the effects of weak antigen stimulation on CTLs. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that IL-12 stimulation alters catalytic and binding activities of proteins in CTL exosomes. Our findings indicate that the biological function and morphology of exosomes secreted by CTLs can be influenced by the type of stimulation CTLs receive. Thus, a fully functional, ongoing, antigen-specific CTL response may influence bystander CD8+ T cells through secretion of exosomes.
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Interleukin-7 Availability Is Maintained by a Hematopoietic Cytokine Sink Comprising Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:171-182.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Nguyen HH, Kim T, Song SY, Park S, Cho HH, Jung SH, Ahn JS, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Kim HO, Cho JH, Yang DH. Naïve CD8(+) T cell derived tumor-specific cytotoxic effectors as a potential remedy for overcoming TGF-β immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28208. [PMID: 27306834 PMCID: PMC4910083 DOI: 10.1038/srep28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the potential implications for cancer immunotherapy, conventional approaches using in vitro expanded CD8+ T cells have suboptimal outcomes, mostly due to loss of functionality from cellular exhaustion. We therefore investigated the phenotypic and functional differences among in vitro activated CD8+ T cells of three different sources, namely naïve (NTeff), memory (MTeff) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILeff) from human and mice, to better understand mechanisms behind potent effector functions and potential for overcoming current limitations. In line with the greater proliferation activity and longer telomere lengths of NTeff populations, cells of naïve origin exhibited significantly less amounts of T cell exhaustion markers than those of MTeff and TILeff, and moreover, acquired distinct expression patterns of memory-promoting transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, induced in a rapid and sustainable manner. NTeff cells appeared to have lower expression of Foxp1 and were refractory to apoptosis upon TGF-β conditioning, implying better survival potential and resistance to tumor-induced immune suppression. Of CD8+ T cell pools activated to tumor-specific CTLs, naïve cell generated effectors possessed the most potent cytotoxic activity, validating implications for use in rational design of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hanh Nguyen
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Therasa Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Song
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Somang Park
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Hee Cho
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ahn
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ok Kim
- Academy of Immunology &Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Academy of Immunology &Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
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Voisinne G, Nixon BG, Melbinger A, Gasteiger G, Vergassola M, Altan-Bonnet G. T Cells Integrate Local and Global Cues to Discriminate between Structurally Similar Antigens. Cell Rep 2016; 11:1208-19. [PMID: 26004178 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes’ ability to discriminate between structurally related antigens has been attributed to the unique signaling properties of the T cell receptor. However, recent studies have suggested that the output of this discrimination process is conditioned by environmental cues. Here, we demonstrate how the IL-2 cytokine, collectively generated by strongly activated T cell clones, can induce weaker T cell clones to proliferate. We identify the PI3K pathway as being critical for integrating the antigen and cytokine responses and for controlling cell-cycle entry. We build a hybrid stochastic/deterministic computational model that accounts for such signal synergism and demonstrates quantitatively how T cells tune their cell-cycle entry according to environmental cytokine cues. Our findings indicate that antigen discrimination by T cells is not solely an intrinsic cellular property but rather a product of integration of multiple cues, including local cues such as antigen quality and quantity, to global ones like the extracellular concentration of inflammatory cytokines.
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Tsuchiya Y, Naito T, Tenno M, Maruyama M, Koseki H, Taniuchi I, Naoe Y. ThPOK represses CXXC5, which induces methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 in Cd40lg promoter by association with SUV39H1: implications in repression of CD40L expression in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:327-38. [PMID: 26896487 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0915-396rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 ligand is induced in CD4(+) Th cells upon TCR stimulation and provides an activating signal to B cells, making CD40 ligand an important molecule for Th cell function. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms, whereby CD40 ligand becomes expressed on the cell surface in T cells remain unclear. Here, we showed that CD40 ligand expression in CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells was suppressed by combined epigenetic regulations in the promoter region of the Cd40lg gene, such as the methylation of CpG dinucleotides, histone H3 lysine 9, histone H3 lysine 27, and histone H4 lysine 20. As the transcription factor Th-inducing pox virus and zinc finger/Kruppel-like factor (encoded by the Zbtb7b gene) is critical in Th cell development, we focused on the role of Th-inducing pox virus and zinc finger/Kruppel-like factor in CD40 ligand expression. We found that CD40 ligand expression is moderately induced by retroviral Thpok transduction into CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, which was accompanied by a reduction of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in the promoter region of the Cd40lg gene. Th-inducing pox virus and zinc finger/Kruppel-like factor directly inhibited the expression of murine CXXC5, a CXXC-type zinc finger protein that induced histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, in part, through an interaction with the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1. In addition, to inhibit CD40 ligand induction in activated CD4(+) T cells by the CXXC5 transgene, our findings indicate that CXXC5 was one of the key molecules contributing to repressing CD40 ligand expression in CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Tsuchiya
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Naito
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Mari Tenno
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Mitsuo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Yoshinori Naoe
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan;
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Effects of Combined CCR5/Integrase Inhibitors-Based Regimen on Mucosal Immunity in HIV-Infected Patients Naïve to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Pilot Randomized Trial. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005381. [PMID: 26795282 PMCID: PMC4721954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens aimed at achieving greater concentrations within gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) impacts the level of mucosal immune reconstitution, inflammatory markers and the viral reservoir remains unknown. We included 12 HIV- controls and 32 ART-naïve HIV patients who were randomized to efavirenz, maraviroc or maraviroc+raltegravir, each with fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine. Rectal and duodenal biopsies were obtained at baseline and at 9 months of ART. We performed a comprehensive assay of T-cell subsets by flow cytometry, T-cell density in intestinal biopsies, plasma and tissue concentrations of antiretroviral drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), soluble CD14 (sCD14) and zonulin-1 each measured by ELISA. Total cell-associated HIV DNA was measured in PBMC and rectal and duodenal mononuclear cells. Twenty-six HIV-infected patients completed the follow-up. In the duodenum, the quadruple regimen resulted in greater CD8+ T-cell density decline, greater normalization of mucosal CCR5+CD4+ T-cells and increase of the naïve/memory CD8+ T-cell ratio, and a greater decline of sCD14 levels and duodenal HIV DNA levels (P = 0.004 and P = 0.067, respectively), with no changes in HIV RNA in plasma or tissue. Maraviroc showed the highest drug distribution to the gut tissue, and duodenal concentrations correlated well with other T-cell markers in duodenum, i.e., the CD4/CD8 ratio, %CD4+ and %CD8+ HLA-DR+CD38+ T-cells. Maraviroc use elicited greater activation of the mucosal naïve CD8+ T-cell subset, ameliorated the distribution of the CD8+ T-cell maturational subsets and induced higher improvement of zonulin-1 levels. These data suggest that combined CCR5 and integrase inhibitor based combination therapy in ART treatment naïve patients might more effectively reconstitute duodenal immunity, decrease inflammatory markers and impact on HIV persistence by cell-dependent mechanisms, and show unique effects of MVC in duodenal immunity driven by higher drug tissue penetration and possibly by class-dependent effects.
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35
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A septin requirement differentiates autonomous and contact-facilitated T cell proliferation. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:315-22. [PMID: 26692174 PMCID: PMC4755847 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell proliferation is initiated by T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggering and/or by soluble growth factors. In characterizing T cells lacking the septin cytoskeleton, we found that successful cell division has discrete septin-dependent and -independent pathways. Septin-deficient T cells failed cytokinesis when prompted by pharmacological activation or cytokines. In contrast, cell division was independent of septins when cell-cell contacts, such as those from antigen-presenting cells, provided a niche. This septin-independent pathway was mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase activation through a combination of integrins and co-stimulatory signals. We could differentiate cytokine- versus antigen-driven expansion in vivo and thus demonstrate that targeting septins has strong potential to moderate detrimental bystander or homeostatic cytokine-driven proliferation without influencing expansion driven by conventional antigen-presentation.
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Geest KSM, Abdulahad WH, Teteloshvili N, Tete SM, Peters JH, Horst G, Lorencetti PG, Bos NA, Lambeck A, Roozendaal C, Kroesen B, Koenen HJPM, Joosten I, Brouwer E, Boots AMH. Low-affinity TCR engagement drives IL-2-dependent post-thymic maintenance of naive CD4+ T cells in aged humans. Aging Cell 2015; 14:744-53. [PMID: 26010129 PMCID: PMC4568962 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into the maintenance of naive T cells is essential to understand defective immune responses in the context of aging and other immune compromised states. In humans, naive CD4+ T cells, in contrast to CD8+ T cells, are remarkably well retained with aging. Here, we show that low-affinity TCR engagement is the main driving force behind the emergence and accumulation of naive-like CD4+ T cells with enhanced sensitivity to IL-2 in aged humans. In vitro, we show that these CD45RA(+) CD25(dim) CD4(+) T cells can develop from conventional naive CD25(-) CD4+ T cells upon CD3 cross-linking alone, in the absence of costimulation, rather than via stimulation by the homeostatic cytokines IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15. In vivo, TCR engagement likely occurs in secondary lymphoid organs as these cells were detected in lymph nodes and spleen where they showed signs of recent activation. CD45RA(+) CD25(dim) CD4+ T cells expressed a broad TCRVβ repertoire and could readily differentiate into functional T helper cells. Strikingly, no expansion of CD45RA(+) CD25(dim) CD8+ T cells was detected with aging, thereby implying that maintenance of naive CD4+ T cells is uniquely regulated. Our data provide novel insight into the homeostasis of naive T cells and may guide the development of therapies to preserve or restore immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S. M. Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nato Teteloshvili
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 19713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M. Tete
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jorieke H. Peters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine – Medical Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gerda Horst
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pedro G. Lorencetti
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Annechien Lambeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Roozendaal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Bart‐Jan Kroesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine – Medical Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine – Medical Immunology Radboud University Medical Centre Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M. H. Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
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Johnson CB, Riesenberg BP, May BR, Gilreath SC, Li G, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Garrett-Mayer E, Mehrotra S, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. Effector CD8+ T-cell Engraftment and Antitumor Immunity in Lymphodepleted Hosts Is IL7Rα Dependent. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1364-74. [PMID: 26297711 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0087-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy, in which activated tumor-reactive T cells are transferred into lymphodepleted recipients, is a promising cancer treatment option. Activation of T cells decreases IL7 responsiveness; therefore, IL15 is generally considered the main driver of effector T-cell responses in this setting. However, we found in lymphodepleted mice that CD8(+) T cells activated with IL12 showed enhanced engraftment that was initially dependent on host IL7, but not IL15. Mechanistically, enhanced IL7 responsiveness was conferred by elevated IL7Rα expression, which was critical for antitumor immunity. Elevated IL7Rα expression was achievable without IL12, as polyclonal CD8(+) T cells activated with high T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation depended on T-cell IL7Rα expression and host IL7 for maximal engraftment. Finally, IL12 conditioning during the activation of human CD8(+) T cells, including TCR-modified T cells generated using a clinically relevant protocol, led to enhanced IL7Rα expression. Our results demonstrate the importance of the donor IL7Rα/host IL7 axis for effector CD8(+) T-cell engraftment and suggest novel strategies to improve adoptive cellular therapy as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Brian P Riesenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bennett R May
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stuart C Gilreath
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Lashine YA, Salah S, Aboelenein HR, Abdelaziz AI. Correcting the expression of miRNA-155 represses PP2Ac and enhances the release of IL-2 in PBMCs of juvenile SLE patients. Lupus 2014; 24:240-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314552117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 is involved in immune cell, differentiation, maturation and function. MiR-155 showed variable dysregulated expression in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MiR-155 was previously confirmed to directly target CAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which was previously identified as a positive regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A is a key negative regulator of interleukin-2, which is an important immune modulator and was previously shown to be decreased in SLE. In this study we aimed at investigating the regulation of PP2A by miR-155 and hence its role in juvenile SLE disease pathogenesis. MiR-155 showed significant downregulation in PBMCs from juvenile SLE and juvenile familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and significant upregulation in PBMCs from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. In SLE, miR-155 expression was negatively correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score and proteinuria and was positively correlated with white blood cell (WBC) count. The mRNA of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) showed significant upregulation in PBMCs from SLE and FMF but not in JIA patients. Additionally, the relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA was positively correlated with SLEDAI score. Forced expression of miR-155 led to decreased relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA and increased IL-2 release in cultured-stimulated PBMCs. This study suggests for the first time the possible role of an miR-155-PP2Ac loop in regulating IL-2 release and identifies miR-155 as a potential therapeutic target in juvenile SLE disease through relieving IL-2 from the inhibitory role of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lashine
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salah
- Abou el Reesh Pediatric Hospital, Kasr Al Aini, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H R Aboelenein
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A I Abdelaziz
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Setia S, Nehru B, Sanyal SN. The PI3K/Akt pathway in colitis associated colon cancer and its chemoprevention with celecoxib, a Cox-2 selective inhibitor. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:721-7. [PMID: 25107843 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenesis and angiogenesis are the two major pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Oncogenesis involves the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, both of which are upregulated in several types of cancers. We established animal model of ulcerative colitis, colon cancer and colitis associated colon cancer by the incorporation of dextran sufate sodium (DSS) and dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), alone as well as in combination. Apart from the gross morphological analysis, we presently explored the role of various components of the oncogenic pathways, including PI3K, p-Akt, PTEN, PDK1, mTOR, GSK-3β, Wnt and β-catenin and found the elevated levels of these proteins, except the tumor suppressors PTEN and GSK-3β, whose levels were downregulated in both inflammatory and carcinogenic conditions. We also studied the protein expression of some major angiogenic agents, such as Vegf, MMP-2, MMP-9 and iNOS. The angiogenic pathway was also upregulated presently in the DSS, DMH and DSS+DMH groups. Also, the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which lead to oxidative stress, were found to be elevated in these groups. All these effects were brought towards normal by the co-administration of celecoxib, a second generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with DSS, DMH and their combinatorial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Setia
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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