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Gardet M, Haigh O, Meurisse F, Coindre S, Dimant N, Desjardins D, Bourgeois C, Goujard C, Vaslin B, Relouzat F, Le Grand R, Lambotte O, Favier B. Identification of macaque dendritic cell precursors in blood and tissue reveals their dysregulation in early SIV infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113994. [PMID: 38530856 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets play important roles in shaping immune responses. Circulating DC precursors (pre-DCs) are more susceptible to HIV infection in vitro, which may explain the inefficiency of immune responses against HIV. However, the interplay between HIV and pre-DC is not defined in vivo. We identify human pre-DC equivalents in the cynomolgus macaque and then analyze their dynamics during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to illustrate a sharp decrease of blood pre-DCs in early SIV infection and accumulation in lymph nodes (LNs), where they neglect to upregulate CD83/CD86 or MHC-II. Additionally, SIV infection attenuates the capacity of stimulated LN pre-DCs to produce IL-12p40. Analysis of HIV cohorts provides correlation between costimulatory molecule expression on pre-DCs and T cell activation in spontaneous HIV controllers. These findings pinpoint certain dynamics and functional changes of pre-DCs during SIV infection, providing a deeper understanding of immune dysregulation mechanisms elicited in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Gardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Oscar Haigh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florian Meurisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sixtine Coindre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Paris-Saclay University Hospital Group, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), INSERM U1018, University Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Paris-Saclay University Hospital Group, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Song J, Wang M, Zhou L, Tian P, Sun Z, Sun J, Wang X, Zhuang G, Jiang D, Wu Y, Zhang G. A candidate nanoparticle vaccine comprised of multiple epitopes of the African swine fever virus elicits a robust immune response. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:424. [PMID: 37964304 PMCID: PMC10647103 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever (ASF) pandemics pose a significant threat to the global swine industry, and the development of safe and effective vaccines is a daunting but necessary challenge. The level and persistence of immunity are very important for the effectiveness of the vaccine. Targeting antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs) can greatly enhance immunogenicity. In this study, we developed a self-assembled nano-ASFV vaccine candidate (NanoFVax) targeting DCs, by covalently coupling the self-assembled 24-mer ferritin with the dominant B and T cell epitopes of the highly immunogenic ASFV antigen (p72, CD2v, pB602L and p30) and fused with the chemokine receptor XCL1 (a DC targeting molecule) through the SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligase system. Compared to monomeric protein, the nanoparticle vaccines can induce a more robust T-cell response, and the high-level antibody response against ASFV can last for more than 231 days. Therefore, the NanoFVax is a novel and promising vaccine candidate for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengxiang Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Panpan Tian
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - ZhuoYa Sun
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junru Sun
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuannian Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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3
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Domenjo-Vila E, Casella V, Iwabuchi R, Fossum E, Pedragosa M, Castellví Q, Cebollada Rica P, Kaisho T, Terahara K, Bocharov G, Argilaguet J, Meyerhans A. XCR1+ DCs are critical for T cell-mediated immunotherapy of chronic viral infections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112123. [PMID: 36795562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of cross-presenting XCR1+ dendritic cells (DCs) and SIRPα+ DCs in maintaining T cell function during exhaustion and immunotherapeutic interventions of chronic infections remains poorly characterized. Using the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection, we found that XCR1+ DCs are more resistant to infection and highly activated compared with SIRPα+ DCs. Exploiting XCR1+ DCs via Flt3L-mediated expansion or XCR1-targeted vaccination notably reinvigorates CD8+ T cells and improves virus control. Upon PD-L1 blockade, XCR1+ DCs are not required for the proliferative burst of progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (TPEX) cells but are indispensable to sustain the functionality of exhausted CD8+ T (TEX) cells. Combining anti-PD-L1 therapy with increased frequency of XCR1+ DCs improves functionality of TPEX and TEX subsets, while increase of SIRPα+ DCs dampened their proliferation. Together, this demonstrates that XCR1+ DCs are crucial for the success of checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies through differential activation of exhausted CD8+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domenjo-Vila
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Even Fossum
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quim Castellví
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Cebollada Rica
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Effective innate immune response in natural HIV-1 controllers. Can mimicking lead to novel preventive and cure strategies against HIV-1? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:308-314. [PMID: 35938465 PMCID: PMC9415221 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 controller individuals represents a model that can be useful for the development of novel vaccines and therapies. Initial studies pointed to the involvement of improved adaptive immunity, however, new emerging evidence suggests the contribution of innate cells to effective antiviral responses in spontaneous controllers. Therefore, understanding the alterations on innate cell subsets might be crucial to develop new effective therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Among different innate immune cells, dendritic cell (DC) and natural killer (NK) cell are essential for effective antiviral responses. DC from controllers display improved innate detection of HIV-1 transcripts, higher induction of interferons, higher antigen presenting capacities and increased metabolism and higher capacities to induce polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. Such properties have been mimicked by Toll-like receptor ligands and applied to DC-based immunotherapies in humans and in animal models. NK cells from controllers display higher expression of activating receptors promoting increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural cytotoxicity activities. Neutralizing antibodies in combination with interleukin-15 superagonist or interferon-α can increase ADCC and cytotoxicity in NK cells from HIV-1 progressors. SUMMARY Mimicking DC and NK cell innate profiles in controllers has become a promising strategy to step forward a novel efficient immunotherapy against the HIV-1 infection.
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5
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Tesfaye DY, Bobic S, Lysén A, Huszthy PC, Gudjonsson A, Braathen R, Bogen B, Fossum E. Targeting Xcr1 on Dendritic Cells Rapidly Induce Th1-Associated Immune Responses That Contribute to Protection Against Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:752714. [PMID: 35296089 PMCID: PMC8918470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.752714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting antigen to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) can improve antigen-specific immune responses and additionally be used to influence the polarization of the immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which this is achieved are less clear. To improve our understanding, we here evaluate molecular and cellular requirements for CD4+ T cell and antibody polarization after immunization with Xcl1-fusion vaccines that specifically target cDC1s. Xcl1-fusion vaccines induced an IgG2a/IgG2b-dominated antibody response and rapid polarization of Th1 cells both in vitro and in vivo. For comparison, we included fliC-fusion vaccines that almost exclusively induced IgG1, despite inducing a more mixed polarization of T cells. Th1 polarization and IgG2a induction with Xcl1-fusion vaccines required IL-12 secretion but were nevertheless maintained in BATF3-/- mice which lack IL-12-secreting migratory DCs. Interestingly, induction of IgG2a-dominated responses was highly dependent on the early kinetics of Th1 induction and was important for optimal protection in an influenza infection model. Early Th1 induction was dominant, since a combined Xcl1- and fliC-fusion vaccine induced IgG2a/IgG2b polarized antibody responses similar to Xcl1-fusion vaccines alone. In summary, our results demonstrate that targeting antigen to Xcr1+ cDC1s is an efficient strategy for enhancing IgG2a antibody responses through rapid Th1 induction, which can be utilized for improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demo Yemane Tesfaye
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Bobic
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Lysén
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Csaba Huszthy
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnar Gudjonsson
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranveig Braathen
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Even Fossum,
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6
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Lysén A, Gudjonsson A, Tesfaye DY, Bobic S, Bern M, Bogen B, Fossum E. Intranasal delivery of a cDC1 targeted influenza vaccine with poly(I:C) enhances T cell responses and protects against influenza infection. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13128. [PMID: 34923667 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeting antigens to dendritic cells represent a promising method for enhancing immune responses against specific antigens. However, many studies have focused on systemic delivery (intravenous or intraperitoneally) of targeted antigen, approaches that are not easily transferable to humans. Here we evaluate the efficacy of an influenza vaccine targeting Xcr1+ cDC1 administered by intranasal immunization. Intranasal delivery of antigen fused to the chemokine Xcl1, the ligand of Xcr1, resulted in specific uptake by lung CD103+ cDC1. Interestingly, intranasal immunization with influenza A/PR/8/34 haemagglutinin (HA) fused to Xcl1, formulated with poly(I:C), resulted in enhanced induction of antigen-specific IFNγ+ CD4+ and IFNγ+ CD8+ T cell responses in lung compared non-targeted anti-NIP-HA (αNIP-HA). Induction of antibody responses was, however, similar in Xcl1-HA and αNIP-HA immunized mice, but significantly higher than in mice immunized with monomeric HA. Both Xcl1-HA and αNIP-HA vaccines induced full protection when mice were challenged with a lethal dose of influenza PR8 virus, reflecting the strong induction of HA-specific antibodies. Our results demonstrate that i.n. delivery of Xcl1-HA is a promising vaccine strategy for enhancing T cell responses in addition to inducing strong antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lysén
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnar Gudjonsson
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Demo Yemane Tesfaye
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Bobic
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Mair F, Liechti T. Comprehensive Phenotyping of Human Dendritic Cells and Monocytes. Cytometry A 2020; 99:231-242. [PMID: 33200508 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which include dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are essential for inducing and steering adaptive T-cell responses. Recent technological developments in single-cell analysis have significantly advanced our understanding of APC subset heterogeneity. To accurately resolve this functional diversity and to account for tissue-specific adaptation, novel phenotyping markers have been described more recently. While some of these largely overlap with traditionally used markers, more fine-grained phenotyping might be essential during inflammatory settings, where the traditional distinction between monocytes and dendritic cells has become blurred. Within this phenotype report, we provide a concise overview of traditional and recently described markers for the phenotyping of DCs and monocytes in the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Liechti
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Xu F, He D, Ning R, Zeng B, Thompson CW, Li Y, Wang D, Li Y. Genetic diversity of chemokine XCL1 and its receptor XCR1 in murine rodents. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:80-88. [PMID: 31026469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine ligand XCL1 plays critical roles in immune responses with diverse physiological and pathological implications through interactions with a cognate G protein-coupled receptor XCR1. To shed insight into their versatile nature, we analyzed genetic variations of XCL1 and XCR1 in murine rodents, including commonly-used model organisms Mus musculus (house mouse) and Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat). Our results showed that adaptive selection has contributed to the genetic diversification of these proteins in murine lineage. Moreover, in both M. musculus and R. norvegicus, the chemokine and its receptor exhibit similar signs of selective sweeps resulting from positive selection. In light of currently available structural and interaction information for chemokines and their receptors, the similarity of XCL1/XCR1 evolutionary patterns among murine species and the parallels of their evolutionary footprints within individual species suggest that interplay could exist between the adaptively selected changes, or between the domains on which the identified changes are located, and consequently preserve the physiological interaction of XCL1 and XCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cody W Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ying Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Gudjonsson A, Andersen TK, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Bogen B, Fossum E. Endocytosis Deficient Murine Xcl1-Fusion Vaccine Enhances Protective Antibody Responses in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1086. [PMID: 31156636 PMCID: PMC6533920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting antigen to surface receptors on dendritic cells (DCs) can improve antibody response against subunit vaccines. We have previously observed that human XCL1-fusion vaccines target murine Xcr1+ DCs without actively inducing endocytosis of the antigen, resulting in enhanced antibody responses in mice. However, the use of foreign chemokines for targeting is undesirable when translating this observation to human or veterinary medicine due to potential cross-reactive responses against the endogenous chemokine. Here we have identified a mutant version of murine Xcl1, labeled Xcl1(Δ1) owing to removal of a conserved valine in position 1 of the mature chemokine, that retains specific binding to Xcr1+ DCs without inducing endocytosis of the receptor. DNA immunization with Xcl1(Δ1) conjugated to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) induced improved antibody responses, with higher end point titers of IgG compared to WT Xcl1-HA. The Xcl1(Δ1) fusion vaccine also resulted in an increased number of HA reactive germinal center B cells with higher avidity toward the antigen, and serum transfer experiments show that Xcl1(Δ1)-HA induced antibody responses provided better protection against influenza infection as compared to WT Xcl1-HA. In summary, our observations indicate that targeting antigen to Xcr1+ DCs in an endocytosis deficient manner enhances antibody responses. This effect was obtained by introducing a single mutation to Xcl1, suggesting our strategy may easily be translated to human or veterinary vaccine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Gudjonsson
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Kristian Andersen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Alaoui L, Palomino G, Zurawski S, Zurawski G, Coindre S, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Lecuroux C, Goujard C, Vaslin B, Bourgeois C, Roques P, Le Grand R, Lambotte O, Favier B. Early SIV and HIV infection promotes the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1871-1887. [PMID: 29134249 PMCID: PMC11105587 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) play a pivotal role in the early events that tip the immune response toward persistence or viral control. In vitro studies indicate that HIV infection induces the dysregulation of cDCs through binding of the LILRB2 inhibitory receptor to its MHC-I ligands and the strength of this interaction was proposed to drive disease progression. However, the dynamics of the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs during early immune responses against HIV are yet unknown. Here, we show that early HIV-1 infection induces a strong and simultaneous increase of LILRB2 and MHC-I expression on the surface of blood cDCs. We further characterized the early dynamics of LILRB2 and MHC-I expression by showing that SIVmac251 infection of macaques promotes coordinated up-regulation of LILRB2 and MHC-I on cDCs and monocytes/macrophages, from blood and lymph nodes. Orientation towards the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis starts from the first days of infection and is transiently induced in the entire cDC population in acute phase. Analysis of the factors involved indicates that HIV-1 replication, TLR7/8 triggering, and treatment by IL-10 or type I IFNs increase LILRB2 expression. Finally, enhancement of the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis is specific to HIV-1 and SIVmac251 infections, as expression of LILRB2 on cDCs decreased in naturally controlled chikungunya virus infection of macaques. Altogether, our data reveal a unique up-regulation of LILRB2 and its MHC-I ligands on cDCs in the early phase of SIV/HIV infection, which may account for immune dysregulation at a critical stage of the anti-viral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamine Alaoui
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gustavo Palomino
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sandy Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Sixtine Coindre
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Camille Lecuroux
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, IBJF, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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11
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Yao WR, Li D, Yu L, Wang FJ, Xing H, Yang GB. The levels of DNGR-1 and its ligand-bearing cells were altered after human and simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunol Res 2018; 65:869-879. [PMID: 28478499 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell NK lectin Group Receptor-1 (DNGR-1), also known as C-type lectin domain family 9, member A (CLEC9A), is a member of C-type lectin receptor superfamily expressed primarily on dendritic cells (DC) that excel in cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. To find out whether and how it is affected in human immunodeficiency virus infections or acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS), DNGR-1 expression and DNGR-1-binding cells in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated AIDS patients were examined by real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. DNGR-1 expression was observed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues including gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of rhesus macaques. DNGR-1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the blood while significantly elevated in the GALT of SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques. DNGR-1 transcription levels were also significantly reduced in the blood of ART-treated AIDS patients irrespective of viral status. White blood cells with exposed DNGR-1 ligands were significantly increased in ART-treated AIDS patients, while significantly decreased in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. These data indicate that DNGR-1 expression, and by extension, the function of cross-presentation of antigens associated with dead/damaged cells might be compromised in HIV/SIV infection, which might play a role in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis and should be taken into consideration in therapeutic AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rong Yao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Jie Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xing
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Prime and Boost Vaccination Elicit a Distinct Innate Myeloid Cell Immune Response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3087. [PMID: 29449630 PMCID: PMC5814452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the innate immune response to vaccination is critical in vaccine design. Here, we studied blood innate myeloid cells after first and second immunization of cynomolgus macaques with the modified vaccinia virus Ankara. The inflammation at the injection site was moderate and resolved faster after the boost. The blood concentration of inflammation markers increased after both injections but was lower after the boost. The numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells were transiently affected by vaccination, but without any major difference between prime and boost. However, phenotyping deeper those cells with mass cytometry unveiled their high phenotypic diversity with subsets responding differently after each injection, some enriched only after the primary injection and others only after the boost. Actually, the composition in subphenotype already differed just before the boost as compared to just before the prime. Multivariate analysis identified the key features that contributed to these differences. Cell subpopulations best characterizing the post-boost response were more activated, with a stronger expression of markers involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, costimulation, chemotaxis, and inflammation. This study revisits innate immunity by demonstrating that, like adaptive immunity, innate myeloid responses differ after one or two immunizations.
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Aggarwal H, Khan L, Chaudhary O, Kumar S, Makhdoomi MA, Singh R, Sharma K, Mishra N, Lodha R, Srinivas M, Das BK, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Alterations in B Cell Compartment Correlate with Poor Neutralization Response and Disease Progression in HIV-1 Infected Children. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1697. [PMID: 29250072 PMCID: PMC5717014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several B cell defects are reported in HIV-1 infected individuals including variation in B cell subsets, polyclonal B cell activation and exhaustion, with broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited in less than 10–20% of the infected population. HIV-1 disease progression is faster in children than adults. B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS), expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), is a key regulator of B cell homeostasis. Understanding how DCs influence B cell phenotype and functionality (viral neutralization), thereby HIV-1 disease outcome in infected children, is important to develop interventional strategies for restoration of B cell function. In this study, a total of 38 vertically transmitted HIV-1 infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve children and 25 seronegative controls were recruited. Based on the CD4 counts and years post-infection, infected children were categorized as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) (n = 20) and progressors (n = 18). Eight of these progressors were followed up at 6–12 months post-ART. Percentages (%) of DCs, B cell subsets, and expression of BLyS on DCs were analyzed by flow-cytometry. Plasma levels of B cell growth factors were measured by ELISA and viral neutralization activity was determined using TZM-bl assay. Lower (%) of myeloid DCs (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs, and high expression of BLyS on mDCs were observed in HIV-1 infected progressors than seronegative controls. Progressors showed lower % of naive B cells, resting memory B cells and higher % of mature activated, tissue-like memory B cells as compared to seronegative controls. Higher plasma levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IgA were observed in progressors vs. seronegative controls. Plasma levels of IgG were high in progressors and in LTNPs than seronegative controls, suggesting persistence of hypergammaglobulinemia at all stages of disease. High plasma levels of BLyS in progressors positively correlated with poor viral neutralizing activity. Interestingly on follow up, treatment naïve progressors, post-ART showed increase in resting memory B cells along with reduction in plasma BLyS levels that correlated with improvement in viral neutralization. This is the first study to demonstrate that reduction in plasma BLyS levels correlates with restoration of B cell function, in terms of viral neutralization in HIV-1-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lubina Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Omkar Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maddur Srinivas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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.Thompson EA, Loré K. Non-human primates as a model for understanding the mechanism of action of toll-like receptor-based vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Yao WR, Yu L, Li D, Yang GB. Molecular cloning and characterization of DNGR-1 in rhesus macaques. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:217-226. [PMID: 28511091 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DC, NK lectin group receptor-1 (DNGR-1), also known as C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A), is a promising target for immunological therapeutics and vaccination against tumors and viruses. However, little is known about its property in rhesus macaques. In this study, we cloned rhesus macaque DNGR-1 cDNA, and found that its coding region could encode a 241-amino acid polypeptide with 91.7% sequence identity and similar antigenicity to that of humans. Both free and cell surface rhesus macaque DNGR-1 expressed in vitro could bind to apoptotic/dead cells induced by serum deprivation or freeze-thaw, and to pyroptotic cells stimulated with PMA and LPS. We also demonstrated that rhesus macaque DNGR-1 mRNA was present in all the examined tissues, with the highest in lymph nodes, spleen, blood, and thymus. The expression of DNGR-1 that is highly similar to that of humans warranted the usefulness of rhesus macaques in testing human therapeutics and vaccines targeting DNGR-1, especially those for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rong Yao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Yu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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16
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Ruffin N, Hani L, Seddiki N. From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads. Immunology 2017; 151:137-145. [PMID: 28231392 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for B-cell differentiation and the subsequent antibody responses. Their numbers and functions are altered during human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. In lymphoid tissues, Tfh cells are present in germinal centre, where they are the main source of replicative HIV-1 and represent a major reservoir. Paradoxically, Tfh cell numbers are increased in chronically infected individuals. Understanding the fate of Tfh cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is essential for the design of efficient strategies toward a protective HIV vaccine or a cure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advance in our understanding of Tfh cell dynamics during HIV/SIV infection. In particular, to explore the possible causes of their expansion in lymphoid tissues by discussing the impact of HIV-1 infection on dendritic cells, to identify the molecular players rendering Tfh cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and to consider the contribution of regulatory follicular T cells in shaping Tfh cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
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17
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Yu L, Yang GB. Progress in research on C-chemokine XCL1. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:602-609. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i7.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
XCL1, also known as lymphotactin, is the only known member of the C-type-chemokine family, which is produced mainly by CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. XCL1 has a unique amino acid sequence feature and two interchangeable conformations, which makes XCL1 different from other chemokines in structure and function. The XCL1-specific receptor, XCR1, is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and plays an important role in the negative selection of T cells in the thymus and in the initiation of cross-antigen presentation and mediation of cytotoxic immune responses. XCL1 can regulate the balance of the immune system and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis, and it is involved in a variety of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, nephritis, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. In recent years, the selective expression of XCR1 on CD8+ DCs with strong cross antigen-presention ability has been proved, which has led to studies using XCL1 for mucosal immunization, antitumor immunotherapy and targeted vaccine development.
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18
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Gudjonsson A, Lysén A, Balan S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Arnold-Schrauf C, Richter L, Bækkevold ES, Dalod M, Bogen B, Fossum E. Targeting Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin to Xcr1+Dendritic Cells in the Absence of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Enhances Protective Antibody Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2785-2795. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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The Identification and Distribution of Cattle XCR1 and XCL1 among Peripheral Blood Cells: New Insights into the Design of Dendritic Cells Targeted Veterinary Vaccine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170575. [PMID: 28129380 PMCID: PMC5271332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 (XCR1) and its ligandXCL1 have been intensively studied in the mouse and human immune systems. Here, we determined the molecular characteristics of cattle XCR1 and XCL1 and their distribution among peripheral blood cells. Cattle XCR1 mRNA expression was mainly restricted to CD26+CADM1+CD205+MHCII+CD11b- cells in blood that were otherwise lineage marker negative (lin-); these represented a subset of classic dendritic cells (DCs), not plasmacytoid DCs. Some of these DCs expressed CD11a, CD44, CD80 and CD86, but they did not express CD4, CD8, CD163 or CD172a. Cattle XCL1 was expressed in quiescent NK cells and in activated CD8+ T cells. Cattle XCR1+ DCs migrated chemotactically in response to mouse, but not to human, XCL1. The distribution characters of cattle XCR1 and XCL1 suggested a vital role in regulation of acquired immune responses and indicated a potential for a DC targeted veterinary vaccine in cattle using XCL1 fused antigens.
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20
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Taleb K, Auffray C, Villefroy P, Pereira A, Hosmalin A, Gaudry M, Le Bon A. Chronic Type I IFN Is Sufficient To Promote Immunosuppression through Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1156-1163. [PMID: 28003378 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Failure of the immune system to eradicate viruses results in chronic viral infections, which are associated with increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Pathogenic HIV or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chronic infections display a persistent type I IFN signature. In chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, blockade of type I IFN signaling partially restores antiviral responses. In a mouse model, we tested whether chronic administration of type I IFN, at doses mimicking chronic viral infection, induced immunosuppression. Chronic exposure of mice to IFN-α alone was sufficient to strongly suppress specific CD8+ T cells responses to subsequent vaccinia virus infection. It resulted in the accumulation of Ly6Chi monocytes. These monocytes were similar, phenotypically and functionally, to the myeloid-derived suppressor cells found in cancer because they exerted a potent suppression on CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. They acted at least partly through the l-arginine pathway. In vivo, their elimination restored antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. Our work provides a specific mechanism accounting for the role of IFN-α in immunosuppression and predicts that type I IFN modulation will be pivotal to cure human chronic infections, cancer, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahina Taleb
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Villefroy
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Pereira
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gaudry
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Le Bon
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; .,CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; and .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
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21
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Deloizy C, Bouguyon E, Fossum E, Sebo P, Osicka R, Bole A, Pierres M, Biacchesi S, Dalod M, Bogen B, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. Expanding the tools for identifying mononuclear phagocyte subsets in swine: Reagents to porcine CD11c and XCR1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:31-40. [PMID: 27345169 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pig is a domestic species of major importance in the agro-economy and in biomedical research. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are organized in subsets with specialized roles in the orchestration of the immune response and new tools are awaited to improve MNP subset identification in the pig. We cloned pig CD11c cDNA and generated a monoclonal antibody to pig CD11c which showed a pattern of expression by blood and skin MNP subsets similar to humans. We also developed a porcine XCL1-mCherry dimer which specifically reacted with the XCR1-expressing dendritic cell subset of the type 1 lineage in blood and skin. These original reagents will allow the efficient identification of pig MNP subsets to study their role in physiological and pathological processes and also to target these cells in novel intervention and vaccine strategies for veterinary applications and preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deloizy
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Angélique Bole
- MI-mAbs, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Pierres
- MI-mAbs, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Biacchesi
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027, Oslo, Norway; Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Unsupervised High-Dimensional Analysis Aligns Dendritic Cells across Tissues and Species. Immunity 2016; 45:669-684. [PMID: 27637149 PMCID: PMC5040826 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that hold great therapeutic potential. Multiple DC subsets have been described, and it remains challenging to align them across tissues and species to analyze their function in the absence of macrophage contamination. Here, we provide and validate a universal toolbox for the automated identification of DCs through unsupervised analysis of conventional flow cytometry and mass cytometry data obtained from multiple mouse, macaque, and human tissues. The use of a minimal set of lineage-imprinted markers was sufficient to subdivide DCs into conventional type 1 (cDC1s), conventional type 2 (cDC2s), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) across tissues and species. This way, a large number of additional markers can still be used to further characterize the heterogeneity of DCs across tissues and during inflammation. This framework represents the way forward to a universal, high-throughput, and standardized analysis of DC populations from mutant mice and human patients. A conserved gating strategy aligns dendritic cells (DCs) in mouse and human tissues Unsupervised computational analysis of flow cytometry data outperforms manual analysis Mass cytometry reveals heterogeneity of DC subsets across mouse and human tissues DC activation upon inflammation tracked by automated analysis of mass cytometry
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Carpentier S, Vu Manh TP, Chelbi R, Henri S, Malissen B, Haniffa M, Ginhoux F, Dalod M. Comparative genomics analysis of mononuclear phagocyte subsets confirms homology between lymphoid tissue-resident and dermal XCR1(+) DCs in mouse and human and distinguishes them from Langerhans cells. J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:35-49. [PMID: 26966045 PMCID: PMC4859332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are mononuclear phagocytes which exhibit a branching (dendritic) morphology and excel at naïve T cell activation. DC encompass several subsets initially identified by their expression of cell surface molecules and later shown to possess distinct functions. DC subset differentiation is orchestrated by transcription factors, growth factors and cytokines. Identifying DC subsets is challenging as very few cell surface molecules are uniquely expressed on any one of these cell populations. There is no standard consensus to identify mononuclear phagocyte subsets; varying antigens are employed depending on the tissue and animal species studied and between laboratories. This has led to confusion in how to accurately define and classify DCs across tissues and between species. Here we report a comparative genomics strategy that enables universal definition of DC and other mononuclear phagocyte subsets across species. We performed a meta-analysis of several public datasets of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte subsets isolated from blood, spleen, skin or cutaneous lymph nodes, including by using a novel and user friendly software, BubbleGUM, which generates and integrates gene signatures for high throughput gene set enrichment analysis. This analysis demonstrates the equivalence between human and mouse skin XCR1(+) DCs, and between mouse and human Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Carpentier
- Mi-mAbs (C/O Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy), F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Rabie Chelbi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid cells differently contribute to B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily overexpression during primary HIV infection. AIDS 2016; 30:365-76. [PMID: 26558721 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After describing heightened levels of circulating B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (BAFF) as well as changes in B-cell phenotype and functions during acute infection by simian immunodeficiency virus, we wanted to determine whether and by which cells BAFF was over-expressed in primary HIV-infected (PHI) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We simultaneously examined circulating BAFF levels by ELISA and membrane-bound BAFF (mBAFF) expression by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and PHI patients followed for 6 months. We also examined whether HIV-1 modifies BAFF expression or release in various myeloid cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in vitro. RESULTS Circulating BAFF levels were transiently increased at enrolment. They positively correlated with CXCL10 levels and inversely with B-cell counts. Whereas mBAFF was expressed by most pDC and on a fraction of intermediate monocytes in healthy donors, the frequency of mBAFF cells significantly increased among nonclassical monocytes and CD1c dendritic cells but decreased among pDC in PHI patients. In contrast to myeloid cells, pDC never released BAFF upon stimulation. Their mBAFF expression was enhanced by HIV-1, independently of type I IFN. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the pattern of BAFF expression by myeloid cells and pDC is altered in PHI patients and constitutes a valuable marker of immune activation whose circulating levels correlate with CXCL10 levels. Due to their homing in different tissue areas, pDC and myeloid cells might target different B-cell subsets through their mBAFF expression or soluble BAFF release.
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Gurka S, Dirks S, Photiadis J, Kroczek RA. Expression analysis of surface molecules on human thymic dendritic cells with the 10th HLDA Workshop antibody panel. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e47. [PMID: 26682055 PMCID: PMC4673441 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) in the thymus have an important role in the establishment of central tolerance by promoting negative selection of autoreactive T cells and regulatory T-cell differentiation. Whereas human DC have recently been studied in various tissues in more detail, thymic DC subsets are still ill-defined. In the present work, we studied the binding of 71 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the HLDA10 workshop to human CD123+ plasmacytoid DC and the two subsets of conventional DC (cDC, CD141+ and CD11b+) isolated from thymus tissue of infants undergoing corrective heart surgery. Within the panel, we found mAb binding to thymic pDC and both cDC subsets (for example, anti-Clec12A, TIM-3, Clec4A, CCR5, Axl, FLT3), but most of them additionally reacted with other thymic cell types. MAb directed to CD85h (ILT1) and the C-type lectin Clec7A (now CD369) reacted selectively with both cDC subsets, but not with other cells. Only one mAb directed to CD85g (ILT7) stained thymic pDC in a highly specific manner. Clec9A (DNGR1, now CD370) was the only tested HLDA10 antigen exclusively expressed on thymic CD141+ cDC. The present report summarizes all data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gurka
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Dirks
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Photiadis
- Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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Martínez VG, Canseco NM, Hidalgo L, Valencia J, Entrena A, Fernández-Sevilla LM, Hernández-López C, Sacedón R, Vicente A, Varas A. A discrete population of IFN λ-expressing BDCA3hi dendritic cells is present in human thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:673-8. [PMID: 25753268 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human thymus contains two major subpopulations of dendritic cells (DCs), conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which are mainly involved in central tolerance and also in protecting the thymus against infections. In blood and peripheral organs cDCs include the subpopulation of BDCA3(hi) DCs, considered as equivalents to mouse CD8α(+) DCs. In this study we describe in human thymus the presence of a discrete population of BDCA3(hi) DCs that, like their peripheral counterparts, express CD13, low-intermediate levels of CD11c, CLEC9A, high levels of XCR1, IRF8 and TLR3, and mostly lack the expression of CD11b, CD14 and TLR7. Thymic BDCA3(hi) DCs display immature features with a low expression of costimulatory molecules and HLA-DR, and a low allostimulatory capacity. Also, BDCA3(hi) DCs exhibit a strong response to TLR3 stimulation, producing high levels of interferon (IFN)-λ1 and CXCL10, which indicates that, similarly to thymic pDCs, BDCA3(hi) DCs can have an important role in thymus protection against viral infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Apoptosis
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10/analysis
- Child, Preschool
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferons
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis
- Receptors, Mitogen/analysis
- Thrombomodulin
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor G Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia M Canseco
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Entrena
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The skin is a valuable target for vaccine delivery because it contains many immune cell populations, notably antigen presenting cells. Skin immune cells have been extensively described in mice and humans but not in non-human primates, which are pertinent models for immunological research in vaccination. The aim of this work was to describe immune cell populations in the epidermis, dermis and skin draining lymph nodes in cynomolgus macaques by a single 12-parameter flow cytometry protocol. Given that skin cells share several markers, we defined a gating strategy to identify accurately immune cells and to limit contamination of one immune cell population by another. The epidermis contained CD1a(+)CD1c(-) Langerhans cells (LCs), CD3(+) T cells and putative NK cells. The dermis contained CD1a(+)CD1c(-) cells, which were similar to LCs, CD1a(+)CD1c(+) dermal dendritic cells (DDCs), CD163(high)CD11b(+) resident macrophages, CD3(+) T cells and putative NK cells. The skin also contained CD66(+) polymorphonuclear cells in some animals. Thus, immune cell populations in the macaque are similar to those in humans despite some differences in phenotype. In skin draining lymph nodes, we identified migratory LCs, CD1a(+)CD1c(+) DDCs and macrophages. The simultaneous identification of these different immune cells with one panel of markers avoids the use of large amounts of precious sample and may improve the understanding of immune mechanisms in the skin after treatment or vaccination.
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Vu Manh TP, Elhmouzi-Younes J, Urien C, Ruscanu S, Jouneau L, Bourge M, Moroldo M, Foucras G, Salmon H, Marty H, Quéré P, Bertho N, Boudinot P, Dalod M, Schwartz-Cornil I. Defining Mononuclear Phagocyte Subset Homology Across Several Distant Warm-Blooded Vertebrates Through Comparative Transcriptomics. Front Immunol 2015; 6:299. [PMID: 26150816 PMCID: PMC4473062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are organized in a complex system of ontogenetically and functionally distinct subsets, that has been best described in mouse and to some extent in human. Identification of homologous mononuclear phagocyte subsets in other vertebrate species of biomedical, economic, and environmental interest is needed to improve our knowledge in physiologic and physio-pathologic processes, and to design intervention strategies against a variety of diseases, including zoonotic infections. We developed a streamlined approach combining refined cell sorting and integrated comparative transcriptomics analyses which revealed conservation of the mononuclear phagocyte organization across human, mouse, sheep, pigs and, in some respect, chicken. This strategy should help democratizing the use of omics analyses for the identification and study of cell types across tissues and species. Moreover, we identified conserved gene signatures that enable robust identification and universal definition of these cell types. We identified new evolutionarily conserved gene candidates and gene interaction networks for the molecular regulation of the development or functions of these cell types, as well as conserved surface candidates for refined subset phenotyping throughout species. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that orthologous genes of the conserved signatures exist in teleost fishes and apparently not in Lamprey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; U1104, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, CNRS , Marseille , France
| | - Jamila Elhmouzi-Younes
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Céline Urien
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Suzana Ruscanu
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, IMAGIF CNRS , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- CRB GADIE, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Gilles Foucras
- UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT , Toulouse , France ; UMR1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, INRA , Toulouse , France
| | - Henri Salmon
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA , Nouzilly , France ; UMR1282, Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Hélène Marty
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA , Nouzilly , France ; UMR1282, Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA , Nouzilly , France ; UMR1282, Université François Rabelais de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; U1104, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, CNRS , Marseille , France
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Vu Manh TP, Bertho N, Hosmalin A, Schwartz-Cornil I, Dalod M. Investigating Evolutionary Conservation of Dendritic Cell Subset Identity and Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:260. [PMID: 26082777 PMCID: PMC4451681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) were initially defined as mononuclear phagocytes with a dendritic morphology and an exquisite efficiency for naïve T-cell activation. DC encompass several subsets initially identified by their expression of specific cell surface molecules and later shown to excel in distinct functions and to develop under the instruction of different transcription factors or cytokines. Very few cell surface molecules are expressed in a specific manner on any immune cell type. Hence, to identify cell types, the sole use of a small number of cell surface markers in classical flow cytometry can be deceiving. Moreover, the markers currently used to define mononuclear phagocyte subsets vary depending on the tissue and animal species studied and even between laboratories. This has led to confusion in the definition of DC subset identity and in their attribution of specific functions. There is a strong need to identify a rigorous and consensus way to define mononuclear phagocyte subsets, with precise guidelines potentially applicable throughout tissues and species. We will discuss the advantages, drawbacks, and complementarities of different methodologies: cell surface phenotyping, ontogeny, functional characterization, and molecular profiling. We will advocate that gene expression profiling is a very rigorous, largely unbiased and accessible method to define the identity of mononuclear phagocyte subsets, which strengthens and refines surface phenotyping. It is uniquely powerful to yield new, experimentally testable, hypotheses on the ontogeny or functions of mononuclear phagocyte subsets, their molecular regulation, and their evolutionary conservation. We propose defining cell populations based on a combination of cell surface phenotyping, expression analysis of hallmark genes, and robust functional assays, in order to reach a consensus and integrate faster the huge but scattered knowledge accumulated by different laboratories on different cell types, organs, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR8104 , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin , Paris , France
| | - Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
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Schlitzer A, McGovern N, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells and monocyte-derived cells: Two complementary and integrated functional systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to describe the alterations that HIV-1 induces in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 disarms several arms of the immune system including APCs. We summarize here recent findings on the impact of the virus on APC. SUMMARY HIV-1 can invade APC and overall reduce their capacity to present antigens effectively, mostly by reducing their numbers and inducing permanent hyperactivation. This occurs via a combination of alterations; however, the host can counteract, at least in part, some of these defects via restriction factors, autophagy, the production of type I interferon, antiviral cytokines, among others. However, these specific mechanisms of viral evasion from APCs' control lead to a chronic hyperactivation of the immune system implicated in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related pathogenesis. Unfortunately, the current regimens of antiretroviral therapy are unable to dampen sufficiently APC-driven viral-induced immune hyperactivation. Understanding how HIV alters APC will help to tune appropriately both intrinsic immunity and innate immunity, as well as achieve efficient antigen presentation to the adaptive immune system, without inducing a detrimental pervasive hyperactivation of the immune system.
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Fossum E, Grødeland G, Terhorst D, Tveita AA, Vikse E, Mjaaland S, Henri S, Malissen B, Bogen B. Vaccine molecules targeting Xcr1 on cross-presenting DCs induce protective CD8+T-cell responses against influenza virus. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:624-35. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Dorothea Terhorst
- Department of Dermatology; Charité University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
- INSERM U1104; Marseille France
- CNRS UMR7280; Marseille France
| | - Anders A. Tveita
- Center for Immune Regulation; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Elisabeth Vikse
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Division for Infectious Disease Control; Department of Bacteriology and Infection Immunology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Center for Immune Regulation; Institute of Immunology; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
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McGovern N, Chan JKY, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells in humans--from fetus to adult. Int Immunol 2014; 27:65-72. [PMID: 25323843 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system evolves continuously during development from the embryo into the adult, reflecting the ever-changing environment and demands of our body. This ability of our immune system to sense external cues and adapt as we develop is just as important in the early tolerogenic environment of the fetus, as it is in the constantly pathogen-challenged adult. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen-sensing and antigen-presenting components of the immune system, play a crucial role in this process where they act as sentinels, both initiating and regulating immune responses. Here, we provide an overview of the human immune system in the developing fetus and the adult, with a focus on DC ontogeny and function during these discrete but intimately linked life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi McGovern
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
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35
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Dutertre CA, Wang LF, Ginhoux F. Aligning bona fide dendritic cell populations across species. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:571-8. [PMID: 25033907 DOI: 10.1038/nri3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1273] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) has historically been categorized into monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages on the basis of functional and phenotypical characteristics. However, considering that these characteristics are often overlapping, the distinction between and classification of these cell types has been challenging. In this Opinion article, we propose a unified nomenclature for the MPS. We suggest that these cells can be classified primarily by their ontogeny and secondarily by their location, function and phenotype. We believe that this system permits a more robust classification during both steady-state and inflammatory conditions, with the benefit of spanning different tissues and across species.
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Balan S, Ollion V, Colletti N, Chelbi R, Montanana-Sanchis F, Liu H, Vu Manh TP, Sanchez C, Savoret J, Perrot I, Doffin AC, Fossum E, Bechlian D, Chabannon C, Bogen B, Asselin-Paturel C, Shaw M, Soos T, Caux C, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Dalod M. Human XCR1+ dendritic cells derived in vitro from CD34+ progenitors closely resemble blood dendritic cells, including their adjuvant responsiveness, contrary to monocyte-derived dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1622-35. [PMID: 25009205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) have been used in the clinic with moderately encouraging results. Mouse XCR1(+) DC excel at cross-presentation, can be targeted in vivo to induce protective immunity, and share characteristics with XCR1(+) human DC. Assessment of the immunoactivation potential of XCR1(+) human DC is hindered by their paucity in vivo and by their lack of a well-defined in vitro counterpart. We report in this study a protocol generating both XCR1(+) and XCR1(-) human DC in CD34(+) progenitor cultures (CD34-DC). Gene expression profiling, phenotypic characterization, and functional studies demonstrated that XCR1(-) CD34-DC are similar to canonical MoDC, whereas XCR1(+) CD34-DC resemble XCR1(+) blood DC (bDC). XCR1(+) DC were strongly activated by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid but not LPS, and conversely for MoDC. XCR1(+) DC and MoDC expressed strikingly different patterns of molecules involved in inflammation and in cross-talk with NK or T cells. XCR1(+) CD34-DC but not MoDC efficiently cross-presented a cell-associated Ag upon stimulation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or R848, likewise to what was reported for XCR1(+) bDC. Hence, it is feasible to generate high numbers of bona fide XCR1(+) human DC in vitro as a model to decipher the functions of XCR1(+) bDC and as a potential source of XCR1(+) DC for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Balan
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Ollion
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 5286, Département Immunité, Virus et Microenvironnement, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, France; LabEx DEVweCAN, 69373 Lyon, France
| | | | - Rabie Chelbi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Montanana-Sanchis
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Cindy Sanchez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Juliette Savoret
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Anne-Claire Doffin
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 5286, Département Immunité, Virus et Microenvironnement, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Influenza Vaccines, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway; Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Caux
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 5286, Département Immunité, Virus et Microenvironnement, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, France; LabEx DEVweCAN, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Jenny Valladeau-Guilemond
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 5286, Département Immunité, Virus et Microenvironnement, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, France; LabEx DEVweCAN, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UNIV UM2, Aix-Marseille Université, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1104, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille, France; LabEx DCBIOL, 13288 Marseille, France
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