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Raposo B, Klareskog L, Robinson WH, Malmström V, Grönwall C. The peculiar features, diversity and impact of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:399-416. [PMID: 38858604 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since entering the stage 25 years ago as a highly specific serological biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) have been a topic of extensive research. This hallmark B cell response arises years before disease onset, displays interpatient autoantigen variability, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Technological and scientific advances have revealed broad clonal diversity and intriguing features including high levels of somatic hypermutation, variable-domain N-linked glycosylation, hapten-like peptide interactions, and clone-specific multireactivity to citrullinated, carbamylated and acetylated epitopes. ACPAs have been found in different isotypes and subclasses, in both circulation and tissue, and are secreted by both plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells. Notably, although some disease-promoting features have been reported, results now demonstrate that certain monoclonal ACPAs therapeutically block arthritis and inflammation in mouse models. A wealth of functional studies using patient-derived polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have provided evidence for pathogenic and protective effects of ACPAs in the context of arthritis. To understand the roles of ACPAs, one needs to consider their immunological properties by incorporating different facets such as rheumatoid arthritis B cell biology, environmental triggers and chronic antigen exposure. The emerging picture points to a complex role of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies, in which the diversity and dynamics of antibody clones could determine clinical progression and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Raposo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Wang Q, Feng D, Jia S, Lu Q, Zhao M. B-Cell Receptor Repertoire: Recent Advances in Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:76-98. [PMID: 38459209 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
In the field of contemporary medicine, autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a prevalent and debilitating group of illnesses. However, they present extensive and profound challenges in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. A major reason for this is the elusive pathophysiological mechanisms driving disease onset. Increasing evidence suggests the indispensable role of B cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires in autoimmune diseases display a distinct skewing that can provide insights into disease pathogenesis. Over the past few years, advances in high-throughput sequencing have provided powerful tools for analyzing B-cell repertoire to understand the mechanisms during the period of B-cell immune response. In this paper, we have provided an overview of the mechanisms and analytical methods for generating BCR repertoire diversity and summarize the latest research progress on BCR repertoire in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Overall, B-cell repertoire analysis is a potent tool to understand the involvement of B cells in autoimmune diseases, facilitating the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting specific B-cell clones or subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Jiang R, Roy B, Wu Q, Mohanty S, Nowak RJ, Shaw AC, Kleinstein SH, O’Connor KC. The Plasma Cell Infiltrate Populating the Muscle Tissue of Patients with Inclusion Body Myositis Features Distinct B Cell Receptor Repertoire Properties. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:310-322. [PMID: 37171806 PMCID: PMC10579972 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an autoimmune and degenerative disorder of skeletal muscle. The B cell infiltrates in IBM muscle tissue are predominantly fully differentiated Ab-secreting plasma cells, with scarce naive or memory B cells. The role of this infiltrate in the disease pathology is not well understood. To better define the humoral response in IBM, we used adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing, of human-derived specimens, to generate large BCR repertoire libraries from IBM muscle biopsies and compared them to those generated from dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and circulating CD27+ memory B cells, derived from healthy controls and Ab-secreting cells collected following vaccination. The repertoire properties of the IBM infiltrate included the following: clones that equaled or exceeded the highly clonal vaccine-associated Ab-secreting cell repertoire in size; reduced somatic mutation selection pressure in the CDRs and framework regions; and usage of class-switched IgG and IgA isotypes, with a minor population of IgM-expressing cells. The IBM IgM-expressing population revealed unique features, including an elevated somatic mutation frequency and distinct CDR3 physicochemical properties. These findings demonstrate that some of IBM muscle BCR repertoire characteristics are distinct from dermatomyositis and polymyositis and circulating Ag-experienced subsets, suggesting that it may form through selection by disease-specific Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevin C. O’Connor
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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4
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Volkov M, Brinkhaus M, van Schie KA, Bondt A, Kissel T, van der Kooi EJ, Bentlage AEH, Koeleman CAM, de Taeye SW, Derksen NI, Dolhain RJEM, Braig-Scherer U, Huizinga TWJ, Wuhrer M, Toes REM, Vidarsson G, van der Woude D. IgG Fab Glycans Hinder FcRn-Mediated Placental Transport. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:158-167. [PMID: 36480251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abs can be glycosylated in both their Fc and Fab regions with marked effects on Ab function and binding. High levels of IgG Fab glycosylation are associated with malignant and autoimmune conditions, exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis and highly Fab-glycosylated (∼90%) anti-citrullinated protein Abs (ACPAs). Important properties of IgG, such as long half-life and placental transport, are facilitated by the human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn). Although it is known that glycosylation of Abs can affect binding to Fc receptors, little is known on the impact of IgG Fab glycosylation on hFcRn binding and transplacental transport. Therefore, we analyzed the interaction between hFcRn and IgG with and without Fab glycans in vitro with various methods as well as in vivo by studying placental transfer of Fab-glycosylated Abs from mothers to newborns. No effect of Fab glycosylation on IgG binding to hFcRn was found by surface plasmon resonance and hFcRn affinity chromatography. In contrast, studies in a cell membrane context revealed that Fab glycans negatively impacted IgG-hFcRn interaction. In line with this, we found that Fab-glycosylated IgGs were transported ∼20% less efficiently across the placenta. This appeared to be a general phenomenon, observed for ACPAs, non-ACPAs, as well as total IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. Our results suggest that, in a cellular context, Fab glycans inhibit IgG-hFcRn interaction and thus negatively affect the transplacental transfer of IgG. As Fab-glycosylated Abs are frequently associated with autoimmune and malignant disorders and may be potentially harmful, this might encompass a regulatory mechanism, limiting the half-life and transport of such Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Volkov
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin A van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elvera J van der Kooi
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Radboud J E M Dolhain
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ute Braig-Scherer
- International Health Centre-Polikliniek Prins Willem, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Ramos-Martínez I, Ramos-Martínez E, Cerbón M, Pérez-Torres A, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Hernández-Huerta MT, Martínez-Cruz M, Pérez-Santiago AD, Sánchez-Medina MA, García-Montalvo IA, Zenteno E, Matias-Cervantes CA, Ojeda-Meixueiro V, Pérez-Campos E. The Role of B Cell and T Cell Glycosylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010863. [PMID: 36614306 PMCID: PMC9820943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that affects the stability, structure, antigenicity and charge of proteins. In the immune system, glycosylation is involved in the regulation of ligand-receptor interactions, such as in B-cell and T-cell activating receptors. Alterations in glycosylation have been described in several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which alterations have been found mainly in the glycosylation of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and immunoglobulins. In immunoglobulin G of lupus patients, a decrease in galactosylation, sialylation, and nucleotide fucose, as well as an increase in the N-acetylglucosamine bisector, are observed. These changes in glycoisolation affect the interactions of immunoglobulins with Fc receptors and are associated with pericarditis, proteinuria, nephritis, and the presence of antinuclear antibodies. In T cells, alterations have been described in the glycosylation of receptors involved in activation, such as the T cell receptor; these changes affect the affinity with their ligands and modulate the binding to endogenous lectins such as galectins. In T cells from lupus patients, a decrease in galectin 1 binding is observed, which could favor activation and reduce apoptosis. Furthermore, these alterations in glycosylation correlate with disease activity and clinical manifestations, and thus have potential use as biomarkers. In this review, we summarize findings on glycosylation alterations in SLE and how they relate to immune system defects and their clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”—Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - María Teresa Hernández-Huerta
- CONACyT, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca (UABJO), Oaxaca 68020, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Abstract
Glycosylation has a profound influence on protein activity and cell biology through a variety of mechanisms, such as protein stability, receptor interactions and signal transduction. In many rheumatic diseases, a shift in protein glycosylation occurs, and is associated with inflammatory processes and disease progression. For example, the Fc-glycan composition on (auto)antibodies is associated with disease activity, and the presence of additional glycans in the antigen-binding domains of some autoreactive B cell receptors can affect B cell activation. In addition, changes in synovial fibroblast cell-surface glycosylation can alter the synovial microenvironment and are associated with an altered inflammatory state and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. The development of our understanding of the role of glycosylation of plasma proteins (particularly (auto)antibodies), cells and tissues in rheumatic pathological conditions suggests that glycosylation-based interventions could be used in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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7
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Mandel-Brehm C, Fichtner ML, Jiang R, Winton VJ, Vazquez SE, Pham MC, Hoehn KB, Kelleher NL, Nowak RJ, Kleinstein SH, Wilson MR, DeRisi JL, O'Connor KC. Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2005-2014. [PMID: 34544801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated N-linked glycosylation of IgG V regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our experimental design focused on examining the B cell repertoire and total IgG. It specifically included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-linked glycosylation sites in the circulating BCR repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the total circulating IgG, and an exploration of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and Ag binding assays to respectively confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the total BCR repertoire of patients with MG when compared with healthy donors. The elevated frequency was attributed to both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the total circulating IgG in a subset of patients with MG. Autoantigen binding, by four patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. Our findings extend prior work on patterns of Ig V region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh Mandel-Brehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Miriam L Fichtner
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ruoyi Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Valerie J Winton
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Sara E Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Minh C Pham
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Proteomics Center of Excellence at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Proteomics Center of Excellence at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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8
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Mueller S. Rarely Recognized Antibody Diversification in Covid-19 Evolution to Counteract Advanced SARS-CoV-2 Evasion Strategies, and Implications for Prophylactic Treatment. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624675. [PMID: 34413782 PMCID: PMC8369989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic underscores the importance of finding effective and safe ways to combat the virus, and to optimally understand the immune response elicited upon natural infection. This likely involves all components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. The impetus for the rapid development of prophylactic treatment options has led to an intense focus on neutralizing antibodies (Abs), and many novel and specialized platforms have been designed to achieve that goal. B-cell immunity relies on the generation of a diverse repertoire of Abs. Their structural variation is defined in terms of amino acid composition that is encoded in the genome or acquired through somatic mutations. Yet, key examples of frequently neglected antibody diversification mechanisms involving post-translational modifications such as N- or O-linked glycosylation are present in significant portions of the population. During the last few years, these and other beyond gene sequence determined humoral immune response mechanisms have in some specific cases revealed their potent immunomodulatory effects. Nonetheless, such more unusual mechanisms have not received much attention in the context of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, with specific focus on the latter, this paper presents, (1) the rationale for considering beyond sequence determined strategies, (2) evidence for their possible involvement in Covid-19 disease evolution, (3) consequences for vaccine design exemplified by one of the vaccine candidates that is currently undergoing trial, and (4) more general implications. Based on a critical interpretation of published literature, the hypotheses developed in this study point to a crucial role of non-genetic antibody diversification mechanisms in disease evolution to counteract unique immunogenicity determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The involvement of post translational mechanisms may also help explain the widely varied immune response observed, not only among different patient groups, but also in terms of their observed incompatibility with SARS-CoV-2 infection in several human cell types. The article highlights potentials and challenges of these refined humoral immune response mechanisms to most optimally target non-genetic viral evasion strategies.
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9
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Bonasia CG, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Heeringa P, Bos NA. B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051190. [PMID: 34068035 PMCID: PMC8152463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are key drivers of pathogenic processes in autoimmune diseases by the production of autoantibodies, secretion of cytokines, and presentation of autoantigens to T cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie the development of autoreactive B cells are not well understood. Here, we review recent studies leveraging novel techniques to identify and characterize (auto)antigen-specific B cells. The insights gained from such studies pertaining to the mechanisms involved in the escape of tolerance checkpoints and the activation of autoreactive B cells are discussed. In addition, we briefly highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G. Bonasia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Reijm S, Kissel T, Toes R. Checkpoints controlling the induction of B cell mediated autoimmunity in human autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1885-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - T. Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - R.E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
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11
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Jiang R, Hoehn KB, Lee CS, Pham MC, Homer RJ, Detterbeck FC, Aban I, Jacobson L, Vincent A, Nowak RJ, Kaminski HJ, Kleinstein SH, O'Connor KC. Thymus-derived B cell clones persist in the circulation after thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30649-30660. [PMID: 33199596 PMCID: PMC7720237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007206117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular, autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies that target postsynaptic proteins, primarily the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and inhibit signaling at the neuromuscular junction. The majority of patients under 50 y with AChR autoantibody MG have thymic lymphofollicular hyperplasia. The MG thymus is a reservoir of plasma cells that secrete disease-causing AChR autoantibodies and although thymectomy improves clinical scores, many patients fail to achieve complete stable remission without additional immunosuppressive treatments. We speculate that thymus-associated B cells and plasma cells persist in the circulation after thymectomy and that their persistence could explain incomplete responses to resection. We studied patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial and used complementary modalities of B cell repertoire sequencing to characterize the thymus B cell repertoire and identify B cell clones that resided in the thymus and circulation before and 12 mo after thymectomy. Thymus-associated B cell clones were detected in the circulation by both mRNA-based and genomic DNA-based sequencing. These antigen-experienced B cells persisted in the circulation after thymectomy. Many circulating thymus-associated B cell clones were inferred to have originated and initially matured in the thymus before emigration from the thymus to the circulation. The persistence of thymus-associated B cells correlated with less favorable changes in clinical symptom measures, steroid dose required to manage symptoms, and marginal changes in AChR autoantibody titer. This investigation indicates that the diminished clinical response to thymectomy is related to persistent circulating thymus-associated B cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Casey S Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Minh C Pham
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Robert J Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, VA CT Health Care System, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Frank C Detterbeck
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Leslie Jacobson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX1 2JD Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX1 2JD Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511;
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511;
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
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12
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Visser A, Verstappen GM, van der Vegt B, Vissink A, Bende RJ, Bootsma H, Bos NA, Kroese FGM. Repertoire Analysis of B-Cells Located in Striated Ducts of Salivary Glands of Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1486. [PMID: 32760405 PMCID: PMC7372116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major complication of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is development of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma, particularly in salivary glands. These lymphomas express FcRL4 and are characteristically associated with lymphoepithelial lesions. Neoplastic B-cells may be derived from non-neoplastic glandular intraductal B-cells, also virtually all expressing FcRL4. A characteristic feature of MALT lymphomas is the production of rheumatoid factors (RFs), which are largely encoded by stereotypic immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) sequences. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between the intraductal and periductal B-cells and whether the intraductal B-cells are selected for RF. RNA was extracted from laser-microdissected infiltrated ductal areas and periductal infiltrates from frozen parotid gland tissue sections of 5 pSS patients. PCR amplified IGHV transcripts were cloned into pCR™4-TOPO vector and subsequently sequenced. Microdissected ducts yielded 96 unique IGHV sequences derived from intraductal B-cells, while 119 unique IGHV sequences were obtained from periductal infiltrates. No major difference in VH-gene usage was observed between intraductal and periductal B-cells. Nearly all (>90%) IGHV sequences derived from both intraductal and periductal B-cells were mutated. Clonal expansions as defined by shared VDJ rearrangements were also present among both intraductal and periductal B-cells: in total 32 clones were found, from which 12 were located within ducts, 15 in periductal areas, and five clones shared members in both areas. We observed 12 IGHV rearrangements encoding for RF sequences from which two were derived from intraductal B-cells and 10 from periductal B-cells. Nine RF sequences were part of a clone. Together these findings indicate that intraductal and periductal B-cells are closely related to each other. Intraductal B-cells are most likely derived from periductal B-cells. We did not obtain evidence that RF-specific B-cells are enriched within the striated ducts. We speculate that in principle any activated B-cell can enter the striated ducts from the periductal infiltrate, irrespective of its antigenic specificity. Within the ducts, these B-cells may receive additional activation and proliferation signals, to further expand at these sites and by acquisition of driver-mutations develop toward lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Visser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard J Bende
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Vletter EM, Koning MT, Scherer HU, Veelken H, Toes REM. A Comparison of Immunoglobulin Variable Region N-Linked Glycosylation in Healthy Donors, Autoimmune Disease and Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:241. [PMID: 32133009 PMCID: PMC7040075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycans play an important role in immunity. Although the role of N-linked glycans in the Fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulins has been thoroughly described, the function of N-linked glycans present in Ig-variable domains is only just being appreciated. Most of the N-linked glycans harbored by immunoglobulin variable domain are of the complex biantennary type and are found as a result of the presence of N-linked glycosylation that most often have been introduced by somatic hypermutation. Furthermore, these glycans are ubiquitously present on autoantibodies observed in some autoimmune diseases as well as certain B-cell lymphomas. For example, variable domain glycans are abundantly found by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as by the B-cell receptors of follicular lymphoma (FL). In FL, variable domain glycans are postulated to convey a selective advantage through interaction with lectins and/or microbiota, whereas the contribution of variable domain glycans on autoantibodies is not known. To aid the understanding how these seemingly comparable phenomena contribute to a variety of deranged B-responses in such different diseases this study summarizes the characteristics of ACPA and other auto-antibodies with FL and healthy donor immunoglobulins, to identify the commonalities and differences between variable domain glycans in autoimmune and malignant settings. Our finding indicate intriguing differences in variable domain glycan distribution, frequency and glycan composition in different conditions. These findings underline that variable domain glycosylation is a heterogeneous process that may lead to a number of pathogenic outcomes. Based on the current body of knowledge, we postulate three disease groups with distinct variable domain glycosylation patterns, which might correspond with distinct underlying pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Vletter
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marvyn T Koning
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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14
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Vergroesen RD, Slot LM, van Schaik BDC, Koning MT, Rispens T, van Kampen AHC, Toes REM, Scherer HU. N-Glycosylation Site Analysis of Citrullinated Antigen-Specific B-Cell Receptors Indicates Alternative Selection Pathways During Autoreactive B-Cell Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2092. [PMID: 31572358 PMCID: PMC6749139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are hallmarked by autoreactive B and plasma cell responses that are directly or indirectly involved in disease pathogenesis. These B-cell responses show large variability between diseases, both in terms of the secreted autoantibody repertoire and the dynamics and characteristics of the underlying B-cell responses. Hence, different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the emergence of autoreactive B cells in an otherwise self-tolerant immune system. Notably, most mechanistic insights have been obtained from murine studies using models harboring genetic modifications of B and T cells. Given recent technological advances that have rendered autoreactive human B cells accessible for analysis, we here discuss the phenomenon of extensive N-glycosylation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) variable domain of a prototypic human autoreactive B-cell response and its potential role in the generation of autoimmunity. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) hallmark the most disease-specific autoimmune response in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Remarkably, ACPA-IgG are heavily N-glycosylated in the variable domain due to somatic mutations that generate abundant N-glycosylation consensus sequences. These sites, obtained from full-length BCR sequences of ACPA-expressing B cells from 12 ACPA-positive RA patients, were here analyzed in detail. Sites that required a single nucleotide mutation to be generated were defined as single somatic hypermutation (s-SHM) sites, whereas sites requiring multiple mutations were defined as m-SHM sites. IgG sequences of 12 healthy donors were used as control. Computational modeling of the germinal center reaction (CLONE algorithm) was used with the germline counterparts of ACPA-IgG heavy chain (HC) sequences to simulate the germinal center response. Our analyses revealed an abundance of N-glycosylation sites in ACPA-IgG HC that frequently required multiple mutations and predominated in specific positions. Based on these data, and taking into account recent insights into the dynamics of the ACPA-response during disease development, we here discuss the hypothesis that N-glycosylation sites in ACPA-IgG variable domains could lead to alternative, possibly antibody affinity-independent selection forces. Presumably, this occurs during germinal center responses allowing these B cells to escape from putative tolerance checkpoints, thereby driving autoreactive B cell development in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Slot
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Barbera D C van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marvyn T Koning
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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de Taeye SW, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. The Ligands for Human IgG and Their Effector Functions. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E30. [PMID: 31544836 PMCID: PMC6640714 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the humoral immune system is initiated when antibodies recognize an antigen and trigger effector functions through the interaction with Fc engaging molecules. The most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum is Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which is involved in many humoral immune responses, strongly interacting with effector molecules. The IgG subclass, allotype, and glycosylation pattern, among other factors, determine the interaction strength of the IgG-Fc domain with these Fc engaging molecules, and thereby the potential strength of their effector potential. The molecules responsible for the effector phase include the classical IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR), the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), the Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), the first component of the classical complement cascade (C1), and possibly, the Fc-receptor-like receptors (FcRL4/5). Here we provide an overview of the interactions of IgG with effector molecules and discuss how natural variation on the antibody and effector molecule side shapes the biological activities of antibodies. The increasing knowledge on the Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies drives the development of better therapeutic antibodies for cancer immunotherapy or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Koers J, Derksen NIL, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Nota B, van de Bovenkamp FS, Vidarsson G, Rispens T. Biased N-Glycosylation Site Distribution and Acquisition across the Antibody V Region during B Cell Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2220-2228. [PMID: 30850477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abs can acquire N-linked glycans in their V regions during Ag-specific B cell responses. Among others, these N-linked glycans can affect Ag binding and Ab stability. Elevated N-linked glycosylation has furthermore been associated with several B cell-associated pathologies. Basic knowledge about patterns of V region glycosylation at different stages of B cell development is scarce. The aim of the current study is to establish patterns of N-glycosylation sites in Ab V regions of naive and memory B cell subsets. We analyzed the distribution and acquisition of N-glycosylation sites within Ab V regions of peripheral blood and bone marrow B cells of 12 healthy individuals, eight myasthenia gravis patients, and six systemic lupus erythematosus patients, obtained by next-generation sequencing. N-glycosylation sites are clustered around CDRs and the DE loop for both H and L chains, with similar frequencies for healthy donors and patients. No evidence was found for an overall selection bias against acquiring an N-glycosylation site, except for the CDR3 of the H chain. Interestingly, both IgE and IgG4 subsets have a 2-fold higher propensity to acquire Fab glycans compared with IgG1 or IgA. When expressed as rmAb, 35 out of 38 (92%) nongermline N-glycosylation sites became occupied. These results point toward a differential selection pressure of N-glycosylation site acquisition during affinity maturation of B cells, which depends on the location within the V region and is isotype and subclass dependent. Elevated Fab glycosylation represents an additional hallmark of TH2-like IgG4/IgE responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur S van de Bovenkamp
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Lardinois OM, Deterding LJ, Hess JJ, Poulton CJ, Henderson CD, Jennette JC, Nachman PH, Falk RJ. Immunoglobulins G from patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis are atypically glycosylated in both the Fc and Fab regions and the relation to disease activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213215. [PMID: 30818380 PMCID: PMC6395067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) are pathogenic in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). The respective role of IgG Fc and Fab glycosylation in mediating ANCA pathogenicity is incompletely understood. Herein we investigate in detail the changes in Fc and Fab glycosylation in MPO-ANCA and Pr3-ANCA and examine the association of glycosylation aberrancies with disease activity. Methodology Total IgG was isolated from serum or plasma of a cohort of 30 patients with AAV (14 MPO-ANCA; 16 PR3-ANCA), and 19 healthy control subjects. Anti-MPO specific IgG was affinity-purified from plasma of an additional cohort of 18 MPO-ANCA patients undergoing plasmapheresis. We used lectin binding assays, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry-based methods to analyze Fc and Fab glycosylation, the degree of sialylation of Fc and Fab fragments and to determine the exact localization of N-glycans on Fc and Fab fragments. Principal findings IgG1 Fc glycosylation of total IgG was significantly reduced in patients with active AAV compared to controls. Clinical remission was associated with complete glycan normalization for PR3-ANCA patients but not for MPO-ANCA patients. Fc-glycosylation of anti-MPO specific IgG was similar to total IgG purified from plasma. A major fraction of anti-MPO specific IgG harbor extensive glycosylation within the variable domain on the Fab portion. Conclusions/Significance Significant differences exist between MPO and PR3-ANCA regarding the changes in amounts and types of glycans on Fc fragment and the association with disease activity. These differences may contribute to significant clinical difference in the disease course observed between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M. Lardinois
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Hess
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caroline J. Poulton
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Candace D. Henderson
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Charles Jennette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick H. Nachman
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Falk
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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19
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Pipi E, Nayar S, Gardner DH, Colafrancesco S, Smith C, Barone F. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Autoimmunity Goes Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1952. [PMID: 30258435 PMCID: PMC6143705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are frequently observed in target organs of autoimmune diseases. TLS present features of secondary lymphoid organs such as segregated T and B cell zones, presence of follicular dendritic cell networks, high endothelial venules and specialized lymphoid fibroblasts and display the mechanisms to support local adaptive immune responses toward locally displayed antigens. TLS detection in the tissue is often associated with poor prognosis of disease, auto-antibody production and malignancy development. This review focuses on the contribution of TLS toward the persistence of the inflammatory drive, the survival of autoreactive lymphocyte clones and post-translational modifications, responsible for the pathogenicity of locally formed autoantibodies, during autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Experimental Medicine Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Smith
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Koelsch KA, Cavett J, Smith K, Moore JS, Lehoux SD, Jia N, Mather T, Quadri SMS, Rasmussen A, Kaufman CE, Lewis DM, Radfar L, Scordino TA, Lessard CJ, Kurien BT, Cummings RD, James JA, Sivils KL, Farris AD, Scofield RH. Evidence of Alternative Modes of B Cell Activation Involving Acquired Fab Regions of N-Glycosylation in Antibody-Secreting Cells Infiltrating the Labial Salivary Glands of Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1102-1113. [PMID: 29457375 DOI: 10.1002/art.40458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand the role of B cells, the potential mechanisms responsible for their aberrant activation, and the production of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), this study explored patterns of selection pressure and sites of N-glycosylation acquired by somatic mutation (acN-glyc) in the IgG variable (V) regions of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) isolated from the minor salivary glands of patients with SS and non-SS control patients with sicca symptoms. METHODS A novel method to produce and characterize recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb) from single cell-sorted ASC infiltrates was applied to concurrently probe expressed genes (all heavy- and light-chain isotypes as well as any other gene of interest not related to immunoglobulin) in the labial salivary glands of patients with SS and non-SS controls. V regions were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and analyzed for the incidence of N-glycosylation and selection pressure. For specificity testing, the amplified regions were expressed as either the native mAb or mutant mAb lacking the acN-glyc motif. Protein modeling was used to demonstrate how even an acN-glyc site outside of the complementarity-determining region could participate in, or inhibit, antigen binding. RESULTS V-region sequence analyses revealed clonal expansions and evidence of secondary light-chain editing and allelic inclusion, of which neither of the latter two have previously been reported in patients with SS. Increased frequencies of acN-glyc were found in the sequences from patients with SS, and these acN-glyc regions were associated with an increased number of replacement mutations and lowered selection pressure. A clonal set of polyreactive mAb with differential framework region 1 acN-glyc motifs was also identified, and removal of the acN-glyc could nearly abolish binding to autoantigens. CONCLUSION These findings support the notion of an alternative mechanism for the selection and proliferation of some autoreactive B cells, involving V-region N-glycosylation, in patients with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A Koelsch
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua Cavett
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Jacen S Moore
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sylvain D Lehoux
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tim Mather
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - Syed M S Quadri
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | | | - C Erick Kaufman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - David M Lewis
- University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City
| | - Lida Radfar
- University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City
| | | | - Christopher J Lessard
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - Biji T Kurien
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judith A James
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - A Darise Farris
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - R Hal Scofield
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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21
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Lloyd KA, Steen J, Amara K, Titcombe PJ, Israelsson L, Lundström SL, Zhou D, Zubarev RA, Reed E, Piccoli L, Gabay C, Lanzavecchia A, Baeten D, Lundberg K, Mueller DL, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Grönwall C. Variable domain N-linked glycosylation and negative surface charge are key features of monoclonal ACPA: Implications for B-cell selection. Eur J Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29512823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells have a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and recent findings have proposed that anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) may be directly pathogenic. Herein, we demonstrate the frequency of variable-region glycosylation in single-cell cloned mAbs. A total of 14 ACPA mAbs were evaluated for predicted N-linked glycosylation motifs in silico, and compared to 452 highly-mutated mAbs from RA patients and controls. Variable region N-linked motifs (N-X-S/T) were strikingly prevalent within ACPA (100%) compared to somatically hypermutated (SHM) RA bone marrow plasma cells (21%), and synovial plasma cells from seropositive (39%) and seronegative RA (7%). When normalized for SHM, ACPA still had significantly higher frequency of N-linked motifs compared to all studied mAbs including highly mutated HIV broadly-neutralizing and malaria-associated mAbs. The Fab glycans of ACPA-mAbs were highly sialylated, contributed to altered charge, but did not influence antigen binding. The analysis revealed evidence of unusual B-cell selection pressure and SHM-mediated decrease in surface charge and isoelectric point in ACPA. It is still unknown how these distinct features of anti-citrulline immunity may have an impact on pathogenesis. However, it is evident that they offer selective advantages for ACPA+ B cells, possibly through non-antigen driven mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Steen
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khaled Amara
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip J Titcombe
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evan Reed
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel L Mueller
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Visser A, Doorenspleet ME, de Vries N, Spijkervet FKL, Vissink A, Bende RJ, Bootsma H, Kroese FGM, Bos NA. Acquisition of N-Glycosylation Sites in Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes During Local Expansion in Parotid Salivary Glands of Primary Sjögren Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:491. [PMID: 29662487 PMCID: PMC5890187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed high incidence of acquired N-glycosylation sites acquired N-glycosylation sites in RNA transcripts encoding immunoglobulin heavy variable region (IGHV) 3 genes from parotid glands of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients. In this study, next generation sequencing was used to study the extent of ac-Nglycs among clonally expanded cells from all IGVH families in the salivary glands of pSS patients. RNA was isolated from parotid gland biopsies of five pSS patients and five non-pSS sicca controls. IGHV sequences covering all functional IGHV genes were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Each biopsy recovered 1,800–4,000 unique IGHV sequences. No difference in IGHV gene usage was observed between pSS and non-pSS sequences. Clonally related sequences with more than 0.3% of the total number of sequences per patient were referred to as dominant clone. Overall, 70 dominant clones were found in pSS biopsies, compared to 15 in non-pSS. No difference in percentage mutation in dominant clone-derived IGHV sequences was seen between pSS and non-pSS. In pSS, no evidence for antigen-driven selection in dominant clones was found. We observed a significantly higher amount of ac-Nglycs among pSS dominant clone-derived sequences compared to non-pSS. Ac-Nglycs were, however, not restricted to dominant clones or IGHV gene. Most ac-Nglycs were detected in the framework 3 region. No stereotypic rheumatoid factor rearrangements were found in dominant clones. Lineage tree analysis showed in four pSS patients, but not in non-pSS, the presence of the germline sequence from a dominant clone. Presence of germline sequence and mutated IGHV sequences in the same dominant clone provide evidence that this clone originated from a naïve B-cell recruited into the parotid gland to expand and differentiate locally into plasma cells. The increased presence of ac-Nglycs in IGHV sequences, due to somatic hypermutation, might provide B-cells an escape mechanism to survive during immune response. We speculate that glycosylation of the B-cell receptor makes the cell sensitive to environmental lectin signals to contribute to aberrant B-cell selection in pSS parotid glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Visser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke E Doorenspleet
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fred K L Spijkervet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard J Bende
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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23
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Adaptive antibody diversification through N-linked glycosylation of the immunoglobulin variable region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1901-1906. [PMID: 29432186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711720115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of B-cell immunity is the generation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies from a limited set of germline V(D)J genes. This repertoire is usually defined in terms of amino acid composition. However, variable domains may also acquire N-linked glycans, a process conditional on the introduction of consensus amino acid motifs (N-glycosylation sites) during somatic hypermutation. High levels of variable domain glycans have been associated with autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, as well as certain follicular lymphomas. However, the role of these glycans in the humoral immune response remains poorly understood. Interestingly, studies have reported both positive and negative effects on antibody affinity. Our aim was to elucidate the role of variable domain glycans during antigen-specific antibody responses. By analyzing B-cell repertoires by next-generation sequencing, we demonstrate that N-glycosylation sites are introduced at positions in which glycans can affect antigen binding as a result of a specific clustering of progenitor glycosylation sites in the germline sequences of variable domain genes. By analyzing multiple human monoclonal and polyclonal (auto)antibody responses, we subsequently show that this process is subject to selection during antigen-specific antibody responses, skewed toward IgG4, and positively contributes to antigen binding. Together, these results highlight a physiological role for variable domain glycosylation as an additional layer of antibody diversification that modulates antigen binding.
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25
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Vergroesen RD, Slot LM, Hafkenscheid L, Koning MT, Scherer HU, Toes REM. Response to: ‘Acquiring new N-glycosylation sites in variable regions of immunoglobulin genes by somatic hypermutation is a common feature of autoimmune diseases’ by Visser et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:e70. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Visser A, Hamza N, Kroese FGM, Bos NA. Acquiring new N-glycosylation sites in variable regions of immunoglobulin genes by somatic hypermutation is a common feature of autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:e69. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Hall SC, Hassis ME, Williams KE, Albertolle ME, Prakobphol A, Dykstra AB, Laurance M, Ona K, Niles RK, Prasad N, Gormley M, Shiboski C, Criswell LA, Witkowska HE, Fisher SJ. Alterations in the Salivary Proteome and N-Glycome of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1693-1705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Hall
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maria E. Hassis
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine E. Williams
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew E. Albertolle
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew B. Dykstra
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Megan Laurance
- Library
and Center for Knowledge Management, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine Ona
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Richard K. Niles
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Namrata Prasad
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Russel/Engleman
Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - H. Ewa Witkowska
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Susan J. Fisher
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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28
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Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal, resulting in oral and ocular dryness, although virtually any organ system can be affected. SS-related systemic manifestations are classified as either related to the presence of periepithelial infiltrates in exocrine and parenchymal organs or resulting from immunocomplex deposition due to B cell hyperactivity with increased risk for B cell lymphoma development. Activation of both innate and adaptive immune pathways contributes to disease pathogenesis, with prominent interferon (IFN) signatures identified in both peripheral blood and affected salivary gland tissues. Recently, LINE-1 genomic repeat elements have been proposed as potential triggers of type I IFN pathway activation in SS through activation of Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. In view of the increasingly appreciated variability of SS, elucidation of distinct operating pathways in relation to diverse clinical phenotypes and selection of the optimal therapeutic intervention remain major challenges. Inhibition of cathepsin S molecules, blockade of costimulation through administration of abatacept and inhibitors of B7-related molecules and CD40, blockade of B cell function and B cell survival factors, and disruption of the formation of ectopic germinal centers are considered the main therapeutic targets. Well-controlled multicenter clinical trials are ongoing and data are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece;
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to give an update on the understanding of the immune responses involved in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and to highlight recent findings on the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms at play. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, genetic studies have confirmed the importance of aberrant type I interferon (IFN) and B cell responses in pSS and highlighted critical pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. In particular, the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures has emerged as an important factor in the establishment of chronic autoimmune responses in target organs. Interestingly, recent studies on viral infection in the context of pSS, as well as findings on the contribution of salivary gland epithelial cells in local immune responses, offer further clues to understand pSS etiology and its target organ specificity. Finally, new evidence brings T cells and natural killer cells under renewed attention as possible important contributors to pSS pathogenesis. SUMMARY Progress made during the last few years on the pathogenesis of pSS has been mirrored by clinical trials directed at inhibiting cytokines, B, or T cell responses. Future efforts should focus on identifying additional pSS specific targets and developing methods to help choose optimal therapeutic strategies for the individual patient.
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30
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van de Bovenkamp FS, Hafkenscheid L, Rispens T, Rombouts Y. The Emerging Importance of IgG Fab Glycosylation in Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1435-41. [PMID: 26851295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human IgG is the most abundant glycoprotein in serum and is crucial for protective immunity. In addition to conserved IgG Fc glycans, ∼15-25% of serum IgG contains glycans within the variable domains. These so-called "Fab glycans" are primarily highly processed complex-type biantennary N-glycans linked to N-glycosylation sites that emerge during somatic hypermutation. Specific patterns of Fab glycosylation are concurrent with physiological and pathological conditions, such as pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. With respect to function, Fab glycosylation can significantly affect stability, half-life, and binding characteristics of Abs and BCRs. Moreover, Fab glycans are associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIgs. Consequently, IgG Fab glycosylation appears to be an important, yet poorly understood, process that modulates immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur S van de Bovenkamp
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
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