1
|
Hickey MJ, Norman MU. Intravital Imaging of Regulatory T Cells in Inflamed Skin. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2691:247-256. [PMID: 37355551 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3331-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play key roles in skin homeostasis and inflammation and in regulating antitumor responses. Understanding of the biology of this cell type has been improved by the use of intravital microscopy for their visualization in various organs. Here we describe a multiphoton microscopy-based technique for intravital imaging of regulatory T cells in the skin. We provide a protocol for a model of antigen-dependent inflammation that induces robust regulatory T cell recruitment to the skin and describe the use of a regulatory T cell reporter mouse for visualization of these cells in inflamed skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - M Ursula Norman
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hajam EY, Panikulam P, Chu CC, Jayaprakash H, Majumdar A, Jamora C. The expanding impact of T-regs in the skin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983700. [PMID: 36189219 PMCID: PMC9521603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the interface between the body and the environment, the skin functions as the physical barrier against external pathogens and toxic agents. In addition, the skin is an immunologically active organ with a plethora of resident adaptive and innate immune cells, as well as effector molecules that provide another layer of protection in the form of an immune barrier. A major subpopulation of these immune cells are the Foxp3 expressing CD4 T cells or regulatory T cells (T-regs). The canonical function of T-regs is to keep other immune cells in check during homeostasis or to dissipate a robust inflammatory response following pathogen clearance or wound healing. Interestingly, recent data has uncovered unconventional roles that vary between different tissues and we will highlight the emerging non-lymphoid functions of cutaneous T-regs. In light of the novel functions of other immune cells that are routinely being discovered in the skin, their regulation by T-regs implies that T-regs have executive control over a broad swath of biological activities in both homeostasis and disease. The blossoming list of non-inflammatory functions, whether direct or indirect, suggests that the role of T-regs in a regenerative organ such as the skin will be a field ripe for discovery for decades to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edries Yousaf Hajam
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patricia Panikulam
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Haarshadri Jayaprakash
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM ETS- The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Colin Jamora,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chruscinski A, Rojas-Luengas V, Moshkelgosha S, Issachar A, Luo J, Yowanto H, Lilly L, Smith R, Renner E, Zhang J, Epstein M, Grant D, McEvoy CM, Konvalinka A, Humar A, Adeyi O, Fischer S, Volmer FH, Taubert R, Jaeckel E, Juvet S, Selzner N, Levy GA. Evaluation of a gene expression biomarker to identify operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients: the LITMUS trial. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:123-139. [PMID: 35020854 PMCID: PMC8802178 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LITMUS was a single-centre, Phase 2a study designed to investigate whether the gene biomarker FGL2/IFNG previously reported for the identification of tolerance in murine models could identify operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients. Multiplex RT-PCR was used to amplify eight immunoregulatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 69 adult liver transplant recipients. Patients with PBMC FGL2/IFNG ≥ 1 and a normal liver biopsy underwent immunosuppression (IS) withdrawal. The primary end point was the development of operational tolerance. Secondary end points included correlation of tolerance with allograft gene expression and immune cell markers. Twenty-eight of 69 patients (38%) were positive for the PBMC tolerance biomarker and 23 proceeded to IS withdrawal. Nine of the 23 patients had abnormal baseline liver biopsies and were excluded. Of the 14 patients with normal biopsies, eight (57%) have achieved operational tolerance and are off IS (range 12–57 months). Additional studies revealed that all of the tolerant patients and only one non-tolerant patient had a liver gene ratio of FOXP3/IFNG ≥ 1 prior to IS withdrawal. Increased CD4+ T regulatory T cells were detected both in PBMC and livers of tolerant patients following IS withdrawal. Higher expression of SELE (gene for E-selectin) and lower expression of genes associated with inflammatory responses (GZMB, CIITA, UBD, LSP1, and CXCL9) were observed in the pre-withdrawal liver biopsies of tolerant patients by RNA sequencing. These results suggest that measurement of PBMC FGL2/IFNG may enrich for the identification of operationally tolerant liver transplant patients, especially when combined with intragraft measurement of FOXP3/IFNG. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (LITMUS: NCT02541916).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Chruscinski
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanessa Rojas-Luengas
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Assaf Issachar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Leslie Lilly
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Smith
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eberhard Renner
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maor Epstein
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Grant
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra Fischer
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Felix H Volmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Taubert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary A Levy
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Norman MU, Chow Z, Snelgrove SL, Prakongtham P, Hickey MJ. Dynamic Regulation of the Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T Cell Migration in Inflamed Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655499. [PMID: 34040606 PMCID: PMC8143438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin is important in controlling inflammatory responses in this peripheral tissue. Uninflamed skin contains a population of relatively immotile Tregs often located in clusters around hair follicles. Inflammation induces a significant increase both in the abundance of Tregs within the dermis, and in the proportion of Tregs that are highly migratory. The molecular mechanisms underpinning Treg migration in the dermis are unclear. In this study we used multiphoton intravital microscopy to examine the role of RGD-binding integrins and signalling through phosphoinositide 3-kinase P110δ (PI3K p110δ) in intradermal Treg migration in resting and inflamed skin. We found that inflammation induced Treg migration was dependent on RGD-binding integrins in a context-dependent manner. αv integrin was important for Treg migration 24 hours after induction of inflammation, but contributed to Treg retention at 48 hours, while β1 integrin played a role in Treg retention at the later time point but not during the peak of inflammation. In contrast, inhibition of signalling through PI3K p110δ reduced Treg migration throughout the entire inflammatory response, and also in the absence of inflammation. Together these observations demonstrate that the molecular mechanisms controlling intradermal Treg migration vary markedly according to the phase of the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ursula Norman
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peemapat Prakongtham
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mempel TR, Marangoni F. Guidance factors orchestrating regulatory T cell positioning in tissues during development, homeostasis, and response. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:129-141. [PMID: 30977195 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over their lifetime, regulatory T cells (Treg) recalibrate their expression of trafficking receptors multiple times as they progress through development, respond to immune challenges, or adapt to the requirements of functioning in various non-lymphoid tissue environments. These trafficking receptors, which include chemokine receptors and other G-protein coupled receptors, integrins, as well as selectins and their ligands, enable Treg not only to enter appropriate tissues from the bloodstream via post-capillary venules, but also to navigate these tissues to locally execute their immune-regulatory functions, and finally to seek out the right antigen-presenting cells and interact with these, in part in order to receive the signals that sustain their survival, proliferation, and functional activity, in part in order to execute their immuno-regulatory function by altering antigen presenting cell function. Here, we will review our current knowledge of when and in what ways Treg alter their trafficking properties. We will focus on the chemokine system and try to identify specialized, non-redundant roles of individual receptors as well as similarities and differences to the conventional T cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Snelgrove SL, Abeynaike LD, Thevalingam S, Deane JA, Hickey MJ. Regulatory T Cell Transmigration and Intravascular Migration Undergo Mechanistically Distinct Regulation at Different Phases of the Inflammatory Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2850-2861. [PMID: 31653684 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in limiting inflammatory responses in the periphery. During these responses, Treg abundance in affected organs increases and interfering with their recruitment results in exacerbation of inflammation. However, the mechanisms whereby Tregs enter the skin remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to use intravital microscopy to investigate adhesion and transmigration of Tregs in the dermal microvasculature in a two-challenge model of contact sensitivity. Using intravital confocal microscopy of Foxp3-GFP mice, we visualized endogenous Tregs and assessed their interactions in the dermal microvasculature. Four hours after hapten challenge, Tregs underwent adhesion with ∼25% of these cells proceeding to transmigration, a process dependent on CCR4. At 24 h, Tregs adhered but no longer underwent transmigration, instead remaining in prolonged contact with the endothelium, migrating over the endothelial surface. Four hours after a second challenge, Treg transmigration was restored, although in this case transmigration was CCR4 independent, instead involving the CCR6/CCL20 pathway. Notably, at 24 h but not 4 h after challenge, endothelial cells expressed MHC class II (MHC II). Moreover, at this time of peak MHC II expression, inhibition of MHC II reduced Treg adhesion, demonstrating an unexpected role for MHC II in Treg attachment to the endothelium. Together these data show that Treg adhesion and transmigration can be driven by different molecular mechanisms at different stages of an Ag-driven inflammatory response. In addition, Tregs can undergo prolonged migration on the inflamed endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Latasha D Abeynaike
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Sukarnan Thevalingam
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - James A Deane
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia; and.,Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Finsterbusch M, Norman MU, Hall P, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Platelet retention in inflamed glomeruli occurs via selective prolongation of interactions with immune cells. Kidney Int 2018; 95:363-374. [PMID: 30522769 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-leukocyte interactions promote acute glomerulonephritis. However, neither the nature of the interactions between platelets and immune cells nor the capacity of platelets to promote leukocyte activation has been characterized in this condition. We used confocal intravital microscopy to define the interactions of platelets with neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells in glomerular capillaries in mice. In the absence of inflammation, platelets underwent rapid on/off interactions with immune cells. During glomerulonephritis induced by in situ immune complex formation, platelets that interacted with neutrophils or monocytes, but not with other intraglomerular cells, were retained in the glomerulus for prolonged durations. Depletion of platelets inhibited both neutrophil recruitment and activation. Inhibition of platelet activating factor reduced neutrophil recruitment without impacting reactive oxygen species generation, while blocking CXC chemokine ligand 7 (CXCL7) reduced both responses. In contrast, inhibition of the adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2 pathways inhibited neutrophil reactive oxygen species generation without affecting neutrophil adhesion. Thus, platelet retention in glomerular capillaries following immune complex deposition stems from prolongation of platelet interactions with immune cells but not other substrates. Pro-inflammatory mediators play divergent roles in promoting neutrophil retention and activation in glomerular capillaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Finsterbusch
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Ursula Norman
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lim WC, Olding M, Healy E, Millar TM. Human Endothelial Cells Modulate CD4 + T Cell Populations and Enhance Regulatory T Cell Suppressive Capacity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:565. [PMID: 29628925 PMCID: PMC5876242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the luminal surface of blood vessels and have an active role in the recruitment of leukocytes, including immune cell activation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immune suppressor cells that maintain peripheral tolerance and must interact with the endothelium as they traffic into tissue. We hypothesized that human ECs could modulate Tregs and their suppressor function. Cocultures of CD4+ T cells with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) or dermal microvascular ECs (HDMECs) were conducted and analyzed for activation and proliferation after 72 and 120 h using flow cytometry. In monocyte-depleted cultures, human ECs were found to support CD4+ T cell proliferation in the presence of external mitogens phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3/28 antibodies (aCD3/28). Activation was shown by CD25 expression in these cells that also transiently expressed the Treg transcription factor FOXP3. HUVECs supported the specific concurrent proliferation of both effector T cells and Tregs when cocultured with aCD3/28. Purified Tregs were also functionally activated by prior coculture with EC to suppress effector T (Teff) cell proliferation. Both direct coculture and indirect coculture of EC and Treg showed activation of the Treg suppressive phenotype. However, whereas HUVEC showed enhancement of suppression by both mechanisms, HDMEC only supported Treg suppressive activity via the contact-independent mechanism. In the contact-independent cultures, the soluble mediators IL-6, GM-CSF, or G-CSF released from ECs following interferon-γ activation were not responsible for the enhanced Treg suppressor function. Following direct coculture, Treg expression of inhibitory receptors PD-1 and OX40 was elevated while activated EC expressed the counter ligands programmed death ligand (PD-L)1 and PD-L2. Therefore, human ECs have a role in supporting T cell proliferation and increasing Treg suppressor function. This ability of EC to enhance Treg function could offer novel targets to boost Treg activity during inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chean Lim
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Olding
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Millar
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Westhorpe CLV, Norman MU, Hall P, Snelgrove SL, Finsterbusch M, Li A, Lo C, Tan ZH, Li S, Nilsson SK, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Effector CD4 + T cells recognize intravascular antigen presented by patrolling monocytes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:747. [PMID: 29467472 PMCID: PMC5821889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although effector CD4+ T cells readily respond to antigen outside the vasculature, how they respond to intravascular antigens is unknown. Here we show the process of intravascular antigen recognition using intravital multiphoton microscopy of glomeruli. CD4+ T cells undergo intravascular migration within uninflamed glomeruli. Similarly, while MHCII is not expressed by intrinsic glomerular cells, intravascular MHCII-expressing immune cells patrol glomerular capillaries, interacting with CD4+ T cells. Following intravascular deposition of antigen in glomeruli, effector CD4+ T-cell responses, including NFAT1 nuclear translocation and decreased migration, are consistent with antigen recognition. Of the MHCII+ immune cells adherent in glomerular capillaries, only monocytes are retained for prolonged durations. These cells can also induce T-cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, monocyte depletion reduces CD4+ T-cell-dependent glomerular inflammation. These findings indicate that MHCII+ monocytes patrolling the glomerular microvasculature can present intravascular antigen to CD4+ T cells within glomerular capillaries, leading to antigen-dependent inflammation. Monocytes constitutively adhere and crawl along the glomerular endothelium and are thought to contribute to glomerulonephritis. Here the authors use multiphoton microscopy to show local antigen presentation by MHCII+ monocytes to T cells in glomerular capillaries of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L V Westhorpe
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M Ursula Norman
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Michaela Finsterbusch
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anqi Li
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Camden Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zhe Hao Tan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Songhui Li
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Departments of Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nicholls AJ, Wen SW, Hall P, Hickey MJ, Wong CHY. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system modulates neutrophil function. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:295-309. [PMID: 29345350 PMCID: PMC6635748 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0517-194rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has revealed that noradrenaline (NA), the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), regulates a variety of immune functions via binding to adrenergic receptors present on immune cells. In this study, we examined the role of NA in the regulation of neutrophil functions. Neutrophils were isolated from the bone marrow of naïve mice and treated with NA at various concentrations to assess the effect on various neutrophil functions. Additionally, we performed cremaster intravital microscopy to examine neutrophil‐endothelial cell interactions following NA superfusion in vivo. In a separate group of animals, mice were subjected to an experimental model of stroke and at 4 and 24 h neutrophils were isolated for assessment on their ability to migrate toward various chemokines. Treatment of neutrophils with NA for 4 h significantly impaired neutrophil chemotaxis and induced an N2 neutrophil phenotype with reduced expression of the genes critical for cytoskeleton remodeling and inflammation. Prolonged NA administration promoted neutrophils to release myeloperoxidase and IL‐6, but suppressed the production of interferon‐γ and IL‐10, reduced neutrophil activation and phagocytosis. Superfusion of NA over the cremaster muscle almost completely inhibited fMLP‐induced neutrophil adhesion/arrest and transmigration. Furthermore, using a mouse model of stroke, a pathological condition in which SNS activation is evident, neutrophils isolated from poststroke mice showed markedly reduced chemotaxis toward all of the chemokines tested. The findings from our study indicate that neutrophil chemotaxis, activation, and phagocytosis can all be negatively regulated in an NA‐dependent manner. A better understanding of the relationship between sympathetic activation and neutrophil function will be important for the development of effective antibacterial interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J Nicholls
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sackstein R, Schatton T, Barthel SR. T-lymphocyte homing: an underappreciated yet critical hurdle for successful cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 97:669-697. [PMID: 28346400 PMCID: PMC5446300 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel immunotherapeutics, including blocking antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Nonetheless, clinical benefit remains highly variable and patient-specific, in part, because all immunotherapeutic regimens vitally hinge on the capacity of endogenous and/or adoptively transferred T-effector (Teff) cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, to home efficiently into tumor target tissue. Thus, defects intrinsic to the multi-step T-cell homing cascade have become an obvious, though significantly underappreciated contributor to immunotherapy resistance. Conspicuous have been low intralesional frequencies of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) below clinically beneficial threshold levels, and peripheral rather than deep lesional TIL infiltration. Therefore, a Teff cell 'homing deficit' may arguably represent a dominant factor responsible for ineffective immunotherapeutic outcomes, as tumors resistant to immune-targeted killing thrive in such permissive, immune-vacuous microenvironments. Fortunately, emerging data is shedding light into the diverse mechanisms of immune escape by which tumors restrict Teff cell trafficking and lesional penetrance. In this review, we scrutinize evolving knowledge on the molecular determinants of Teff cell navigation into tumors. By integrating recently described, though sporadic information of pivotal adhesive and chemokine homing signatures within the tumor microenvironment with better established paradigms of T-cell trafficking under homeostatic or infectious disease scenarios, we seek to refine currently incomplete models of Teff cell entry into tumor tissue. We further summarize how cancers thwart homing to escape immune-mediated destruction and raise awareness of the potential impact of immune checkpoint blockers on Teff cell homing. Finally, we speculate on innovative therapeutic opportunities for augmenting Teff cell homing capabilities to improve immunotherapy-based tumor eradication in cancer patients, with special focus on malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Rm 671, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Steven R. Barthel, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hickey MJ, Chow Z. Viewing immune regulation as it happens: in vivo imaging for investigation of regulatory T-cell function. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:514-519. [PMID: 28420873 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play indispensable roles in the immune system, in limiting excessive or inappropriate immune and inflammatory responses. They achieve this function via effects on other immune cells in the secondary lymphoid system, and in peripheral locations such as skin, gut and bone marrow. As for the more extensively studied cellular players in the immune system, particularly dendritic cells and conventional T cells, in vivo imaging of Tregs via two-photon (or multiphoton) microscopy (MPM) has been central to the development of understanding how these cells function. In this brief review, we will describe the studies that have utilised MPM to examine Treg behaviour in vivo. These studies have investigated Treg behaviour in lymph nodes and spleen, as well as in peripheral organs such as skin, small intestine and bone marrow. The findings from these experiments underline how assumptions made about Treg function based on results of in vitro experiments are often not supported by direct visualisation of these cells in their normal in vivo settings. Together this work reveals that only via MPM analysis can Treg function be investigated in the complicated multicellular environments where conventional T cells, antigen-presenting cells and other potential cellular targets of Tregs are present with each undergoing their own specific actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
PSGL-1: A New Player in the Immune Checkpoint Landscape. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:323-335. [PMID: 28262471 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has long been studied as an adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking and is recognized as a regulator of many facets of immune responses by myeloid cells. PSGL-1 also regulates T cell migration during homeostasis and inflammatory settings. However, recent findings indicate that PSGL-1 can also negatively regulate T cell function. Because T cell differentiation is finely tuned by multiple positive and negative regulatory signals that appropriately scale the magnitude of the immune response, PSGL-1 has emerged as an important checkpoint during this process. We summarize what is known regarding PSGL-1 structure and function and highlight how it may act as an immune checkpoint inhibitor in T cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Wang X, Jiang H, Zhang G, Tan R, Sun Y, Wu X, Tan R, Xu Q. Herpetol ameliorates allergic contact dermatitis through regulating T-lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
15
|
Patrolling monocytes promote intravascular neutrophil activation and glomerular injury in the acutely inflamed glomerulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5172-81. [PMID: 27528685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606253113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonclassical monocytes undergo intravascular patrolling in blood vessels, positioning them ideally to coordinate responses to inflammatory stimuli. Under some circumstances, the actions of monocytes have been shown to involve promotion of neutrophil recruitment. However, the mechanisms whereby patrolling monocytes control the actions of neutrophils in the circulation are unclear. Here, we examined the contributions of monocytes to antibody- and neutrophil-dependent inflammation in a model of in situ immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Multiphoton and spinning disk confocal intravital microscopy revealed that monocytes patrol both uninflamed and inflamed glomeruli using β2 and α4 integrins and CX3CR1. Monocyte depletion reduced glomerular injury, demonstrating that these cells promote inappropriate inflammation in this setting. Monocyte depletion also resulted in reductions in neutrophil recruitment and dwell time in glomerular capillaries and in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by neutrophils, suggesting a role for cross-talk between monocytes and neutrophils in induction of glomerulonephritis. Consistent with this hypothesis, patrolling monocytes and neutrophils underwent prolonged interactions in glomerular capillaries, with the duration of these interactions increasing during inflammation. Moreover, neutrophils that interacted with monocytes showed increased retention and a greater propensity for ROS generation in the glomerulus. Also, renal patrolling monocytes, but not neutrophils, produced TNF during inflammation, and TNF inhibition reduced neutrophil dwell time and ROS production, as well as renal injury. These findings show that monocytes and neutrophils undergo interactions within the glomerular microvasculature. Moreover, evidence indicates that, in response to an inflammatory stimulus, these interactions allow monocytes to promote neutrophil recruitment and activation within the glomerular microvasculature, leading to neutrophil-dependent tissue injury.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang MT, Lin BR, Liu WL, Lu CW, Chiang BL. Lymph node trafficking of regulatory T cells is prerequisite for immune suppression. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:561-8. [PMID: 26543091 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have a crucial role in health and disease because of their immune regulation function. However, the anatomic sites where regulatory T cells exert optimal immune regulation are open to debate. In our current study with the use of a shear-stress flow assay, we found that regulatory T cells exhibited significantly decreased adhesion to either activated endothelial monolayer or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or E-selectin-coated surfaces compared with activated effector T cells. The less transmigration capacity of the regulatory T cells prompted our speculation of preferential lymph node localization for the regulatory T cells that endowed these cells with immune regulation function in the most efficient manner. To test this hypothesis, the role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression was evaluated with a footpad inflammation model. We found that adoptively transferred regulatory T cells inhibited the development of footpad inflammation. In addition, although blockage of CCR7 or CD62L had no effect on the immune suppressive function of the regulatory T cells per se, pretreatment of the regulatory T cells with either CCR7 or CD62L blocking antibodies prevented their recruitment into draining lymph nodes and concomitantly abrogated the immune suppressive effects of adoptively transferred regulatory T cells during footpad inflammation. Our data demonstrate the crucial role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression and suggest a probable hierarchy in the anatomic sites for optimal immune regulation. Elucidating the relationships between the transmigration characteristics of the regulatory T cells and their immune regulation function will provide insightful information for regulatory T cell-based cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Tzu Huang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking during the development of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:984-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
19
|
Wang X, Zhou Y, He S, Ouyang Z, Feng L, Shen Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Wu X, Xu Q. Obaculactone exerts a novel ameliorating effect on contact dermatitis through regulating T lymphocyte. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Chow Z, Banerjee A, Hickey MJ. Controlling the fire — tissue‐specific mechanisms of effector regulatory T‐cell homing. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:355-63. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Ashish Banerjee
- Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR‐PHI Institute of Medical Research Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre Clayton Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|