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Dölen Y, Gileadi U, Chen JL, Valente M, Creemers JHA, Van Dinther EAW, van Riessen NK, Jäger E, Hruby M, Cerundolo V, Diken M, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. PLGA Nanoparticles Co-encapsulating NY-ESO-1 Peptides and IMM60 Induce Robust CD8 and CD4 T Cell and B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641703. [PMID: 33717196 PMCID: PMC7947615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific neoantigens can be highly immunogenic, but their identification for each patient and the production of personalized cancer vaccines can be time-consuming and prohibitively expensive. In contrast, tumor-associated antigens are widely expressed and suitable as an off the shelf immunotherapy. Here, we developed a PLGA-based nanoparticle vaccine that contains both the immunogenic cancer germline antigen NY-ESO-1 and an α-GalCer analog IMM60, as a novel iNKT cell agonist and dendritic cell transactivator. Three peptide sequences (85-111, 117-143, and 157-165) derived from immunodominant regions of NY-ESO-1 were selected. These peptides have a wide HLA coverage and were efficiently processed and presented by dendritic cells via various HLA subtypes. Co-delivery of IMM60 enhanced CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and antibody levels against NY-ESO-1 in vivo. Moreover, the nanoparticles have negligible systemic toxicity in high doses, and they could be produced according to GMP guidelines. Together, we demonstrated the feasibility of producing a PLGA-based nanovaccine containing immunogenic peptides and an iNKT cell agonist, that is activating DCs to induce antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jeroen H A Creemers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric A W Van Dinther
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - N Koen van Riessen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eliezer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Generation of TCR-engineered reference cell samples to control T-cell assay performance. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 31948547 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In vitro cellular assays analyzing antigen-specific T cells are characterized by their high complexity and require controlled conditions to lower experimental variations. Without standard cellular reagents, it is difficult to compare results over time and across institutions. To overcome this problem, a simple and robust technology was developed to generate TCR-engineered reference samples (TERS) containing defined numbers of antigen-specific T cells. Utilization of TERS enables performance control of three main T-cell assays: MHC-peptide multimer staining, IFN-γ ELISpot and cytokine flow cytometry. TERS continuously deliver stable results and can be stored for longer periods of time. Here, an optimized manufacturing protocol, based on the electroporation of stable T-cell receptor in vitro-transcribed mRNA, is provided for versatile in-house production of TERS. Included are a guideline to optimize the electroporation settings on locally available electroporation devices and a step-by-step protocol for the production process.
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Bidmon N, Kind S, Welters MJP, Joseph-Pietras D, Laske K, Maurer D, Hadrup SR, Schreibelt G, Rae R, Sahin U, Gouttefangeas C, Britten CM, van der Burg SH. Development of an RNA-based kit for easy generation of TCR-engineered lymphocytes to control T-cell assay performance. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:74-82. [PMID: 29684430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays to monitor antigen-specific T-cell responses are characterized by their high complexity and should be conducted under controlled conditions to lower multiple possible sources of assay variation. However, the lack of standard reagents makes it difficult to directly compare results generated in one lab over time and across institutions. Therefore TCR-engineered reference samples (TERS) that contain a defined number of antigen-specific T cells and continuously deliver stable results are urgently needed. We successfully established a simple and robust TERS technology that constitutes a useful tool to overcome this issue for commonly used T-cell immuno-assays. To enable users to generate large-scale TERS, on-site using the most commonly used electroporation (EP) devices, an RNA-based kit approach, providing stable TCR mRNA and an optimized manufacturing protocol were established. In preparation for the release of this immuno-control kit, we established optimal EP conditions on six devices and initiated an extended RNA stability study. Furthermore, we coordinated on-site production of TERS with 4 participants. Finally, a proficiency panel was organized to test the unsupervised production of TERS at different laboratories using the kit approach. The results obtained show the feasibility and robustness of the kit approach for versatile in-house production of cellular control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bidmon
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Kind
- BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Joseph-Pietras
- ECMC, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Dominik Maurer
- Immatics biotechnologies GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital Herlev, Ringvej 75, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Dept. of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, HB 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Rae
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany; BioNTech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cedrik M Britten
- Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz (TRON gGmbH), Freiligrathstraße 12, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333, The Netherlands.
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Chandran PA, Laske K, Cazaly A, Rusch E, Schmid-Horch B, Rammensee HG, Ottensmeier CH, Gouttefangeas C. Validation of Immunomonitoring Methods for Application in Clinical Studies: The HLA-Peptide Multimer Staining Assay. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 94:342-353. [PMID: 27363684 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validated assays are essential to generate data with defined specificity, consistency, and reliability. Although the process of validation is required for applying immunoassays in the context of clinical studies, reports on systematic validation of in vitro T cell assays are scarce so far. We recently validated our HLA-peptide multimer staining assay in a systematic manner so as to qualify the method for monitoring antigen-specific T cell responses after immunotherapy. METHODS Parameters of the assay, specificity, precision, linearity, sensitivity, and robustness were assessed systematically. Experiments were designed to address specifically each parameter and are detailed. RESULTS Nonspecific multimer staining was below the acceptance limit of 0.02% multimer(+) CD8(+) cells. The assay showed acceptable precision in all dimensions it was repeated (CV < 10%) and also demonstrated a linear detection (R2 > 0.99) of antigen specific cells. CONCLUSIONS We succeeded in validating the HLA-multimer staining assay in a systematic manner. Additionally, we propose a technical framework and recommendations that can be applied for validating other T cell assessment methods. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anoop Chandran
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Angelica Cazaly
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Rusch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Masucci GV, Cesano A, Hawtin R, Janetzki S, Zhang J, Kirsch I, Dobbin KK, Alvarez J, Robbins PB, Selvan SR, Streicher HZ, Butterfield LH, Thurin M. Validation of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy in cancer: Volume I - pre-analytical and analytical validation. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:76. [PMID: 27895917 PMCID: PMC5109744 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have emerged as one of the most promising approaches to treat patients with cancer. Recently, there have been many clinical successes using checkpoint receptor blockade, including T cell inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Despite demonstrated successes in a variety of malignancies, responses only typically occur in a minority of patients in any given histology. Additionally, treatment is associated with inflammatory toxicity and high cost. Therefore, determining which patients would derive clinical benefit from immunotherapy is a compelling clinical question. Although numerous candidate biomarkers have been described, there are currently three FDA-approved assays based on PD-1 ligand expression (PD-L1) that have been clinically validated to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from a single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Because of the complexity of the immune response and tumor biology, it is unlikely that a single biomarker will be sufficient to predict clinical outcomes in response to immune-targeted therapy. Rather, the integration of multiple tumor and immune response parameters, such as protein expression, genomics, and transcriptomics, may be necessary for accurate prediction of clinical benefit. Before a candidate biomarker and/or new technology can be used in a clinical setting, several steps are necessary to demonstrate its clinical validity. Although regulatory guidelines provide general roadmaps for the validation process, their applicability to biomarkers in the cancer immunotherapy field is somewhat limited. Thus, Working Group 1 (WG1) of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Immune Biomarkers Task Force convened to address this need. In this two volume series, we discuss pre-analytical and analytical (Volume I) as well as clinical and regulatory (Volume II) aspects of the validation process as applied to predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. To illustrate the requirements for validation, we discuss examples of biomarker assays that have shown preliminary evidence of an association with clinical benefit from immunotherapeutic interventions. The scope includes only those assays and technologies that have established a certain level of validation for clinical use (fit-for-purpose). Recommendations to meet challenges and strategies to guide the choice of analytical and clinical validation design for specific assays are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe V Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rachael Hawtin
- Nodality, Inc, 170 Harbor Way, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc, 555 North Avenue, Fort Lee, 07024 NJ USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Covaris Inc, 14 Gill St, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
| | - Ilan Kirsch
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Kevin K Dobbin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, 101 Buck Road, Athens, 30602 GA USA
| | - John Alvarez
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | | | - Senthamil R Selvan
- Omni Array Biotechnology, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, 20855 MD USA
| | - Howard Z Streicher
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Diagnosis Program, DCTD, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA ; Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedrik M Britten
- GlaxoSmithKline, Immuno-Oncology and Combinations, Oncology Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany
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