1
|
Morris I, Croes CA, Boes M, Kalkhoven E. Advanced omics techniques shed light on CD1d-mediated lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159292. [PMID: 36773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) can be activated through binding antigenic lipid/CD1d complexes to their TCR. Antigenic lipids are processed, loaded, and displayed in complex with CD1d by lipid antigen presenting cells (LAPCs). The mechanism of lipid antigen presentation via CD1d is highly conserved with recent work showing adipocytes are LAPCs that, besides having a role in lipid storage, can activate iNKT cells and play an important role in systemic metabolic disease. Recent studies shed light on parameters potentially dictating cytokine output and how obesity-associated metabolic disease may affect such parameters. By following a lipid antigen's journey, we identify five key areas which may dictate cytokine skew: co-stimulation, structural properties of the lipid antigen, stability of lipid antigen/CD1d complexes, intracellular and extracellular pH, and intracellular and extracellular lipid environment. Recent publications indicate that the combination of advanced omics-type approaches and machine learning may be a fruitful way to interconnect these 5 areas, with the ultimate goal to provide new insights for therapeutic exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Morris
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cresci-Anne Croes
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Metabolites produced by commensal gut microbes impact host health through their recognition by the immune system and their influence on numerous metabolic pathways. Notably, the gut microbiota can both transform and synthesize lipids as well as break down dietary lipids to generate secondary metabolites with host modulatory properties. Although lipids have largely been consigned to structural roles, particularly in cell membranes, recent research has led to an increased appreciation of their signaling activities, with potential impacts on host health and physiology. This review focuses on studies that highlight the functions of bioactive lipids in mammalian physiology, with a special emphasis on immunity and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Monnot GC, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Sallee BN, Chakravarthy R, Karantza IM, Tin SY, Khaleel AE, Monga I, Uwakwe LN, Tillman A, Cheng B, Youssef S, Ng SW, Shahine A, Garcia-Vilas JA, Uhlemann AC, Bordone LA, Han A, Rohde CH, Ogg G, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, de Jong A. Staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol antigens activate human T cells via CD1a. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:110-122. [PMID: 36550321 PMCID: PMC10389259 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Expressed on epidermal Langerhans cells, CD1a presents a range of self-lipid antigens found within the skin; however, the extent to which CD1a presents microbial ligands from bacteria colonizing the skin is unclear. Here we identified CD1a-dependent T cell responses to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a ubiquitous bacterial membrane phospholipid, as well as to lysylPG, a modified PG, present in several Gram-positive bacteria and highly abundant in Staphylococcus aureus. The crystal structure of the CD1a-PG complex showed that the acyl chains were buried within the A'- and F'-pockets of CD1a, while the phosphoglycerol headgroup remained solvent exposed in the F'-portal and was available for T cell receptor contact. Using lysylPG and PG-loaded CD1a tetramers, we identified T cells in peripheral blood and in skin that respond to these lipids in a dose-dependent manner. Tetramer+CD4+ T cell lines secreted type 2 helper T cell cytokines in response to phosphatidylglycerols as well as to co-cultures of CD1a+ dendritic cells and Staphylococcus bacteria. The expansion in patients with atopic dermatitis of CD4+ CD1a-(lysyl)PG tetramer+ T cells suggests a response to lipids made by bacteria associated with atopic dermatitis and provides a link supporting involvement of PG-based lipid-activated T cells in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwennaëlle C Monnot
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brigitte N Sallee
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reka Chakravarthy
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioanna Maria Karantza
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shin Yi Tin
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra E Khaleel
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isha Monga
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Uwakwe
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Tillman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Core, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soundos Youssef
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier A Garcia-Vilas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Core, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lindsey A Bordone
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine H Rohde
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gram-positive bacterial membrane lipids at the host-pathogen interface. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011026. [PMID: 36602959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
5
|
Caputa G, Matsushita M, Sanin DE, Kabat AM, Edwards-Hicks J, Grzes KM, Pohlmeyer R, Stanczak MA, Castoldi A, Cupovic J, Forde AJ, Apostolova P, Seidl M, van Teijlingen Bakker N, Villa M, Baixauli F, Quintana A, Hackl A, Flachsmann L, Hässler F, Curtis JD, Patterson AE, Henneke P, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Intracellular infection and immune system cues rewire adipocytes to acquire immune function. Cell Metab 2022; 34:747-760.e6. [PMID: 35508110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) plays a central role in systemic metabolic homeostasis, but its function during bacterial infection remains unclear. Following subcutaneous bacterial infection, adipocytes surrounding draining lymph nodes initiated a transcriptional response indicative of stimulation with IFN-γ and a shift away from lipid metabolism toward an immunologic function. Natural killer (NK) and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells were identified as sources of infection-induced IFN-γ in perinodal AT (PAT). IFN-γ induced Nos2 expression in adipocytes through a process dependent on nuclear-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) sensing of live intracellular bacteria. iNOS expression was coupled to metabolic rewiring, inducing increased diversion of extracellular L-arginine through the arginosuccinate shunt and urea cycle to produce nitric oxide (NO), directly mediating bacterial clearance. In vivo, control of infection in adipocytes was dependent on adipocyte-intrinsic sensing of IFN-γ and expression of iNOS. Thus, adipocytes are licensed by innate lymphocytes to acquire anti-bacterial functions during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Caputa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David E Sanin
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Agnieszka M Kabat
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pohlmeyer
- Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikki van Teijlingen Bakker
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matteo Villa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Quintana
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hackl
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lea Flachsmann
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Hässler
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette E Patterson
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immune Deficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao L, Yang X. Cross Talk Between Natural Killer T and Dendritic Cells and Its Impact on T Cell Responses in Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837767. [PMID: 35185930 PMCID: PMC8850912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity is vital for host defense against infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for initiating and modulating adaptive immunity, especially for T-cell responses. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a small population of innate-like T cells distributed in multiple organs. Many studies have suggested that the cross-talk between these two immune cells is critical for immunobiology and host defense mechanisms. Not only can DCs influence the activation/function of NKT cells, but NKT cells can feedback on DCs also, thus modulating the phenotype and function of DCs and DC subsets. This functional feedback of NKT cells on DCs, especially the preferential promoting effect on CD8α+ and CD103+ DC subsets in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, significantly impacts the systemic and local adaptive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in infections. This review focuses on the two-way interaction between NKT cells and DCs, emphasizing the importance of NKT cell feedback on DCs in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses for host defense purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gwynne PJ, Clendenen LH, Turk SP, Marques AR, Hu LT. Antiphospholipid autoantibodies in Lyme disease arise after scavenging of host phospholipids by Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152506. [PMID: 35289310 PMCID: PMC8920326 DOI: 10.1172/jci152506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A close association with its vertebrate and tick hosts allows Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, to eliminate many metabolic pathways and instead scavenge key nutrients from the host. A lipid-defined culture medium was developed to demonstrate that exogenous lipids are an essential nutrient of B. burgdorferi, which can accumulate intact phospholipids from its environment to support growth. Antibody responses to host phospholipids were studied in mice and humans using an antiphospholipid ELISA. Several of these environmentally acquired phospholipids including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, as well as borrelial phosphatidylcholine, are the targets of antibodies that arose early in infection in the mouse model. Patients with acute infections demonstrated antibody responses to the same lipids. The elevation of antiphospholipid antibodies predicted early infection with better sensitivity than did the standardized 2-tier tests currently used in diagnosis. Sera obtained from patients with Lyme disease before and after antibiotic therapy showed declining antiphospholipid titers after treatment. Further study will be required to determine whether these antibodies have utility in early diagnosis of Lyme disease, tracking of the response to therapy, and diagnosis of reinfection, areas in which current standardized tests are inadequate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gwynne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luke H Clendenen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siu-Ping Turk
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana R Marques
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arora G, Hart T, Fikrig E. Use of host lipids by the Lyme disease spirochete may lead to biomarkers. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e158254. [PMID: 35289311 PMCID: PMC8920323 DOI: 10.1172/jci158254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America and Europe, however, current biomarkers inconsistently detect the disease. In this issue of the JCI, Gwynne et al. revealed how the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi relies on host lipids for growth. The authors used a murine model to show that B. burgdorferi infection led to the production of antibodies against phospholipids, possibly as a consequence of incorporation into the spirochete membrane. Antibodies were induced against phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine. Notably, no antibodies against cardiolipin were found, distinguishing Lyme disease from syphilis and some other diseases. Sera samples from patients with Lyme disease suggested that these antibodies may help diagnose B. burgdorferi infection and that antibody titers may effectively indicate the response to treatment. These findings suggest that B. burgdorferi-induced anti-lipid antibodies, in conjunction with a careful clinical assessment, may aid in the diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Sharma A, Maciaczyk J, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Recent Development in NKT-Based Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031311. [PMID: 35163235 PMCID: PMC8835986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive and dismal disease with a median overall survival of around 15 months and a 5-year survival rate of 7.2%. Owing to genetic mutations, drug resistance, disruption to the blood–brain barrier (BBB)/blood–brain tumor barrier (BBTB), and the complexity of the immunosuppressive environment, the therapeutic approaches to GBM represent still major challenges. Conventional therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and standard chemotherapy with temozolomide, have not resulted in satisfactory improvements in the overall survival of GBM patients. Among cancer immunotherapeutic approaches, we propose that adjuvant NKT immunotherapy with invariant NKT (iNKT) and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells may improve the clinical scenario of this devastating disease. Considering this, herein, we discuss the current strategies of NKT therapy for GBM based primarily on in vitro/in vivo experiments, clinical trials, and the combinatorial approaches with future therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Li
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Department of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.S.); (J.M.)
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt-Wolf
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Department of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-2871-7050
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogt S, Mattner J. NKT Cells Contribute to the Control of Microbial Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:718350. [PMID: 34595131 PMCID: PMC8477047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.718350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate (-like) T lymphocytes such as natural killer T (NKT) cells play a pivotal role in the recognition of microbial infections and their subsequent elimination. They frequently localize to potential sites of pathogen entry at which they survey extracellular and intracellular tissue spaces for microbial antigens. Engagement of their T cell receptors (TCRs) induces an explosive release of different cytokines and chemokines, which often pre-exist as constitutively expressed gene transcripts in NKT cells and underlie their poised effector state. Thus, NKT cells regulate immune cell migration and activation and subsequently, bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to conventional T cells, which react to peptide antigens, NKT cells recognize lipids presented by the MHC class I like CD1d molecule on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, each NKT cell TCR can recognize various antigen specificities, whereas a conventional T lymphocyte TCR reacts mostly only to one single antigen. These lipid antigens are either intermediates of the intracellular APC`s-own metabolism or originate from the cell wall of different bacteria, fungi or protozoan parasites. The best-characterized subset, the type 1 NKT cell subset expresses a semi-invariant TCR. In contrast, the TCR repertoire of type 2 NKT cells is diverse. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors (NKRs) that contribute to their primarily TCR-mediated rapid, innate like immune activation and even allow an adaption of their immune response in an adoptive like manner. Dueto their primary localization at host-environment interfaces, NKT cells are one of the first immune cells that interact with signals from different microbial pathogens. Vice versa, the mutual exchange with local commensal microbiota shapes also the biology of NKT cells, predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. Following infection, two main signals drive the activation of NKT cells: first, cognate activation upon TCR ligation by microbial or endogenous lipid antigens; and second, bystander activation due to cytokines. Here we will discuss the role of NKT cells in the control of different microbial infections comparing pathogens expressing lipid ligands in their cell walls to infectious agents inducing endogenous lipid antigen presentation by APCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genardi S, Visvabharathy L, Cao L, Morgun E, Cui Y, Qi C, Chen YH, Gapin L, Berdyshev E, Wang CR. Type II Natural Killer T Cells Contribute to Protection Against Systemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610010. [PMID: 33312179 PMCID: PMC7708336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteremia is responsible for over 10,000 deaths in the hospital setting each year. Both conventional CD4+ T cells and γδ T cells play protective roles in SA infection through secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17. However, the role of other unconventional T cells in SA infection is largely unknown. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subset of innate-like T cells, are activated rapidly in response to a wide range of self and microbial lipid antigens presented by MHC I-like molecule CD1d. NKT cells are divided into two groups, invariant NKT (iNKT) and type II NKT cells, based on TCR usage. Using mice lacking either iNKT cells or both types of NKT cells, we show that both NKT cell subsets are activated after systemic SA infection and produce IFN-γ in response to SA antigen, however type II NKT cells are sufficient to control bacterial burden and inflammatory infiltrate in infected organs. This protective capacity was specific for NKT cells, as mice lacking mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, another innate-like T cell subset, had no increased susceptibility to SA systemic infection. We identify polar lipid species from SA that induce IFN-γ production from type II NKT cells, which requires both CD1d-TCR engagement and IL-12 production by antigen presenting cells. We also demonstrate that a population of T cells enriched for type II NKT cells are increased in PBMC of SA bacteremic patients compared to healthy controls. Therefore, type II NKT cells perform effector functions that enhance control of SA infection prior to conventional T cell activation and recognize SA-derived lipid antigens. As CD1d is highly conserved in humans, these CD1d-restricted SA lipid antigens could be used in the design of next generation SA vaccines targeting cell-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongyong Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Almeida CF, Sundararaj S, Le Nours J, Praveena T, Cao B, Burugupalli S, Smith DGM, Patel O, Brigl M, Pellicci DG, Williams SJ, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Distinct CD1d docking strategies exhibited by diverse Type II NKT cell receptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5242. [PMID: 31748533 PMCID: PMC6868179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells are restricted to the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. While we have an understanding of the antigen reactivity and function of type I NKT cells, our knowledge of type II NKT cells in health and disease remains unclear. Here we describe a population of type II NKT cells that recognise and respond to the microbial antigen, α-glucuronosyl-diacylglycerol (α-GlcADAG) presented by CD1d, but not the prototypical type I NKT cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide. Surprisingly, the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR-CD1d-α-GlcADAG complex reveals a CD1d F’-pocket-docking mode that contrasts sharply with the previously determined A’-roof positioning of a sulfatide-reactive type II NKT TCR. Our data also suggest that diverse type II NKT TCRs directed against distinct microbial or mammalian lipid antigens adopt multiple recognition strategies on CD1d, thereby maximising the potential for type II NKT cells to detect different lipid antigens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells include type I that express semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), and type II that cover a broader repertoire. Here the authors describe the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR complexed with CD1d/antigen to propose that type II NKT TCRs may adapt multiple CD1d docking modes to maximise antigen recognition efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Srinivasan Sundararaj
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - T Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Díaz C, Pérez del Palacio J, Valero-Guillén PL, Mena García P, Pérez I, Vicente F, Martín C, Genilloud O, Sánchez Pozo A, Gonzalo-Asensio J. Comparative Metabolomics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the MTBVAC Vaccine Candidate. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1317-1326. [PMID: 31099236 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MTBVAC is a live attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine constructed by genetic deletions in the phoP and fadD26 virulence genes. The MTBVAC vaccine is currently in phase 2 clinical trials with newborns and adults in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest incidence. Although MTBVAC has been extensively characterized by genomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, its metabolomic profile is yet unknown. Accordingly, in this study we aim to identify differential metabolites between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. To this end, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was implemented in order to explore the main metabolic differences between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. As an outcome, we identified a set of 34 metabolites involved in diverse bacterial biosynthetic pathways. A consistent increase in the phosphatidylinositol species was observed in the vaccine candidate relative to its parental strain. This phenotype resulted in an increased production of phosphatidylinositol mannosides, a novel PhoP-regulated phenotype in the most widespread lineages of M. tuberculosis. This study represents a step ahead in our understanding of the MTBVAC vaccine, and some of the differential metabolites identified in this work might be used as potential vaccination biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Luis Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Mena García
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Pérez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Pozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), C/Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D, Campus Río Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barrientos RC, Zhang Q. Differential Isotope Labeling by Permethylation and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Relative Quantification of Intact Neutral Glycolipids in Mammalian Cells. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9673-9681. [PMID: 31322861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing the role of glycolipids in health and disease warrants development of practical strategies to determine these molecules at the intact structural level, namely to simultaneously characterize and quantify the glycan and lipid moieties without breaking the linkage between them. Herein we present such an approach utilizing differential isotope labeling and reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS) for structural characterization and relative quantification of intact neutral glycolipids. In this approach, each individual sample and a pooled aliquot of each sample were permethylated using 12CH3I and 13CH3I, respectively, with the latter one serving as internal reference standard. The individual 12C-permethylated samples were spiked with equal amounts of the 13C-permethylated pooled sample and analyzed by RPLC-MS/MS. Permethylation not only increased the ionization efficiency of glycolipids but also facilitated structural characterization of both moieties. The ratio of the peak areas between the 12C- and 13C-labeled glycolipids served as surrogate measure of their relative concentrations. The coefficient of variation of the method was <6% measured across four representative glycolipids in five different ratios and triplicate experiments, after correction of natural isotopic distribution. When analyzing the low abundant glycolipids in total lipid extract, permethylation can dramatically reduce the analytical background by depleting most of the highly abundant ester-linked lipids. Application to conduritol B epoxide-, a β-glucocerebrosidase inhibitor, treated RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated the practical utility of this method in profiling the temporal accumulation of different glycolipids. Overall, this methodology offers a practical LC-MS based identification and quantification strategy to advance intact glycolipids analysis in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina , Greensboro , North Carolina 27412 , United States.,UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research , NC Research Campus , Kannapolis , North Carolina 28081 , United States
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina , Greensboro , North Carolina 27412 , United States.,UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research , NC Research Campus , Kannapolis , North Carolina 28081 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Unappreciated diversity within the pool of CD1d-restricted T cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
17
|
Singh AK, Tripathi P, Cardell SL. Type II NKT Cells: An Elusive Population With Immunoregulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1969. [PMID: 30210505 PMCID: PMC6120993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unique unconventional T cells that are reactive to lipid antigens presented on the non-polymorphic major histocompatibility class (MHC) I-like molecule CD1d. They have characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells, and have potent immunoregulatory roles in tumor immunity, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. Based on their T cell receptor (TCR) expression, NKT cells are divided into two subsets, type I NKT cells with an invariant TCRα-chain (Vα24 in humans, Vα14 in mice) and type II NKT cells with diverse TCRs. While type I NKT cells are well-studied, knowledge about type II NKT cells is still limited, and it is to date only possible to identify subsets of this population. However, recent advances have shown that both type I and type II NKT cells play important roles in many inflammatory situations, and can sometimes regulate the functions of each other. Type II NKT cells can be both protective and pathogenic. Here, we review current knowledge on type II NKT cells and their functions in different disease settings and how these cells can influence immunological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DeWitt WS, Yu KKQ, Wilburn DB, Sherwood A, Vignali M, Day CL, Scriba TJ, Robins HS, Swanson WJ, Emerson RO, Bradley PH, Seshadri C. A Diverse Lipid Antigen-Specific TCR Repertoire Is Clonally Expanded during Active Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:888-896. [PMID: 29914888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells that recognize lipid Ags presented by highly conserved CD1 proteins often express semi-invariant TCRs, but the true diversity of lipid Ag-specific TCRs remains unknown. We use CD1b tetramers and high-throughput immunosequencing to analyze thousands of TCRs from ex vivo-sorted or in vitro-expanded T cells specific for the mycobacterial lipid Ag, glucose monomycolate. Our results reveal a surprisingly diverse repertoire resulting from editing of germline-encoded gene rearrangements analogous to MHC-restricted TCRs. We used a distance-based metric (TCRDist) to show how this diverse TCR repertoire builds upon previously reported conserved motifs by including subject-specific TCRs. In a South African cohort, we show that TCRDist can identify clonal expansion of diverse glucose monomycolate-specific TCRs and accurately distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from control subjects. These data suggest that similar mechanisms govern the selection and expansion of peptide and lipid Ag-specific T cells despite the nonpolymorphic nature of CD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S DeWitt
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Philip H Bradley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shahine A, Van Rhijn I, Cheng TY, Iwany S, Gras S, Moody DB, Rossjohn J. A molecular basis of human T cell receptor autoreactivity toward self-phospholipids. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaao1384. [PMID: 29054999 PMCID: PMC6649662 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell autoreactivity toward lipid antigens presented by CD1 proteins can manifest in numerous diseases, including psoriasis, contact hypersensitivities, and allergies. However, the molecular mechanisms for regulating T cell autoreactivity toward lipid antigens remain unclear. We determined the basis for T cell receptor (TCR) autoreactivity toward CD1b bound to self-phospholipids. The spectrum of self-antigens captured by CD1b skews toward abundant membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. However, TCRs can specifically recognize rare phospholipids, including phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The structure of an autoreactive TCR bound to CD1b-PG shows that discrimination occurs through a marked induced fit movement of PG so that its polar head group fits snugly into the cationic cup of the TCR. Conversely, TCR binding toward ubiquitous self-phospholipids was sterically or electrostatically repelled. Accordingly, we describe a mechanism of TCR autoreactivity toward rare phospholipids and avoidance of autoreactivity to the most abundant self-phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Burugupalli S, Richardson MB, Williams SJ. Total synthesis and mass spectrometric analysis of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylglycerol featuring a two-step synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7422-7429. [PMID: 28831486 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the total synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid-containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The approach features a two-step synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid, involving an (S)-citronellyl bromide linchpin, and the phosphoramidite-assisted assembly of the full PG structure. Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry of two chemically-synthesized PG acyl regioisomers revealed diagnostic product ions formed by preferential loss of carboxylate at the secondary (sn-2) position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
| | - Mark B Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
O'Donnell VB, Rossjohn J, Wakelam MJ. Phospholipid signaling in innate immune cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2670-2679. [PMID: 29683435 DOI: 10.1172/jci97944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids comprise a large body of lipids that define cells and organelles by forming membrane structures. Importantly, their complex metabolism represents a highly controlled cellular signaling network that is essential for mounting an effective innate immune response. Phospholipids in innate cells are subject to dynamic regulation by enzymes, whose activities are highly responsive to activation status. Along with their metabolic products, they regulate multiple aspects of innate immune cell biology, including shape change, aggregation, blood clotting, and degranulation. Phospholipid hydrolysis provides substrates for cell-cell communication, enables regulation of hemostasis, immunity, thrombosis, and vascular inflammation, and is centrally important in cardiovascular disease and associated comorbidities. Phospholipids themselves are also recognized by innate-like T cells, which are considered essential for recognition of infection or cancer, as well as self-antigens. This Review describes the major phospholipid metabolic pathways present in innate immune cells and summarizes the formation and metabolism of phospholipids as well as their emerging roles in cell biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, and.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nishioka Y, Masuda S, Tomaru U, Ishizu A. CD1d-Restricted Type II NKT Cells Reactive With Endogenous Hydrophobic Peptides. Front Immunol 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 29599785 PMCID: PMC5862807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells belong to a distinct subset of T cells that recognize hydrophobic antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I-like molecules, such as CD1d. Because NKT cells stimulated by antigens can activate or suppress other immunocompetent cells through an immediate production of a large amount of cytokines, they are regarded as immunological modulators. CD1d-restricted NKT cells are classified into two subsets, namely, type I and type II. CD1d-restricted type I NKT cells express invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and react with lipid antigens, including the marine sponge-derived glycolipid α-galactosylceramide. On the contrary, CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells recognize a wide variety of antigens, including glycolipids, phospholipids, and hydrophobic peptides, by their diverse TCRs. In this review, we focus particularly on CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells that recognize endogenous hydrophobic peptides presented by CD1d. Previous studies have demonstrated that CD1d-restricted type I NKT cells usually act as pro-inflammatory cells but sometimes behave as anti-inflammatory cells. It has been also demonstrated that CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells play opposite roles to CD1d-restricted type I NKT cells; thus, they function as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cells depending on the situation. In line with this, CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells that recognize type II collagen peptide have been demonstrated to act as anti-inflammatory cells in diverse inflammation-induction models in mice, whereas pro-inflammatory CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells reactive with sterol carrier protein 2 peptide have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of small vessel vasculitis in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kato S, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. Possible Therapeutic Application of Targeting Type II Natural Killer T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29520281 PMCID: PMC5827362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T cell subset that exhibits characteristics from both the innate immune cells and T cells. There are at least two subsets of NKT cells, type I and type II. These two subsets of NKT cells have opposite functions in antitumor immunity. Type I NKT cells usually enhance and type II NKT cells suppress antitumor immunity. In addition, these two subsets of NKT cells cross-regulate each other. In this review, we mainly focus on immunosuppressive NKT cells, type II NKT cells. After summarizing their definition, experimental tools to study them, and subsets of them, we will discuss possible therapeutic applications of type II NKT cell pathway targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Subramanian S, Goodspeed L, Wang S, Ding Y, O'Brien KD, Getz GS, Chait A, Reardon CA. Deficiency of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Does Not Protect Against Obesity but Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020510. [PMID: 29419749 PMCID: PMC5855732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory state characterized by altered levels of adipose tissue immune cell populations. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are CD1d restricted lymphocyte subsets that recognize lipid antigens whose level decreases in obese adipose tissue. However, studies in mice with deficiency or increased levels of NKT cells have yielded contradictory results, so the exact role of these cells in obesity and adipose tissue inflammation is not yet established. We previously showed that Ldlr−/− mice with excess invariant NKT (iNKT) cells demonstrate significant weight gain, adiposity, metabolic abnormalities, and atherosclerosis. The current study evaluates the effects of NKT cell deficiency on obesity, associated metabolic changes, and atherosclerosis in Jα18−/−Ldlr−/− (lacking iNKT cells) and Cd1d−/−Ldlr−/− (lacking invariant and type II NKT cells) mice, and control mice were fed an obesogenic diet (high fat, sucrose, cholesterol) for 16 weeks. Contrary to expectations, Ja18−/−Ldlr−/− mice gained significantly more weight than Ldlr−/− or Cd1d−/−Ldlr−/− mice, developed hypertriglyceridemia, and had worsened adipose tissue inflammation. All the mice developed insulin resistance and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Ja18−/−Ldlr−/− mice also had increased atherosclerotic lesion area. Our findings suggest that iNKT cells exacerbates the metabolic, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic features of diet-induced obesity. Further work is required to unravel the paradox of an apparently similar effect of iNKT cell surplus and depletion on obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Subramanian
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street Box 35805, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Leela Goodspeed
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street Box 35805, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Shari Wang
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street Box 35805, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Yilei Ding
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street Box 35805, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Kevin D O'Brien
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Alan Chait
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street Box 35805, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Torina A, Guggino G, La Manna MP, Sireci G. The Janus Face of NKT Cell Function in Autoimmunity and Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020440. [PMID: 29389901 PMCID: PMC5855662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of T lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity. These cells recognize self and microbial glycolipids bound to non-polymorphic and highly conserved CD1d molecules. Three NKT cell subsets, type I, II, and NKT-like expressing different antigen receptors (TCR) were described and TCR activation promotes intracellular events leading to specific functional activities. NKT can exhibit different functions depending on the secretion of soluble molecules and the interaction with other cell types. NKT cells act as regulatory cells in the defense against infections but, on the other hand, their effector functions can be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders due to their exposure to different microbial or self-antigens, respectively. A deep understanding of the biology and functions of type I, II, and NKT-like cells as well as their interplay with cell types acting in innate (neuthrophils, innate lymphoid cells, machrophages, and dendritic cells) and adaptive immunity (CD4⁺,CD8⁺, and double negative T cells) should be important to design potential immunotherapies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Torina
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Via Marinuzzi 3, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Guido Sireci
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Constantinides MG. Interactions between the microbiota and innate and innate-like lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:409-419. [PMID: 29345366 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0917-378r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota, which consists of commensal bacteria, fungi, and viruses, limits the colonization of pathogens at barrier tissues and promotes immune homeostasis. The latter is accomplished through the induction and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate lymphocytes, which include the type-1 innate lymphoid cell (ILC1), NK cell, type-2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), type-3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3), and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cell populations, and innate-like lymphocytes, such as NKT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells, are uniquely capable of responding to the microbiota due to their tissue localization and rapid primary responses. In turn, through their effector functions, these lymphocyte populations modulate the composition of the microbiota and maintain the segregation of commensals. This review will focus on how innate and innate-like lymphocytes mediate the crosstalk with the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Constantinides
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Speir M, Hermans IF, Weinkove R. Engaging Natural Killer T Cells as 'Universal Helpers' for Vaccination. Drugs 2017; 77:1-15. [PMID: 28005229 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional vaccine adjuvants enhance peptide-specific T-cell and B-cell responses by modifying peptide stability or uptake or by binding to pattern-recognition receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This article discusses the application of a distinct mechanism of adjuvant activity: the activation of type I, or invariant, natural killer T (iNKT) cells to drive cellular and humoral immune responses. Using a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR), iNKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented on cluster of differentiation (CD)-1d molecules. When their ligands are presented in concert with peptides, iNKT cells can provide T-cell help, 'licensing' APCs to augment peptide-specific T-cell and antibody responses. We discuss the potential benefits and limitations of exploiting iNKT cells as 'universal helpers' to enhance vaccine responses for the treatment and prevention of cancer and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Speir
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Wellington Hospital, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaczmarek R, Pasciak M, Szymczak-Kulus K, Czerwinski M. CD1: A Singed Cat of the Three Antigen Presentation Systems. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:201-214. [PMID: 28386696 PMCID: PMC5434122 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to general view that the MHC Class I and II are the kapellmeisters of recognition and response to antigens, there is another big player in that part of immunity, represented by CD1 glycoproteins. In contrast to MHC Class I or II, which present peptides, CD1 molecules present lipids. Humans express five CD1 proteins (CD1a-e), four of which (CD1a-d) are trafficked to the cell surface, where they may display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors. This interaction may lead to both non-cognate and cognate T cell help to B cells, the latter eliciting anti-lipid antibody response. All CD1 proteins can bind a broad range of structurally different exogenous and endogenous lipids, but each shows a preference to one or more lipid classes. This unorthodox binding behavior is the result of elaborate architectures of CD1 binding clefts and distinct intracellular trafficking routes. Together, these features make CD1 system a versatile player in immune response, sitting at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. While CD1 system may be involved in numerous infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, its involvement may lead to opposite outcomes depending on different pathologies. Despite these ambiguities and complexity, CD1 system draws growing attention and continues to show glimmers of therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about CD1 proteins, their structures, lipid-binding profiles, and roles in immunity, and evaluate the role of CD1 proteins in eliciting humoral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Pasciak
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
CD1-Restricted T Cells at the Crossroad of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2876275. [PMID: 28070524 PMCID: PMC5192300 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2876275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-specific T cells comprise a group of T cells that recognize lipids bound to the MHC class I-like CD1 molecules. There are four isoforms of CD1 that are expressed at the surface of antigen presenting cells and therefore capable of presenting lipid antigens: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Each one of these isoforms has distinct structural features and cellular localizations, which promotes binding to a broad range of different types of lipids. Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Selvanantham T, Lin Q, Guo CX, Surendra A, Fieve S, Escalante NK, Guttman DS, Streutker CJ, Robertson SJ, Philpott DJ, Mallevaey T. NKT Cell–Deficient Mice Harbor an Altered Microbiota That Fuels Intestinal Inflammation during Chemically Induced Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4464-4472. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Van Kaer L, Wu L, Joyce S. Mechanisms and Consequences of Antigen Presentation by CD1. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:738-754. [PMID: 27623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 proteins are a family of non-polymorphic and MHC class I-related molecules that present lipid antigens to subsets of T lymphocytes with innate- or adaptive-like immune functions. Recent studies have provided new insight into the identity of immunogenic CD1 antigens and the mechanisms that control the generation and loading of these antigens onto CD1 molecules. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in identifying CD1-restricted T cells and decoding the diverse immunological functions of distinct CD1-restricted T cell subsets. These findings shed new light on the contributions of the CD1 antigen-presentation pathway to normal health and to a diverse array of pathologies, and provide a new impetus for exploiting this fascinating recognition system for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dasgupta S, Kumar V. Type II NKT cells: a distinct CD1d-restricted immune regulatory NKT cell subset. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:665-76. [PMID: 27405300 PMCID: PMC6334657 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type II natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of the innate-like CD1d-restricted lymphocytes that are reactive to lipid antigens. Unlike the type I NKT cells, which express a semi-invariant TCR, type II NKT cells express a broader TCR repertoire. Additionally, other features, such as their predominance over type I cells in humans versus mice, the nature of their ligands, CD1d/lipid/TCR binding, and modulation of immune responses, distinguish type II NKT cells from type I NKT cells. Interestingly, it is the self-lipid-reactivity of type II NKT cells that has helped define their physiological role in health and in disease. The discovery of sulfatide as one of the major antigens for CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells in mice has been instrumental in the characterization of these cells, including the TCR repertoire, the crystal structure of the CD1d/lipid/TCR complex, and their function. Subsequently, several other glycolipids and phospholipids from both endogenous and microbial sources have been shown to activate type II NKT cells. The activation of a specific subset of type II NKT cells following administration with sulfatide or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) leads to engagement of a dominant immunoregulatory pathway associated with the inactivation of type I NKT cells, conventional dendritic cells, and inhibition of the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. Thus, type II NKT cells have been shown to be immunosuppressive in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, and in cancer. Knowing their relatively higher prevalence in human than type I NKT cells, understanding their biology is imperative for health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Van Rhijn I, van Berlo T, Hilmenyuk T, Cheng TY, Wolf BJ, Tatituri RVV, Uldrich AP, Napolitani G, Cerundolo V, Altman JD, Willemsen P, Huang S, Rossjohn J, Besra GS, Brenner MB, Godfrey DI, Moody DB. Human autoreactive T cells recognize CD1b and phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:380-5. [PMID: 26621732 PMCID: PMC4720340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520947112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with the common detection of T cells that recognize MHC, CD1a, CD1c, or CD1d proteins, CD1b autoreactive T cells have been difficult to isolate in humans. Here we report the development of polyvalent complexes of CD1b proteins and carbohydrate backbones (dextramers) and their use in identifying CD1b autoreactive T cells from human donors. Activation is mediated by αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) binding to CD1b-phospholipid complexes, which is sufficient to activate autoreactive responses to CD1b-expressing cells. Using mass spectrometry and T-cell responses to scan through the major classes of phospholipids, we identified phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as the immunodominant lipid antigen. T cells did not discriminate the chemical differences that distinguish mammalian PG from bacterial PG. Whereas most models of T-cell recognition emphasize TCR discrimination of differing self and foreign structures, CD1b autoreactive T cells recognize lipids with dual self and foreign origin. PG is rare in the cellular membranes that carry CD1b proteins. However, bacteria and mitochondria are rich in PG, so these data point to a more general mechanism of immune detection of infection- or stress-associated lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Twan van Berlo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Hilmenyuk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Benjamin J Wolf
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Willemsen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|