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Abstract
Glycoscience assembles all the scientific disciplines involved in studying various molecules and macromolecules containing carbohydrates and complex glycans. Such an ensemble involves one of the most extensive sets of molecules in quantity and occurrence since they occur in all microorganisms and higher organisms. Once the compositions and sequences of these molecules are established, the determination of their three-dimensional structural and dynamical features is a step toward understanding the molecular basis underlying their properties and functions. The range of the relevant computational methods capable of addressing such issues is anchored by the specificity of stereoelectronic effects from quantum chemistry to mesoscale modeling throughout molecular dynamics and mechanics and coarse-grained and docking calculations. The Review leads the reader through the detailed presentations of the applications of computational modeling. The illustrations cover carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, glycolipids, and N- and O-linked glycans, emphasizing their role in SARS-CoV-2. The presentation continues with the structure of polysaccharides in solution and solid-state and lipopolysaccharides in membranes. The full range of protein-carbohydrate interactions is presented, as exemplified by carbohydrate-active enzymes, transporters, lectins, antibodies, and glycosaminoglycan binding proteins. A final section features a list of 150 tools and databases to help address the many issues of structural glycobioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolecules Vegetales, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan 420111, Russia
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2
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Matamoros‐Recio A, Franco‐Gonzalez JF, Perez‐Regidor L, Billod J, Guzman‐Caldentey J, Martin‐Santamaria S. Full-Atom Model of the Agonist LPS-Bound Toll-like Receptor 4 Dimer in a Membrane Environment. Chemistry 2021; 27:15406-15425. [PMID: 34569111 PMCID: PMC8596573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) innate immunity system is a membrane receptor of paramount importance as therapeutic target. Its assembly, upon binding of Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and also dependent on the membrane composition, finally triggers the immune response cascade. We have combined ab-initio calculations, molecular docking, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and thermodynamics calculations to provide the most realistic and complete 3D models of the active full TLR4 complex embedded into a realistic membrane to date. Our studies give functional and structural insights into the transmembrane domain behavior in different membrane environments, the ectodomain bouncing movement, and the dimerization patterns of the intracellular Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain. Our work provides TLR4 models as reasonable 3D structures for the (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)2 architecture accounting for the active (agonist) state of the TLR4, and pointing to a signal transduction mechanism across cell membrane. These observations unveil relevant molecular aspects involved in the TLR4 innate immune pathways and will promote the discovery of new TLR4 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Matamoros‐Recio
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Juan Felipe Franco‐Gonzalez
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Lucia Perez‐Regidor
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Jean‐Marc Billod
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Joan Guzman‐Caldentey
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
| | - Sonsoles Martin‐Santamaria
- Department of Structural and Chemical BiologyCentre for Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSICC/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 928040MadridSpain
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Zhang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Li H, Wu S, Gao J, Zhang T, Xie J, Wang X. Nalmefene non-enantioselectively targets myeloid differentiation protein 2 and inhibits toll-like receptor 4 signaling: wet-lab techniques and in silico simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12260-12269. [PMID: 34013938 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nalmefene is an opiate derivative having a similar structure to naltrexone. Recent evidence suggests that nalmefene, acting as the innate immune protein toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist, effectively reduces the injury of lung ischemia-reperfusion and prevents neuroinflammation. However, the molecular recognition mechanism, especially the enantioselectivity, of nalmefene by the innate immune receptor is not well understood. Herein in vitro assays and in silico simulations were performed to dissect the innate immune recognition of nalmefene at the atomic, molecular, and cellular levels. Biophysical binding experiments and molecular dynamic simulations provide direct evidence that (-)-nalmefene and (+)-nalmefene bind to the hydrophobic cavity of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) and behave similarly, which is primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. The inhibition activity and the calculated binding free energies show that no enantioselectivity was observed during the interaction of nalmefene with MD-2 as well as the inhibition of TLR4 signaling. Interestingly, nalmefene showed ∼6 times better TLR4 antagonisic activity than naltrexone, indicating that the bioisosteric replacement with the methylene group is critical for the molecular recognition of nalmefene by MD-2. In all, this study provides molecular insight into the innate immune recognition of nalmefene, which demonstrates that nalmefene is non-enantioselectively sensed by MD-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. and Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Jingwei Gao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. and Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. and Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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4
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Belcher JD, Zhang P, Nguyen J, Kiser ZM, Nath KA, Hu J, Trent JO, Vercellotti GM. Identification of a Heme Activation Site on the MD-2/TLR4 Complex. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1370. [PMID: 32695117 PMCID: PMC7338675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and initiates toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) pro-inflammatory signaling. Heme also activates TLR4 signaling, but it is unknown if heme interacts with MD-2. Therefore, we examined MD-2 for a potential heme activation site. Heme-agarose and biotin-heme/streptavidin-agarose pulled down recombinant MD-2, which was inhibited by excess free heme. UV/visible spectroscopy confirmed MD-2-heme binding. To determine whether MD-2 was required for heme-mediated TLR4 signaling, HEK293 cells were transfected with MD-2, TLR4, CD14, and an NF-κB luciferase reporter, and then stimulated with heme or LPS. Heme or LPS treatment elicited robust reporter activity. Absence of MD-2, TLR4 or CD14 plasmid abolished NF-κB reporter responses to heme or LPS. In silico analysis identified two potential heme docking sites on MD-2 near conserved amino acids W23/S33/Y34 and Y36/C37/I44. Heme-induced NF-κB activity was reduced by 39 and 78% in HEK293 cells transfected with MD-2 mutants W23A and Y34A, respectively, compared to WT-MD-2. NF-κB activation by LPS was not affected by the same mutants. Biotinyl-heme/streptavidin-agarose pulled down 68% less W23A and 80% less W23A/S33A/Y34A mutant MD-2 than WT-MD-2. In contrast, at the Y36/C37/I44 MD-2 site, heme-induced NF-κB activity was significantly increased by mutants Y36A (191% of WT-MD-2) and unchanged by mutants C37A and I44A (95 and 92%, respectively, of WT-MD-2). In conclusion, these data suggest that heme binds and activates TLR4 signaling at amino acids W23 and Y34 on MD-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Belcher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Julia Nguyen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Zachary M Kiser
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Karl A Nath
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jianjun Hu
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - John O Trent
- Departments of Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gregory M Vercellotti
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Zhang RN, Ren FF, Zhou CB, Xu JF, Yi HY, Ye MQ, Deng XJ, Cao Y, Yu XQ, Yang WY. An ML protein from the silkworm Bombyx mori may function as a key accessory protein for lipopolysaccharide signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:94-103. [PMID: 30009928 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common component of the outermost cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria. In mammals, LPS serves as an endotoxin that can be recognized by a receptor complex of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 (myeloid differentiation-2) and subsequently induce a strong immune response to signal the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In Drosophila melanogaster, no receptors for LPS have been identified, and LPS cannot activate immune responses. Here, we report a protein, BmEsr16, which contains an ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) domain, may function as an LPS receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We showed that antibacterial activity in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae was induced by Escherichia coli, peptidoglycan (PGN) and LPS and that the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes was also induced by LPS. Furthermore, both the expression of BmEsr16 mRNA in the fat body and the expression of BmEsr16 protein in the hemolymph were induced by LPS. Recombinant BmEsr16 bound to LPS and lipid A, as well as to PGN, lipoteichoic acid, but not to laminarin or mannan. More importantly, LPS-induced immune responses in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae were blocked when the endogenous BmEsr16 protein was neutralized by polyclonal antibody specific to BmEsr16. Our results suggest that BmEsr16 may function as a key accessory protein for LPS signaling in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei-Fei Ren
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xu
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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6
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Abstract
In humans and other mammals, recognition of endotoxins—abundant surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria—provides a potent stimulus for induction of inflammation and mobilization of host defenses. The structurally unique lipid A region of LPS is the principal determinant of this pro-inflammatory activity. This region of LPS is normally buried within the bacterial outer membrane and aggregates of purified LPS, making even more remarkable its picomolar potency and the ability of discrete variations in lipid A structure to markedly alter the pro-inflammatory activity of LPS. Two recognition systems—MD-2/TLR4 and “LPS-sensing” cytosolic caspases—together confer LPS responsiveness at the host cell surface, within endosomes, and at sites physically accessible to the cytosol. Understanding how the lipid A of LPS is delivered and recognized at these diverse sites is crucial to understanding how the magnitude and character of the inflammatory responses are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Weiss
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason Barker
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Kargas V, Marzinek JK, Holdbrook DA, Yin H, Ford RC, Bond PJ. A polar SxxS motif drives assembly of the transmembrane domains of Toll-like receptor 4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2086-2095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Billod JM, Lacetera A, Guzmán-Caldentey J, Martín-Santamaría S. Computational Approaches to Toll-Like Receptor 4 Modulation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080994. [PMID: 27483231 PMCID: PMC6274477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), along with its accessory protein myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2), builds a heterodimeric complex that specifically recognizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are present on the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, activating the innate immune response. Some TLR4 modulators are undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation for the treatment of sepsis, inflammatory diseases, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Since the relatively recent elucidation of the X-ray crystallographic structure of the extracellular domain of TLR4, research around this fascinating receptor has risen to a new level, and thus, new perspectives have been opened. In particular, diverse computational techniques have been applied to decipher some of the basis at the atomic level regarding the mechanism of functioning and the ligand recognition processes involving the TLR4/MD-2 system at the atomic level. This review summarizes the reported molecular modeling and computational studies that have recently provided insights into the mechanism regulating the activation/inactivation of the TLR4/MD-2 system receptor and the key interactions modulating the molecular recognition process by agonist and antagonist ligands. These studies have contributed to the design and the discovery of novel small molecules with promising activity as TLR4 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan Guzmán-Caldentey
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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