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Macrophage Biology in Human Granulomatous Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054624. [PMID: 36902053 PMCID: PMC10003716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous granulomatoses represent a heterogeneous group of diseases, which are defined by macrophage infiltration in the skin. Skin granuloma can be formed in the context of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Recent technological advances have deepened our understanding of the pathophysiology of granulomatous skin inflammation, and they provide novel insights into human tissue macrophage biology at the site of ongoing disease. Here, we discuss findings on macrophage immune function and metabolism derived from three prototypic cutaneous granulomatoses: granuloma annulare, sarcoidosis, and leprosy.
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2
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Tao W, Radstake TRDJ, Pandit A. RegEnrich gene regulator enrichment analysis reveals a key role of the ETS transcription factor family in interferon signaling. Commun Biol 2022; 5:31. [PMID: 35017649 PMCID: PMC8752721 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in a few key transcriptional regulators can lead to different biological states. Extracting the key gene regulators governing a biological state allows us to gain mechanistic insights. Most current tools perform pathway/GO enrichment analysis to identify key genes and regulators but tend to overlook the gene/protein regulatory interactions. Here we present RegEnrich, an open-source Bioconductor R package, which combines differential expression analysis, data-driven gene regulatory network inference, enrichment analysis, and gene regulator ranking to identify key regulators using gene/protein expression profiling data. By benchmarking using multiple gene expression datasets of gene silencing studies, we found that RegEnrich using the GSEA method to rank the regulators performed the best. Further, RegEnrich was applied to 21 publicly available datasets on in vitro interferon-stimulation of different cell types. Collectively, RegEnrich can accurately identify key gene regulators from the cells under different biological states, which can be valuable in mechanistically studying cell differentiation, cell response to drug stimulation, disease development, and ultimately drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Tao
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Tofacitinib Suppresses IL-10/IL-10R Signaling and Modulates Host Defense Responses in Human Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:559-570.e6. [PMID: 34536483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Jak inhibitors are increasingly used in dermatology. Despite broad inhibitory effects on cytokine signaling cascades, they only modestly increase the risk for infectious diseases. To address the molecular mechanisms underlying this unexpected clinical observation, we investigated how tofacintib (tofa), a first-in-class Jak inhibitor, regulates host defense responses in toll-like receptor 4-activated human macrophages. Specifically, we asked whether tofa inhibits anti-inflammatory IL-10 signaling, thereby counteracting the downregulation of inflammatory, host-protective pathways. We found that tofa blocked macrophage responses to IL-10 at the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, toll-like receptor 4-induced, autocrine/paracrine IL-10/IL-10R activation promoted the expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism, resulting in intracellular iron sequestration. In contrast, autocrine/paracrine IL-10/IL-10R activation repressed the expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide as well as antigen-presenting molecules, thus together, inducing a pathogen-favoring environment. Although tofa further repressed cathelicidin, it prevented the induction of intracellular HAMP and restored the expression of antigen-presentation molecules in toll-like receptor 4-activated macrophages. Our study supports the concept that induction of IL-10/IL-10R signaling drives a complex immune evasion strategy of intracellular microbes. Moreover, we conclude that tofa has diverging effects on macrophage host response pathways, and we identify the toll-like receptor 4-IL-10-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-HAMP axis as a potential therapeutic target to counteract immune evasion.
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4
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Hall TJ, Mullen MP, McHugo GP, Killick KE, Ring SC, Berry DP, Correia CN, Browne JA, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. Integrative genomics of the mammalian alveolar macrophage response to intracellular mycobacteria. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:343. [PMID: 33980141 PMCID: PMC8117616 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine TB (bTB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a major endemic disease affecting global cattle production. The key innate immune cell that first encounters the pathogen is the alveolar macrophage, previously shown to be substantially reprogrammed during intracellular infection by the pathogen. Here we use differential expression, and correlation- and interaction-based network approaches to analyse the host response to infection with M. bovis at the transcriptome level to identify core infection response pathways and gene modules. These outputs were then integrated with genome-wide association study (GWAS) data sets to enhance detection of genomic variants for susceptibility/resistance to M. bovis infection. Results The host gene expression data consisted of RNA-seq data from bovine alveolar macrophages (bAM) infected with M. bovis at 24 and 48 h post-infection (hpi) compared to non-infected control bAM. These RNA-seq data were analysed using three distinct computational pipelines to produce six separate gene sets: 1) DE genes filtered using stringent fold-change and P-value thresholds (DEG-24: 378 genes, DEG-48: 390 genes); 2) genes obtained from expression correlation networks (CON-24: 460 genes, CON-48: 416 genes); and 3) genes obtained from differential expression networks (DEN-24: 339 genes, DEN-48: 495 genes). These six gene sets were integrated with three bTB breed GWAS data sets by employing a new genomics data integration tool—gwinteR. Using GWAS summary statistics, this methodology enabled detection of 36, 102 and 921 prioritised SNPs for Charolais, Limousin and Holstein-Friesian, respectively. Conclusions The results from the three parallel analyses showed that the three computational approaches could identify genes significantly enriched for SNPs associated with susceptibility/resistance to M. bovis infection. Results indicate distinct and significant overlap in SNP discovery, demonstrating that network-based integration of biologically relevant transcriptomics data can leverage substantial additional information from GWAS data sets. These analyses also demonstrated significant differences among breeds, with the Holstein-Friesian breed GWAS proving most useful for prioritising SNPS through data integration. Because the functional genomics data were generated using bAM from this population, this suggests that the genomic architecture of bTB resilience traits may be more breed-specific than previously assumed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07643-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hall
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Michael P Mullen
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Westmeath, N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Gillian P McHugo
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Present address: Genuity Science, Cherrywood Business Park. Loughlinstown, Dublin, D18 K7W4, Ireland
| | - Siobhán C Ring
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Highfield House, Shinagh, Bandon, Cork, P72 X050, Ireland
| | - Donagh P Berry
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Carolina N Correia
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland. .,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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5
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Bingham GC, Lee F, Naba A, Barker TH. Spatial-omics: Novel approaches to probe cell heterogeneity and extracellular matrix biology. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:152-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Young C, Walzl G, Du Plessis N. Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:190-204. [PMID: 31772320 PMCID: PMC7039813 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licenced tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, but has limited efficacy against pulmonary TB disease development and modest protection against extrapulmonary TB. Preventative antibiotic treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections in high-prevalence settings is unfeasible due to unclear treatment durability, drug toxicity, logistical constraints related to directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS) and the lengthy treatment protocols. Together, these factors promote non-adherence, contributing to relapse and establishment of drug-resistant Mtb strains. Although antibiotic treatment of drug-susceptible Mtb is generally effective, drug-resistant TB has a treatment efficacy below 50% and can, in a proportion, develop into progressive, untreatable disease. Other immune compromising co-infections and/or co-morbidities require more complex prevention/treatment approaches, posing huge financial burdens to national health services. Novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics, are required to complement pathogen-targeted approaches. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. This review discusses promising pre-clinical candidates and forerunning compounds at advanced stages of clinical investigation in TB host-directed therapeutic (HDT) efficacy trials. Such approaches are rationalized to improve outcome in TB and shorten treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Young
- South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Walzl
- South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Du Plessis
- South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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7
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Chung C, Silwal P, Kim I, Modlin RL, Jo EK. Vitamin D-Cathelicidin Axis: at the Crossroads between Protective Immunity and Pathological Inflammation during Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e12. [PMID: 32395364 PMCID: PMC7192829 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling plays an essential role in innate defense against intracellular microorganisms via the generation of the antimicrobial protein cathelicidin. In addition to directly binding to and killing a range of pathogens, cathelicidin acts as a secondary messenger driving vitamin D-mediated inflammation during infection. Recent studies have elucidated the biological and clinical functions of cathelicidin in the context of vitamin D signaling. The vitamin D-cathelicidin axis is involved in the activation of autophagy, which enhances antimicrobial effects against diverse pathogens. Vitamin D studies have also revealed positive and negative regulatory effects of cathelicidin on inflammatory responses to pathogenic stimuli. Diverse innate and adaptive immune signals crosstalk with functional vitamin D receptor signals to enhance the role of cathelicidin action in cell-autonomous effector systems. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway regulates autophagy machinery, protective immune defenses, and inflammation, and contributes to immune cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding how the vitamin D-cathelicidin axis operates in the host response to infection will create opportunities for the development of new therapeutic approaches against a variety of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeuk Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Insoo Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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8
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Chen HJ, Li Yim AYF, Griffith GR, de Jonge WJ, Mannens MMAM, Ferrero E, Henneman P, de Winther MPJ. Meta-Analysis of in vitro-Differentiated Macrophages Identifies Transcriptomic Signatures That Classify Disease Macrophages in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2887. [PMID: 31921150 PMCID: PMC6917623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous leukocytes regulated in a tissue- and disease-specific context. While in vitro macrophage models have been used to study diseases empirically, a systematic analysis of the transcriptome thereof is lacking. Here, we acquired gene expression data from eight commonly-used in vitro macrophage models to perform a meta-analysis. Specifically, we obtained gene expression data from unstimulated macrophages (M0) and macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 2–4 h (M-LPSearly), LPS for 24 h (M-LPSlate), LPS and interferon-γ (M-LPS+IFNγ), IFNγ (M-IFNγ), interleukin-4 (M-IL4), interleukin-10 (M-IL10), and dexamethasone (M-dex). Our meta-analysis identified consistently differentially expressed genes that have been implicated in inflammatory and metabolic processes. In addition, we built macIDR, a robust classifier capable of distinguishing macrophage activation states with high accuracy (>0.95). We classified in vivo macrophages with macIDR to define their tissue- and disease-specific characteristics. We demonstrate that alveolar macrophages display high resemblance to IL10 activation, but show a drop in IFNγ signature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Adipose tissue-derived macrophages were classified as unstimulated macrophages, but acquired LPS-activation features in diabetic-obese patients. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages exhibit characteristics of IL10- or IFNγ-stimulation. Altogether, we defined consensus transcriptional profiles for the eight in vitro macrophage activation states, built a classification model, and demonstrated the utility of the latter for in vivo macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Y F Li Yim
- Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo R Griffith
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcel M A M Mannens
- Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ferrero
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Henneman
- Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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9
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Hussain T, Zhao D, Shah SZA, Sabir N, Wang J, Liao Y, Song Y, Hussain Mangi M, Yao J, Dong H, Yang L, Zhou X. PP2Ac Modulates AMPK-Mediated Induction of Autophagy in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236030. [PMID: 31795474 PMCID: PMC6928646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in cattle population across the world. Human beings are at equal risk of developing tuberculosis beside a wide range of M. bovis infections in animal species. Autophagic sequestration and degradation of intracellular pathogens is a major innate immune defense mechanism adopted by host cells for the control of intracellular infections. It has been reported previously that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is crucial for regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated autophagic signaling pathways, yet its role in tuberculosis is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that M. bovis infection increased PP2Ac expression in murine macrophages, while nilotinib a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) significantly suppressed PP2Ac expression. In addition, we observed that TKI-induced AMPK activation was dependent on PP2Ac regulation, indicating the contributory role of PP2Ac towards autophagy induction. Furthermore, we found that the activation of AMPK signaling is vital for the regulating autophagy during M. bovis infection. Finally, the transient inhibition of PP2Ac expression enhanced the inhibitory effect of TKI-nilotinib on intracellular survival and multiplication of M. bovis in macrophages by regulating the host’s immune responses. Based on these observations, we suggest that PP2Ac should be exploited as a promising molecular target to intervene in host–pathogen interactions for the development of new therapeutic strategies towards the control of M. bovis infections in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yinjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Haodi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.H.); (D.Z.); (S.Z.A.S.); (N.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.); (M.H.M.); (J.Y.); (H.D.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-4618
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10
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Gene Expression Profiling of the Extracellular Matrix Signature in Macrophages of Different Activation Status: Relevance for Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205086. [PMID: 31615030 PMCID: PMC6829210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for tissue architecture and is a major effector of cell behavior during skin repair and inflammation. Macrophages are involved in all stages of skin repair but only limited knowledge exists about macrophage-specific expression and regulation of ECM components. In this study, we used transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analysis to define the unique expression of ECM-associated genes in cultured macrophages. Characterization of the matrisome revealed that most genes were constitutively expressed and that several genes were uniquely regulated upon interferon gamma (IFNγ) and dexamethasone stimulation. Among those core matrisome and matrisome-associated components transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-induced, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), elastin microfibril interfacer (EMILIN)-1, netrin-1 and gliomedin were also present within the wound bed at time points that are characterized by profound macrophage infiltration. Hence, macrophages are a source of ECM components in vitro as well as during skin wound healing, and identification of these matrisome components is a first step to understand the role and therapeutic value of ECM components in macrophages and during wound healing.
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11
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Nilotinib: A Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Mediates Resistance to Intracellular Mycobacterium Via Regulating Autophagy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050506. [PMID: 31130711 PMCID: PMC6562972 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been studied extensively in various tumor models; however, no information exists about the pharmacological action of nilotinib in bacterial infections. Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are the etiological agents of bovine tuberculosis and Johne's disease, respectively. Although M. bovis and MAP cause distinct tissue tropism, both of them infect, reside, and replicate in mononuclear phagocytic cells of the infected host. Autophagy is an innate immune defense mechanism for the control of intracellular bacteria, regulated by diverse signaling pathways. Here we demonstrated that nilotinib significantly inhibited the intracellular survival and growth of M. bovis and MAP in macrophages by modulating host immune responses. We showed that nilotinib induced autophagic degradation of intracellular mycobacterium occurred via the inhibition of PI3k/Akt/mTOR axis mediated by abelson (c-ABL) tyrosine kinase. In addition, we observed that nilotinib promoted ubiquitin accumulation around M. bovis through activation of E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. From in-vivo experiments, we found that nilotinib effectively controlled M. bovis growth and survival through enhanced parkin activity in infected mice. Altogether, our data showed that nilotinib regulates protective innate immune responses against intracellular mycobacterium, both in-vitro and in-vivo, and can be exploited as a novel therapeutic remedy for the control of M. bovis and MAP infections.
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Hansen M, Peltier J, Killy B, Amin B, Bodendorfer B, Härtlova A, Uebel S, Bosmann M, Hofmann J, Büttner C, Ekici AB, Kuttke M, Franzyk H, Foged C, Beer-Hammer S, Schabbauer G, Trost M, Lang R. Macrophage Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals MINCLE-dependent and -independent Mycobacterial Cord Factor Signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:669-685. [PMID: 30635358 PMCID: PMC6442366 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis relies on recognition by macrophages. Mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), is the most abundant cell wall glycolipid and binds to the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) MINCLE. To explore the kinase signaling linking the TDM-MINCLE interaction to gene expression, we employed quantitative phosphoproteome analysis. TDM caused upregulation of 6.7% and suppressed 3.8% of the 14,000 phospho-sites identified on 3727 proteins. MINCLE-dependent phosphorylation was observed for canonical players of CLR signaling (e.g. PLCγ, PKCδ), and was enriched for PKCδ and GSK3 kinase motifs. MINCLE-dependent activation of the PI3K-AKT-GSK3 pathway contributed to inflammatory gene expression and required the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α. Unexpectedly, a substantial fraction of TDM-induced phosphorylation was MINCLE-independent, a finding paralleled by transcriptome data. Bioinformatics analysis of both data sets concurred in the requirement for MINCLE for innate immune response pathways and processes. In contrast, MINCLE-independent phosphorylation and transcriptome responses were linked to cell cycle regulation. Collectively, our global analyses show substantial reprogramming of macrophages by TDM and reveal a dichotomy of MINCLE-dependent and -independent signaling linked to distinct biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Hansen
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Peltier
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Barbara Killy
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bushra Amin
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Bodendorfer
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Sebastian Uebel
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Büttner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Mario Kuttke
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Unversity of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Unversity of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Trost
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Roland Lang
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany;.
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He J, Fu W, Zhao S, Zhang C, Sun T, Jiang T. Lack of MSMEG_6281, a peptidoglycan amidase, affects cell wall integrity and virulence of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:405-413. [PMID: 30685363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) is the major content of the mycobacterium cell wall structure and essential for mycobacterial survival. Peptidoglycan (PG) plays an important role in maintenance of cell division, cell wall integrity and pathogenesis. Mycobacterium smegmatis MSMEG_6281, a peptidoglycan amidase, is vital for mycobacterial cell division. However, the effects of MSMEG_6281on cell wall integrity and mycobacterial virulence remain unknown. In the current study, we demonstrate that MSMEG_6281gene knockout in M.smegmatis alters the microbiological characteristics. Our results revealed that MSMEG_6281gene knockout bacteria (M. sm-ΔM_6281) lost their acid-fastness, increased their sensitivity to lipophilic compounds and presented an abnormal morphology. Our results revealed that MSMEG_6281was related to maintaining the cell wall integrity. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of MSMEG_6281 inactivation on mycobacterial virulence using mice models infected by different M.smegmatis strains. MSMEG_6281 inactivation in the M sm-ΔM_6281 infected group caused less mycobacterial colonization, reduced pathological signs, decreased the anti-microbial enzymes production including iNOS and β-defensins in mouse lungs. Moreover, IL-1β and TLR2 expression were significantly down-regulated, while the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α was up-regulated. These findings indicated the diversity of host immune responses induced by different strains of M.smegmatis, suggesting that MSMEG_6281 inactivation impact mycobacterial virulence. In conclusion, the MSMEG_6281 protein plays important roles in maintaining cell wall integrity and mycobacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia He
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Weizhe Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shijia Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Kröll P, Knoke K, Steiger J, Fabri M. IFN-γ Promotes, but Dexamethasone Dissociates, Toll-Like Receptor 2/1-Induced Host Responses in Human Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:488-491. [PMID: 30193757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kröll
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristin Knoke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Steiger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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de Castro Kroner J, Knoke K, Kofler DM, Steiger J, Fabri M. Glucocorticoids promote intrinsic human T H17 differentiation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1669-1673.e11. [PMID: 30092286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Knoke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Steiger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Li Y, Østerhus S, Johnsen IB. Human Metapneumovirus Infection Inhibits Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 29780383 PMCID: PMC5946005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathelicidin antimicriobial peptide (CAMP) is a critical component of host innate immunity with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Several pathogens have been shown to downregulate CAMP expression, yet it is unclear if such modulation occurs during a viral infection. In this study, we showed that infection with human metapneumovirus (hMPV), one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in young children, strongly suppressed basal and vitamin-D induced CAMP expression in human macrophages. hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP did not correlate with reduced transcriptional expression of key vitamin D signaling components, such as CYP27B1 or vitamin D receptor, suggesting a vitamin D-independent mechanism. Blocking interferon-signaling pathways did not reverse hMVP-mediated suppression of CAMP, indicating that the suppressive effect is largely interferon-independent. Instead, we identified C/EBPα as the key modulator of hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP. hMPV infection strongly repressed the expression of C/EBPα, and a knockdown study confirmed that C/EBPα is critical for CAMP expression in human macrophages. Such modulation of CAMP (and C/EBPα) could be reproduced by TLR1/2 ligand treatment in human macrophages, suggesting a common mechanism underlying pathogen-mediated downregulation of CAMP through C/EBPα. This study opens up a new understanding of altered human antimicrobial responses following infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian Li
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Østerhus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild B Johnsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Lenalidomide enhances MOR202-dependent macrophage-mediated effector functions via the vitamin D pathway. Leukemia 2018; 32:2445-2458. [PMID: 29654274 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key mediators of the therapeutic effects exerted by monoclonal antibodies, such as the anti-CD38 antibody MOR202, currently introduced in multiple myeloma (MM) therapy. Therefore, it is important to understand how antibody-mediated effector functions of myeloma-associated macrophages (MAMs) are regulated. Here, we focused on the effects of vitamin D, a known regulator of macrophage effector functions. Consequently, it was the aim of this study to assess whether modulation of the vitamin D pathway alters the tumoricidal activity of MAMs. Here, we demonstrate that MAMs display a defective vitamin D pathway with reduced expression level of CYP27B1 and limited tumoricidal activity which can be restored by the IMiD lenalidomide in vitro. Furthermore, our data indicate that the vitamin D pathway of MAMs from MM patients does recover during an IMiD-containing therapy shown by an improved MOR202-mediated cytotoxic activity of these MAMs against primary MM cells ex vivo. Here, the ex vivo cytotoxic activity could be further enhanced by vitamin D supplementation. These data suggest that vitamin D holds a key role for the effector functions of MAMs and that vitamin D supplementation in IMiD combination trials could further increase the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD38 antibodies such as MOR202, which remains to be investigated in clinical studies.
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Control of Phagocytosis by Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1368. [PMID: 29114249 PMCID: PMC5660709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of cells to capture and ingest foreign particles. Small unicellular organisms such as free-living amoeba use this process to acquire food. In pluricellular organisms, phagocytosis is a universal phenomenon that all cells are able to perform (including epithelial, endothelial, fibroblasts, etc.), but some specialized cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) perform this very efficiently and were therefore named professional phagocytes by Rabinovitch. Cells use phagocytosis to capture and clear all particles larger than 0.5 µm, including pathogenic microorganisms and cellular debris. Phagocytosis involves a series of steps from recognition of the target particle, ingestion of it in a phagosome (phagocytic vacuole), maturation of this phagosome into a phagolysosome, to the final destruction of the ingested particle in the robust antimicrobial environment of the phagolysosome. For the most part, phagocytosis is an efficient process that eliminates invading pathogens and helps maintaining homeostasis. However, several pathogens have also evolved different strategies to prevent phagocytosis from proceeding in a normal way. These pathogens have a clear advantage to perpetuate the infection and continue their replication. Here, we present an overview of the phagocytic process with emphasis on the antimicrobial elements professional phagocytes use. We also summarize the current knowledge on the microbial strategies different pathogens use to prevent phagocytosis either at the level of ingestion, phagosome formation, and maturation, and even complete escape from phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Immuno-Stimulatory Peptides as a Potential Adjunct Therapy against Intra-Macrophagic Pathogens. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081297. [PMID: 28777342 PMCID: PMC6152048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of infectious diseases is increasingly prone to failure due to the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural components of the innate immune system of most living organisms. Their capacity to kill microbes through multiple mechanisms makes the development of bacterial resistance less likely. Additionally, AMPs have important immunomodulatory effects, which critically contribute to their role in host defense. In this paper, we review the most recent evidence for the importance of AMPs in host defense against intracellular pathogens, particularly intra-macrophagic pathogens, such as mycobacteria. Cathelicidins and defensins are reviewed in more detail, due to the abundance of studies on these molecules. The cell-intrinsic as well as the systemic immune-related effects of the different AMPs are discussed. In the face of the strong potential emerging from the reviewed studies, the prospects for future use of AMPs as part of the therapeutic armamentarium against infectious diseases are presented.
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20
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Wang J, Wang R, Wang H, Yang X, Yang J, Xiong W, Wen Q, Ma L. Glucocorticoids Suppress Antimicrobial Autophagy and Nitric Oxide Production and Facilitate Mycobacterial Survival in Macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:982. [PMID: 28428627 PMCID: PMC5430514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of glucocorticoids has been shown to render individuals highly susceptible to mycobacterial infection and lead to reactivation of latent bacilli. However, the effect of glucocorticoids on innate anti-mycobacterial defense, especially in macrophages remains largely unknown. Here, we found that glucocorticoids inhibited the innate immune response, antimicrobial nitric oxide production and autophagy in mycobacteria-challenged macrophages. Meanwhile, maturation and acidification of mycobacterial phagosomes were attenuated in RAW264.7 cells after glucocorticoids treatment. Consequently, we observed a glucocorticoid-induced increase in the survival of intracellular mycobacteria in both primary macrophages and cell lines. Glucocorticoids treatment decreased the activation of TBK1 kinase, which promotes the maturation of autophagosomes. Inhibition of TBK1 also decreased the production of nitric oxide. Furthermore, several autophagy-related genes were down-regulated, while activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was increased after glucocorticoids treatment, which may account for autophagy inhibition during mycobacterial infection. Restoration of autophagy with the agonist rapamycin abolished glucocorticoid-mediated enhancement of mycobacterial survival, suggesting that glucocorticoids blocked anti-mycobacterial defense via autophagy inhibition. Collectively, this study demonstrates that glucocorticoids impair innate antimicrobial autophagy and promote mycobacterial survival in macrophages, which is a novel mechanism for glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression. Our findings may provide important clues for tuberculosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Jayashankar L, Hafner R. Adjunct Strategies for Tuberculosis Vaccines: Modulating Key Immune Cell Regulatory Mechanisms to Potentiate Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:577. [PMID: 28018344 PMCID: PMC5159487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of alarming proportions, resulting in 1.5 million deaths worldwide. The only available licensed vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, does not confer lifelong protection against active TB. To date, development of an effective vaccine against TB has proven to be elusive, and devising newer approaches for improved vaccination outcomes is an essential goal. Insights gained over the last several years have revealed multiple mechanisms of immune manipulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected macrophages and dendritic cells that support disease progression and block development of protective immunity. This review provides an assessment of the known immunoregulatory mechanisms altered by Mtb, and how new interventions may reverse these effects. Examples include blocking of inhibitory immune cell coreceptor checkpoints (e.g., programed death-1). Conversely, immune mechanisms that strengthen immune cell effector functions may be enhanced by interventions, including stimulatory immune cell coreceptors (e.g., OX40). Modification of the activity of key cell “immunometabolism” signaling pathway molecules, including mechanistic target of rapamycin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, wnt/β-catenin, adenosine monophosophate-activated protein kinase, and sirtuins, related epigenetic changes, and preventing induction of immune regulatory cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are powerful new approaches to improve vaccine responses. Interventions to favorably modulate these components have been studied primarily in oncology to induce efficient antitumor immune responses, often by potentiation of cancer vaccines. These agents include antibodies and a rapidly increasing number of small molecule drug classes that have contributed to the dramatic immune-based advances in treatment of cancer and other diseases. Because immune responses to malignancies and to Mtb share many similar mechanisms, studies to improve TB vaccine responses using interventions based on “immuno-oncology” are needed to guide possible repurposing. Understanding the regulation of immune cell functions appropriated by Mtb to promote the imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune responses may guide the development of innovative drug-based adjunct approaches to substantially enhance the clinical efficacy of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Columbus Technologies, Inc., Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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