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Zhang H, Yuan Z, Wang J, Tang Q, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Huang X, Zhu Y, Nong C, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Yu Q. Triptolide leads to hepatic intolerance to exogenous lipopolysaccharide and natural-killer-cell mediated hepatocellular damage by inhibiting MHC class I molecules. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154621. [PMID: 36610139 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF) is used as a traditional Chinese medicine, called thunder god vine, based on its efficacy for treating inflammatory diseases. However, its hepatotoxicity has limited its clinical application. Triptolide (TP) is the major active and toxic component of TWHF. Previous studies reported that a toxic pretreatment dose of TP leads to hepatic intolerance to exogenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and to acute liver failure, in mice, but the immune mechanisms of TP-sensitised hepatocytes and the TP-induced excessive immune response to LPS stimulation are unknown. PURPOSE To identify both the key immune cell population and mechanism involved in TP-induced hepatic intolerance of exogenous LPS. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the inhibitory signal of natural killer (NK) cells maintained in hepatocytes, and the ability of TP to impair that signal. METHODS Flow cytometry was performed to determine NK cell activity and hepatocyte histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules expression; the severity of liver injury was determined based on blood chemistry values, and drug- or cell-mediated hepatocellular damage, by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In vivo H-2Kb transduction was carried out using an adeno-associated viral vector. RESULTS Interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated necroptosis occurred in C57BL/6N mice treated with 500 μg TP/kg and 0.1 mg LPS/kg to induce fulminant hepatitis. Primary hepatocytes pretreated with TP were more prone to necroptosis when exposed to recombinant murine IFN-γ. In mice administered TP and LPS, the intracellular IFN-γ levels of NK cells increased significantly. Subsequent study confirmed that NK cells were activated and resulted in potent hepatocellular toxicity. In vivo and in vitro TP administration significantly inhibited MHC class I molecules in murine hepatocytes. An in vitro analysis demonstrated the susceptibility of TP-pretreated hepatocytes to NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, an effect that was significantly attenuated by the induction of hepatocyte MHC-I molecules by IFN-α. In vivo induction or overexpression of hepatocyte MHC-I also protected mouse liver against TP and LPS-induced injury. CONCLUSION The TP-induced inhibition of hepatocyte MHC-I molecules expression leads to hepatic intolerance to exogenous LPS and NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity against self-hepatocytes. These findings shed light on the toxicity of traditional Chinese medicines administered for their immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qianhui Tang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yingying Miao
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinliang Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cheng Nong
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinwei Yu
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Patil ND, Domingues O, Masquelier C, Theresine M, Schlienger O, Njinju Amin Asaba C, Thomas M, Seguin-Devaux C, Slevogt H, Ollert M, Zimmer J. Imprint of Initial Education and Loss of Ly49C/I in Activated Natural Killer Cells of TAP1-KO and C57BL/6 Wildtype Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818015. [PMID: 35911713 PMCID: PMC9329629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of the innate immune system and participate in the first line of defense against infections and tumors. Prior to being functional, these lymphocytes must be educated or licensed through interactions of their major histocompatibility complex class I molecules with self-specific inhibitory receptors that recognize them. In the absence of such contacts, caused by either the lack of expression of the inhibitory receptors or a very low level of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) proteins, NK cells are hypo-reactive at baseline (ex vivo). After stimulation (assessed through plate-bound antibodies against activating receptors or culture in the presence of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15) however, they can become cytotoxic and produce cytokines. This is particularly the case in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient mice, which we investigated in the present study. Transporter associated with antigen processing transports endogenous peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded on nascent MHC class I molecules, which then become stable and expressed at the cell surface. Consequently, TAP-KO mice have very low levels of MHC class I expression. We present a study about phenotypic and functional aspects of NK cells in two mouse strains, C57BL/6 wildtype and TAP1-KO in spleen and lung. We observed that in both types of mice, on the same genetic background, the initial pattern of education, conferred to the cells via the inhibitory receptors Ly49C/I and NKG2A, was maintained even after a strong stimulation by the cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-15 and interleukin-18. Furthermore, the percentages of activated NK cells expressing Ly49C/I and Ly49I were strongly down-modulated under these conditions. We completed our investigations with phenotypic studies of NK cells from these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha D. Patil
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Doctoral School in Systems and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Olivia Domingues
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cécile Masquelier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maud Theresine
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Oceane Schlienger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clinton Njinju Amin Asaba
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marine Thomas
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, Host Septomics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Jacques Zimmer,
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Yu M, Su Z, Huang X, Wang X. Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Novel Role of Ezh2 in NK Cell Maturation and Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724276. [PMID: 34764950 PMCID: PMC8576367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes primarily involved in innate immunity and exhibit important functional properties in antimicrobial and antitumoral responses. Our previous work indicated that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) is a negative regulator of early NK cell differentiation and function through trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Here, we deleted Ezh2 from immature NK cells and downstream progeny to explore its role in NK cell maturation by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We identified six distinct NK stages based on the transcriptional signature during NK cell maturation. Conditional deletion of Ezh2 in NK cells resulted in a maturation trajectory toward NK cell arrest in CD11b SP stage 5, which was clustered with genes related to the activating function of NK cells. Mechanistically, we speculated that Ezh2 plays a critical role in NK development by activating AP-1 family gene expression independent of PRC2 function. Our results implied a novel role for the Ezh2-AP-1-Klrg1 axis in altering the NK cell maturation trajectory and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Millan AJ, Hom BA, Libang JB, Sindi S, Manilay JO. Evidence for Prescribed NK Cell Ly-49 Developmental Pathways in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1215-1227. [PMID: 33495236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of NK cell inhibitory Ly-49 genes showed their expression is stochastic. However, relatively few studies have examined the mechanisms governing acquisition of inhibitory receptors in conjunction with activating Ly-49 receptors and NK cell development. We hypothesized that the surface expression of activating Ly-49 receptors is nonrandom and is influenced by inhibitory Ly-49 receptors. We analyzed NK cell "clusters" defined by combinatorial expression of activating (Ly-49H and Ly-49D) and inhibitory (Ly-49I and Ly-49G2) receptors in C57BL/6 mice. Using the product rule to evaluate the interdependencies of the Ly-49 receptors, we found evidence for a tightly regulated expression at the immature NK cell stage, with the highest interdependencies between clusters that express at least one activating receptor. Further analysis demonstrated that certain NK clusters predominated at the immature (CD27+CD11b-), transitional (CD27+CD11b+), and mature (CD27-CD11b-) NK cell stages. Using parallel in vitro culture and in vivo transplantation of sorted NK clusters, we discovered nonrandom expression of Ly-49 receptors, suggesting that prescribed pathways of NK cluster differentiation exist. Our data infer that surface expression of Ly-49I is an important step in NK cell maturation. Ki-67 expression and cell counts confirmed that immature NK cells proliferate more than mature NK cells. We found that MHC class I is particularly important for regulation of Ly-49D and Ly-49G2, even though no known MHC class I ligand for these receptors is present in B6 mice. Our data indicate that surface expression of both activating and inhibitory Ly-49 receptors on NK cell clusters occurs in a nonrandom process correlated to their maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Millan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343.,Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Bryan A Hom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Jeremy B Libang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Suzanne Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; .,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343
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Lu Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Liao Y, Xi T, Zhang Y, Shu S, Fang F. The Effects of IL10 and NK Cells on the Susceptibility to Mouse Cytomegalovirus in BALB/c Mice despite the Compensation of IFNγ. Intervirology 2018; 61:111-122. [PMID: 30336455 DOI: 10.1159/000493316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine which factors lead to the susceptibility to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in the spleens of BALB/c mice. METHODS BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group and an infection group and sacrificed on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 postinfection. The cytotoxicity of NK cells was determined by evaluating lactate dehydrogenase contents. Flow cytometry was used to analyze activated NK cells, IFNγ+ NK cells, and total NK cells in the spleen. The pathological changes of spleens in each group were analyzed by HE staining. The expression of IL10, IL18, IFNγ, Thpok, and IFNβ of spleens was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The viral loads of MCMV in spleens and salivary glands were also detected. RESULTS We found that spleen NK cells and IL10 in C57BL/6 mice possessed more powerful immunity to MCMV than BALB/c mice. In BALB/c mice, combined effects of the cytotoxicity of NK cells and IFNγ in spleens still ended up with deficient control of infection. CONCLUSION The functional shortage of NK cells and inappropriate expression of IL10 result in the susceptibility to MCMV in BALB/c mice.
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Zeleznjak J, Popovic B, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Lisnic VJ. Mouse cytomegalovirus encoded immunoevasins and evolution of Ly49 receptors - Sidekicks or enemies? Immunol Lett 2017; 189:40-47. [PMID: 28414184 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have dedicated a large portion of their genome towards immune evasion targeting many aspects of the host immune system, particularly NK cells. However, the host managed to cope with the infection by developing multiple mechanisms to recognize viral threat and counterattack it, thus illustrating never-ending evolutionary interplay between CMV and its host. In this review, we will focus on several mechanisms of NK cell evasion by mouse CMV (MCMV), the role of host inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors involved in the virus control and acquisition of adaptive features by NK cells as a consequence of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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Lam VC, Lanier LL. NK cells in host responses to viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:43-51. [PMID: 27984782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that play an important role in viral clearance. NK cell responses to viral infections were originally believed to be non-specific and lacked immune memory recall responses. It is now appreciated that NK cell responses to viral infections can be specific and in some cases memory recall responses are established. Increasing evidence also illuminates the complexity of NK cell interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we summarize the evidence for NK cell-specific memory responses to viral infections and the intricate reciprocal interactions between NK cells and other immune cells that dictate their activation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Lam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, United States.
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