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Alexander KL, Ford ML. The Entangled World of Memory T Cells and Implications in Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:137-147. [PMID: 37271872 PMCID: PMC10696133 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells that are specific for alloantigen can arise from a variety of stimuli, ranging from direct allogeneic sensitization from prior transplantation, blood transfusion, or pregnancy to the elicitation of pathogen-specific T cells that are cross-reactive with alloantigen. Regardless of the mechanism by which they arise, alloreactive memory T cells possess key metabolic, phenotypic, and functional properties that render them distinct from naive T cells. These properties affect the immune response to transplantation in 2 important ways: first, they can alter the speed, location, and effector mechanisms with which alloreactive T cells mediate allograft rejection, and second, they can alter T-cell susceptibility to immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding these properties of memory T cells and their implications for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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2
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Bohuslavova R, Fabriciova V, Smolik O, Lebrón-Mora L, Abaffy P, Benesova S, Zucha D, Valihrach L, Berkova Z, Saudek F, Pavlinkova G. NEUROD1 reinforces endocrine cell fate acquisition in pancreatic development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5554. [PMID: 37689751 PMCID: PMC10492842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NEUROD1 is a transcription factor that helps maintain a mature phenotype of pancreatic β cells. Disruption of Neurod1 during pancreatic development causes severe neonatal diabetes; however, the exact role of NEUROD1 in the differentiation programs of endocrine cells is unknown. Here, we report a crucial role of the NEUROD1 regulatory network in endocrine lineage commitment and differentiation. Mechanistically, transcriptome and chromatin landscape analyses demonstrate that Neurod1 inactivation triggers a downregulation of endocrine differentiation transcription factors and upregulation of non-endocrine genes within the Neurod1-deficient endocrine cell population, disturbing endocrine identity acquisition. Neurod1 deficiency altered the H3K27me3 histone modification pattern in promoter regions of differentially expressed genes, which resulted in gene regulatory network changes in the differentiation pathway of endocrine cells, compromising endocrine cell potential, differentiation, and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Bohuslavova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Valeria Fabriciova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Smolik
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Laura Lebrón-Mora
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Sarka Benesova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Berkova
- Diabetes Centre, Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Saudek
- Diabetes Centre, Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, 25250, Vestec, Czechia.
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3
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Liu C, Raab M, Gui Y, Rudd CE. Multi-functional adaptor SKAP1: regulator of integrin activation, the stop-signal, and the proliferation of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192838. [PMID: 37325633 PMCID: PMC10264576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is a complex process involving a network of kinases and downstream molecular scaffolds or adaptors that integrate surface signals with effector functions. One key immune-specific adaptor is Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 (SKAP1), which is also known as src kinase-associated protein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). This mini-review explains how SKAP1 plays multiple roles in regulating integrin activation, the "stop-signal", and the optimization of the cell cycling of proliferating T cells through interactions with various mediators, including the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Ongoing research on SKAP1 and its binding partners will likely provide important insights into the regulation of immune function and have implications for the development of new treatments for disease states such as cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yirui Gui
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Dai H, Pena A, Bauer L, Williams A, Watkins SC, Camirand G. Treg suppression of immunity within inflamed allogeneic grafts. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160579. [PMID: 35881490 PMCID: PMC9462475 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory CD4+Foxp3+ T cells (Treg) restrain inflammation and immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying Treg suppressor function in inflamed non-lymphoid tissues remain largely unexplored. Here, we restricted immune responses to non-lymphoid tissues and used intravital microscopy to visualize Treg suppression of rejection by effector T cells (Teff) within inflamed allogeneic islet transplants. Despite their elevated motility, Treg preferentially contact antigen-presenting cells (APCs) over Teff. Interestingly, Treg specifically target APCs that are extensively and simultaneously contacted by Teff. In turn, Treg decrease MHC-II expression on APCs and hinder Teff function. Lastly, we demonstrate that Treg suppressor function within inflamed allografts requires ecto-nucleotidase CD73 activity, which generates the anti-inflammatory adenosine. Consequently, CD73-/- Treg exhibit reduced contacts with APCs within inflamed allografts compared to wt Treg, but not in spleen. Overall, our findings demonstrate that Treg suppress immunity within inflamed grafts through CD73 activity and suggest that Treg-APC direct contacts are central to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehua Dai
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Andressa Pena
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Lynne Bauer
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Amanda Williams
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey Camirand
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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5
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Chen P, Yao F, Lu Y, Peng Y, Zhu S, Deng J, Wu Z, Chen J, Deng K, Li Q, Pu Z, Mou L. Single-Cell Landscape of Mouse Islet Allograft and Syngeneic Graft. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853349. [PMID: 35757709 PMCID: PMC9226584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation to treat the late stage of type 1 diabetic patient (T1DM) has recently made inspiring success in clinical trials. However, most patients experience a decline in islet graft function in one to three years due to immune rejection. Although the mechanisms of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer cells (NKs), B cells, and T cells, that mediate immune rejection have been investigated, the overall characteristics of immune infiltrates in islet allografts and syngeneic grafts remain unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided us with new opportunities to study the complexity of the immune microenvironment in islet transplants. In the present study, we used scRNA-seq to comprehensively analyze the immune heterogeneity in the mouse model of islet transplantation. Our data revealed T lymphocytes and myeloid cells as the main immune components of grafts 7 days post-islet transplantation, especially in allografts. Moreover, our results indicated that allogeneic islet cells were transformed into antigen-presenting cell-like cells with highly expressed MHC class I molecules and genes involved in MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation. This transformation may dramatically facilitate the interaction with cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and promote the destruction of islet allografts. Our study provides insight into the transcriptomics and diverse microenvironment of islet grafts and their impacts on immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuwen Yao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzheng Peng
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shufang Zhu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijing Wu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Li
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Hughes AD, Zhao D, Dai H, Abou-Daya KI, Tieu R, Rammal R, Williams AL, Landsittel DP, Shlomchik WD, Morelli AE, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Lakkis FG. Cross-dressed dendritic cells sustain effector T cell responses in islet and kidney allografts. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:287-294. [PMID: 31763998 DOI: 10.1172/jci125773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of host T cells that mediate allograft rejection is a 2-step process. The first occurs in secondary lymphoid organs where T cells encounter alloantigens presented by host DCs and differentiate to effectors. Antigen presentation at these sites occurs principally via transfer of intact, donor MHC-peptide complexes from graft cells to host DCs (cross-dressing) or by uptake and processing of donor antigens into allopeptides bound to self-MHC molecules (indirect presentation). The second step takes place in the graft, where effector T cells reengage with host DCs before causing rejection. How host DCs present alloantigens to T cells in the graft is not known. Using mouse islet and kidney transplantation models, imaging cytometry, and 2-photon intravital microscopy, we demonstrate extensive cross-dressing of intragraft host DCs with donor MHC-peptide complexes that occurred early after transplantation, whereas host DCs presenting donor antigen via the indirect pathway were rare. Cross-dressed DCs stably engaged TCR-transgenic effector CD8+ T cells that recognized donor antigen and were sufficient for sustaining acute rejection. In the chronic kidney rejection model, cross-dressing declined over time but was still conspicuous 8 weeks after transplantation. We conclude that cross-dressing of host DCs with donor MHC molecules is a major antigen presentation pathway driving effector T cell responses within allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hughes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Physician Scientist Training Program, and
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hehua Dai
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger Tieu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rayan Rammal
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda L Williams
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas P Landsittel
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Warren D Shlomchik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Liarski VM, Sibley A, van Panhuys N, Ai J, Chang A, Kennedy D, Merolle M, Germain RN, Giger ML, Clark MR. Quantifying in situ adaptive immune cell cognate interactions in humans. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:503-513. [PMID: 30778242 PMCID: PMC6474677 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) has revolutionized the understanding of adaptive immunity. However, TPEM usually requires animal models and is not amenable to the study of human disease. The recognition of antigen by T cells requires cell contact and is associated with changes in T cell shape. We postulated that by capturing these features in fixed tissue samples, we could quantify in situ adaptive immunity. Therefore, we used a deep convolutional neural network to identify fundamental distance and cell-shape features associated with cognate help (cell-distance mapping (CDM)). In mice, CDM was comparable to TPEM in discriminating cognate T cell-dendritic cell (DC) interactions from non-cognate T cell-DC interactions. In human lupus nephritis, CDM confirmed that myeloid DCs present antigen to CD4+ T cells and identified plasmacytoid DCs as an important antigen-presenting cell. These data reveal a new approach with which to study human in situ adaptive immunity broadly applicable to autoimmunity, infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Liarski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Sibley
- Department of Radiology and Committee on Medical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas van Panhuys
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junting Ai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Domenick Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Merolle
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology and Committee on Medical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryellen L Giger
- Department of Radiology and Committee on Medical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Bertoni A, Alabiso O, Galetto AS, Baldanzi G. Integrins in T Cell Physiology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E485. [PMID: 29415483 PMCID: PMC5855707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From the thymus to the peripheral lymph nodes, integrin-mediated interactions with neighbor cells and the extracellular matrix tune T cell behavior by organizing cytoskeletal remodeling and modulating receptor signaling. LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) and VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) play a key role throughout the T cell lifecycle from thymocyte differentiation to lymphocyte extravasation and finally play a fundamental role in organizing immune synapse, providing an essential costimulatory signal for the T cell receptor. Apart from tuning T cell signaling, integrins also contribute to homing to specific target organs as exemplified by the importance of α4β7 in maintaining the gut immune system. However, apart from those well-characterized examples, the physiological significance of the other integrin dimers expressed by T cells is far less understood. Thus, integrin-mediated cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions during the T cell lifespan still represent an open field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Oscar Alabiso
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara-Italy and Oncology Division, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Silvia Galetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 28100-Italy and Palliative Care Division, A.S.L., 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Evolving Approaches in the Identification of Allograft-Reactive T and B Cells in Mice and Humans. Transplantation 2017; 101:2671-2681. [PMID: 28604446 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether a transplanted allograft is stably accepted, rejected, or achieves immunological tolerance is dependent on the frequency and function of alloreactive lymphocytes, making the identification and analysis of alloreactive T and B cells in transplant recipients critical for understanding mechanisms, and the prediction of allograft outcome. In animal models, tracking the fate of graft-reactive T and B cells allows investigators to uncover their biology and develop new therapeutic strategies to protect the graft. In the clinic, identification and quantification of graft-reactive T and B cells allows for the early diagnosis of immune reactivity and therapeutic intervention to prevent graft loss. In addition to rejection, probing of T and B cell fate in vivo provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of alloimmunity or tolerance that may lead to biomarkers predicting graft fate. In this review, we discuss existing and developing approaches to track and analyze alloreactive T and B cells in mice and humans and provide examples of discoveries made utilizing these techniques. These approaches include mixed lymphocyte reactions, trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity, enzyme-linked immunospot assays, the use of antigen receptor transgenic lymphocytes, and utilization of peptide-major histocompatibility multimers, along with imaging techniques for static multiparameter analysis or dynamic in vivo tracking. Such approaches have already refined our understanding of the alloimmune response and are pointing to new ways to improve allograft outcomes in the clinic.
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