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Guo J, Tang X, Deng P, Hui H, Chen B, An J, Zhang G, Shi K, Wang J, He Y, Hao D, Yang H. Interleukin-4 from curcumin-activated OECs emerges as a central modulator for increasing M2 polarization of microglia/macrophage in OEC anti-inflammatory activity for functional repair of spinal cord injury. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:162. [PMID: 38448976 PMCID: PMC10916222 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are major contributors to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) injury and exhibit either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes in response to specific microenvironmental signals. Our latest in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that curcumin-treated olfactory ensheathing cells (aOECs) can effectively enhance neural survival and axonal outgrowth, and transplantation of aOECs improves the neurological outcome after spinal cord injury (SCI). The therapeutic effect is largely attributed to aOEC anti-inflammatory activity through the modulation of microglial polarization from the M1 to M2 phenotype. However, very little is known about what viable molecules from aOECs are actively responsible for the switch of M1 to M2 microglial phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms of microglial polarization. Herein, we show that Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a leading role in triggering the M1 to M2 microglial phenotype, appreciably decreasing the levels of M1 markers IL‑1β, IL‑6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and elevating the levels of M2 markers Arg-1, TGF-β, IL-10, and CD206. Strikingly, blockade of IL-4 signaling by siRNA and a neutralizing antibody in aOEC medium reverses the transition of M1 to M2, and the activated microglia stimulated with the aOEC medium lacking IL-4 significantly decreases neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. In addition, transplantation of aOECs improved the neurological function deficits after SCI in rats. More importantly, the crosstalk between JAK1/STAT1/3/6-targeted downstream signals and NF-κB/SOCS1/3 signaling predominantly orchestrates IL-4-modulated microglial polarization event. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of aOECs driving the M1-to-M2 shift of microglia and shed light on new therapies for SCI through the modulation of microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Basic Medical School Academy, Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Basic Medical School Academy, Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hao Hui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Gaorong Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kuohao Shi
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yuqing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Desai P, Janova H, White JP, Reynoso GV, Hickman HD, Baldridge MT, Urban JF, Stappenbeck TS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS. Enteric helminth coinfection enhances host susceptibility to neurotropic flaviviruses via a tuft cell-IL-4 receptor signaling axis. Cell 2021; 184:1214-1231.e16. [PMID: 33636133 PMCID: PMC7962748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although enteric helminth infections modulate immunity to mucosal pathogens, their effects on systemic microbes remain less established. Here, we observe increased mortality in mice coinfected with the enteric helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb) and West Nile virus (WNV). This enhanced susceptibility is associated with altered gut morphology and transit, translocation of commensal bacteria, impaired WNV-specific T cell responses, and increased virus infection in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. These outcomes were due to type 2 immune skewing, because coinfection in Stat6-/- mice rescues mortality, treatment of helminth-free WNV-infected mice with interleukin (IL)-4 mirrors coinfection, and IL-4 receptor signaling in intestinal epithelial cells mediates the susceptibility phenotypes. Moreover, tuft cell-deficient mice show improved outcomes with coinfection, whereas treatment of helminth-free mice with tuft cell-derived cytokine IL-25 or ligand succinate worsens WNV disease. Thus, helminth activation of tuft cell-IL-4-receptor circuits in the gut exacerbates infection and disease of a neurotropic flavivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James P White
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, and Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | | | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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Nguyen TG. Harnessing Newton’s third-law paradigm to treat autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammations. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:813-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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de Rezende MC, Moreira JMP, Fernandes LLM, Rodrigues VF, Negrão-Corrêa D. Strongyloides venezuelensis-infection alters the profile of cytokines and liver inflammation in mice co-infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Cytokine 2020; 127:154931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and related incurable allergic afflictions of the upper and lower airways are medically important because of their association with the disabling symptom of dyspnea and, at least for asthma, the potential to cause fatal asphyxiation. Extensive research over the past two decades has uncovered both the physiological basis of airway obstruction in asthma and key governing molecular pathways. Exaggerated airway constriction in response to diverse provocative stimuli, termed airway hyperresponsiveness, is mediated through the cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 and the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Overproduction of mucus has long been known to be an essential second component of airway obstruction and is also mediated in part through the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 pathway. In this review, we discuss a second major signaling pathway which underlies mucus production that is mediated through proteinase-cleaved fibrinogen signaling through Toll-like receptor 4. Unexpectedly, our analysis of human sputum and paranasal sinus fluid indicates that in most cases of severe allergic airway disease, a unique type of airway fungal infection, termed airway mycosis, is pathogenically linked to these conditions. We further discuss how fungal and endogenous proteinases mediate the fibrinogenolysis that is essential to both Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and fibrin deposition that, together with mucus, contribute to airway obstruction.
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Zhu J. T Helper Cell Differentiation, Heterogeneity, and Plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a030338. [PMID: 28847903 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to a variety of infections and are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases including autoimmunity, allergy, and asthma. The differentiation of Th cells relies on the strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and signals triggered by polarizing cytokines that activate and/or up-regulate particular transcription factors. Several lineage-specific master transcription factors dictate Th cell fates and functions. Although these master regulators cross-regulate each other, their expression can be dynamic. Sometimes, they are even coexpressed, resulting in massive Th-cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Similar regulation mediated by these master regulators is also found in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are innate counterparts of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Hurdayal R, Brombacher F. Interleukin-4 Receptor Alpha: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity in Murine Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1354. [PMID: 29176972 PMCID: PMC5686050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), ubiquitously expressed on both innate and adaptive immune cells, controls the signaling of archetypal type 2 immune regulators; IL-4 and IL-13, which elicit their signaling action by the type 1 IL-4Rα/gamma common and/or the type 2 IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα complexes. Global gene-deficient mouse models targeting IL-4, IL-13, or the IL-4Rα chain, followed by the development of conditional mice and generation of important cell-type-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mouse models, were indeed critical to gaining in-depth understanding of detrimental T helper (Th) 2 mechanisms in type 1-controlled diseases. A primary example being cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, among others. The disease is characterized by localized self-healing cutaneous lesions and necrosis for which, currently, not a single vaccine has made it to a stage that can be considered effective. The spectrum of human leishmaniasis belongs to the top 10 infectious diseases according to the World Health Organization. As such, 350 million humans are at risk of infection and disease, with an incidence of 1.5–2 million new cases being reported annually. A major aim of our research is to identify correlates of host protection and evasion, which may aid in vaccine design and therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focus on the immune-regulatory role of the IL-4Rα chain from innate immune responses to the development of beneficial type 1 and detrimental type 2 adaptive immune responses during cutaneous Leishmania infection. We discuss the cell-specific requirements of the IL-4Rα chain on crucial innate immune cells during L. major infection, including, IL-4Rα-responsive skin keratinocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as dendritic cells (DCs). The latter, contributing to one of the paradigm shifts with respect to the role of IL-4 instructing DCs in vivo, to promote Th1 responses against L. major. Finally, we extend these innate responses and mechanisms to control of adaptive immunity and the effect of IL-4Rα-responsiveness on T and B lymphocytes orchestrating the development of CD4+ Th1/Th2 and B effector 1/B effector 2 B cells in response to L. major infection in the murine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Hurdayal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
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Goswami R, Kaplan M. STAT Transcription Factors in T Cell Control of Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 331:123-180. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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10
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Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Immunity and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:31-77. [PMID: 27734408 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 was first identified as a T cell-derived growth factor for B cells. Studies over the past several decades have markedly expanded our understanding of its cellular sources and function. In addition to T cells, IL-4 is produced by innate lymphocytes, such as NTK cells, and myeloid cells, such as basophils and mast cells. It is a signature cytokine of type 2 immune response but also has a nonimmune function. Its expression is tightly regulated at several levels, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA. This chapter will review in detail the molecular mechanism regulating the cell type-specific expression of IL-4 in physiological and pathological type 2 immune responses.
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11
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Someabozorg MA, Mirkazemi S, Mehrizi AA, Shokri F, Djadid ND, Zakeri S. Administration of naloxone in combination with recombinant Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 in BALB/c mice induces mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:521-532. [PMID: 26234932 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Naloxone (NLX) has the ability to shift the immune response to a Th1 profile. Therefore, the adjuvant efficacy of NLX with recombinant P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1(rPvAMA-1) in BALB/c mice was evaluated. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with purified rPvAMA-1 formulated with NLX (doses of 5 mg/kg body weight) alone or in combination with IFA. A significant increase in anti-PvAMA-1 IgG antibody after the second boost (mean OD490 = 2·08 and 2·17, in groups received, rPvAMA-1/NLX and rPvAMA-1/NLX/IFA, respectively) was detected. IgG1 and IgG2b were the predominant isotypes in all immunized mouse groups. In immunized mice with rPvAMA-1/NLX (mean: 1036 pg/mL) and with rPvAMA-1/NLX/IFA (mean: 1024 pg/mL), IFN-γ was elicited in response to rPvAMA-1 after the second boost. No detectable IL-4 secretion was determined in all tested groups. In conclusion, the administration of NLX alone or NLX/IFA with rPvAMA-1 in BALB/c mice, which induced mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses, was comparable with that of the same recombinant antigen with CFA/IFA adjuvant. The results indicate that NLX alone may possibly not be considered as a potent Th1 adjuvant in PvAMA-1-based vaccine. However, in order to modulate immune responses from mixed Th1/Th2 to strong and protective Th1 response, further study is warranted on combination of NLX with other adjuvants such as CpG motifs or MPL in proper vaccine formulation. Additionally, dose-response study is necessary to determine the effect of different doses of antigen combined with NLX (at various doses) in Balb/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Someabozorg
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mirkazemi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Schaller M, Ito T, Allen RM, Kroetz D, Kittan N, Ptaschinski C, Cavassani K, Carson WF, Godessart N, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T, Dou Y, Kunkel SL. Epigenetic regulation of IL-12-dependent T cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:601-13. [PMID: 26059830 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0814-375rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the cytokine IL-12 and the transcription factor STAT4, an essential part of the IL-12 signaling pathway, are critical components of the Th1 differentiation process in T cells. In response to pathogenic stimuli, this process causes T cells to proliferate rapidly and secrete high amounts of the cytokine IFN-γ, leading to the Th1 proinflammatory phenotype. However, there are still unknown components of this differentiation pathway. We here demonstrated that the expression of the histone methyltransferase Mll1 is driven by IL-12 signaling through STAT4 in humans and mice and is critical for the proper differentiation of a naïve T cell to a Th1 cell. Once MLL1 is up-regulated by IL-12, it regulates the proliferation of Th1 cells. As evidence of this, we show that Th1 cells from Mll1(+/-) mice are unable to proliferate rapidly in a Th1 environment in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, upon restimulation with cognate antigen Mll1(+/-), T cells do not convert to a Th1 phenotype, as characterized by IFN-γ output. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in IFN-γ production and proliferation in human peripheral blood stimulated with tetanus toxoid by use of a specific inhibitor of the MLL1/menin complex. Together, our results demonstrate that the MLL1 gene plays a previously unrecognized but essential role in Th1 cell biology and furthermore, describes a novel pathway through which Mll1 expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schaller
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ronald M Allen
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Danielle Kroetz
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nicolai Kittan
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Karen Cavassani
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - William F Carson
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nuria Godessart
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yali Dou
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Dermatology Research, Almirall, S.A., St Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
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13
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Morimoto M, Saito C, Muto C, Akamatsu Y, Chiba T, Abe T, Azuma N, Suto Y. Impairment of host resistance to helminthes with age in murine small intestine. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:171-9. [PMID: 25545318 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated alterations of Th2 immune responses against nematode parasites are largely unknown. We investigated primary and memory responses against two types of gastrointestinal nematode parasites, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp) and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), in aged mice. The small intestinal gene expression of Th2 cytokines was almost unchanged after primary (Nb and Hp) and secondary infection (Hp) in aged mice in contrast to strongly increased small intestinal gene expression of Th2 cytokines in young (3-month-old) mice. Mucus production decreased (Nb), and worm expulsion was impaired (Nb and Hp) compared with the young mice. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that after Hp infection, the number of alternatively activated macrophages, which are induced by Th2 cytokines, was lower in the aged mice. On the other hand, the number of CD4(+) T cells recruited to the worm cysts was normal compared with the young mice. These results suggest that migration of CD4(+) T cells to the host-parasite interface is not affected by ageing. Alterations in Th2 immune responses in aged mice might be due to inappropriate or insufficient activation of CD4(+) T cells in the submucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morimoto
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
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14
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Jacobs JR, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) production is associated with lower fecal egg count in parasite-resistant sheep. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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17
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T helper cell IL-4 drives intestinal Th2 priming to oral peanut antigen, under the control of OX40L and independent of innate-like lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1395-404. [PMID: 24781052 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity in food allergy results in IgG1 and IgE production, and antigen re-exposure elicits responses such as anaphylaxis and eosinophilic inflammation. Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) is critically required for allergic sensitization, the source and control of IL-4 during the initiation of Th2 immunity in vivo remains unclear. Non-intestinal and non-food allergy systems have suggested that natural killer-like T (NKT) or γδ T-cell innate lymphocytes can supply the IL-4 required to induce Th2 polarization. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a novel IL-4-competent population, but their contribution to initiating adaptive Th2 immunity is unclear. There are also reports of IL-4-independent Th2 responses. Here, we show that IL-4-dependent peanut allergic Th2 responses are completely intact in NKT-deficient, γδ T-deficient or ILC-deficient mice, including antigen-specific IgG1/IgE production, anaphylaxis, and cytokine production. Instead, IL-4 solely from CD4(+) Th cells induces full Th2 immunity. Further, CD4(+) Th cell production of IL-4 in vivo is dependent on OX40L, a costimulatory molecule on dendritic cells (DCs) required for intestinal allergic priming. However, both Th2 cells and ILCs orchestrated IL-13-dependent eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, intestinal Th2 priming is initiated by an autocrine/paracrine acting CD4(+) Th cell-intrinsic IL-4 program that is controlled by DC OX40L, and not by NKT, γδ T, or ILC cells.
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18
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Peng X, Cui Z, Gu W, Xu W, Guo X. Low level of LAT-PLC-γ1 interaction is associated with Th2 polarized differentiation: a contributing factor to the etiology of asthma. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:131-7. [PMID: 24978613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a key adaptor in the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. The expression of LAT is lower in asthmatic patients than that in healthy people, but there is little knowledge about the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. This study was aimed to determine whether LAT-PLC-γ1 interaction was involved in the development of asthma. It was shown that the phosphorylation of PLC-γ1 decreased in the asthmatic mouse model and Th2 cell differentiated CD4(+) T cells. In addition, depleted endogenous PLC-γ1 promoted CD4(+) T cells to differentiate into IL-4-Productor. It was therefore concluded that the low level of LAT-PLC-γ1 interaction was associated with Th2 polarized differentiation, and this may contribute to the etiology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilei Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Lee GR. Transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 differentiation. Immunology 2014; 141:498-505. [PMID: 24245687 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recent years towards our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. Additional transcription factors and chromatin-modifying factors were identified and shown to promote Th2 cell differentiation and inhibit differentiation into other subsets. Analyses of mice lacking several cis-regulatory elements have yielded more insight into the regulatory mechanism of Th2 cytokine genes. Gene deletion studies of several chromatin modifiers confirmed their impact on CD4 T-cell differentiation. In addition, recent genome-wide analyses of transcription factor binding and chromatin status revealed unexpected roles of these factors in Th2-cell differentiation. In this review, these recent findings and their implication are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gu W, Sun B. TH1/TH2 cell differentiation and molecular signals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:15-44. [PMID: 25261203 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive differentiated states of the CD4+ T helper cells are determined by the set of transcription factors and the genes transcribed by the transcription factors. In vitro induction models, the major determinants of the cytokines present during the T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation process. IL-12 and IFN-γ make Naive CD4+ T cells highly express T-bet and STAT4 and differentiate to TH1 cells, while IL-4 make Naive CD4+ T cells highly express STAT6 and GATA3 and differentiated to TH2 cells. Even through T-bet and GATA3 are master regulators for TH1/TH2 cells differentiation. There are many other transcription factors, such as RUNX family proteins, IRF4, Dec2, Gfi1, Hlx, and JunB that can impair TH1/TH2 cells differentiation. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (microRNA and long noncoding RNA) join in the crowd. The leukocytes should migrate to the right place to show their impact. There are some successful strategies, which are revealed to targeting chemokines and their receptors, that have been developed to treat human immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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21
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Lazarski CA, Ford J, Katzman SD, Rosenberg AF, Fowell DJ. IL-4 attenuates Th1-associated chemokine expression and Th1 trafficking to inflamed tissues and limits pathogen clearance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71949. [PMID: 23991011 PMCID: PMC3753298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) plays a central role in the orchestration of Type 2 immunity. During T cell activation in the lymph node, IL-4 promotes Th2 differentiation and inhibits Th1 generation. In the inflamed tissue, IL-4 signals promote innate and adaptive Type-2 immune recruitment and effector function, positively amplifying the local Th2 response. In this study, we identify an additional negative regulatory role for IL-4 in limiting the recruitment of Th1 cells to inflamed tissues. To test IL-4 effects on inflammation subsequent to Th2 differentiation, we transiently blocked IL-4 during ongoing dermal inflammation (using anti-IL-4 mAb) and analyzed changes in gene expression. Neutralization of IL-4 led to the upregulation of a number of genes linked to Th1 trafficking, including CXCR3 chemokines, CCL5 and CCR5 and an associated increase in IFNγ, Tbet and TNFα genes. These gene expression changes correlated with increased numbers of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells in the inflamed dermis. Moreover, using an adoptive transfer approach to directly test the role of IL-4 in T cell trafficking to the inflamed tissues, we found IL-4 neutralization led to an early increase in Th1 cell recruitment to the inflamed dermis. These data support a model whereby IL-4 dampens Th1-chemokines at the site of inflammation limiting Th1 recruitment. To determine biological significance, we infected mice with Leishmania major, as pathogen clearance is highly dependent on IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells at the infection site. Short-term IL-4 blockade in established L. major infection led to a significant increase in the number of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells in the infected ear dermis, with no change in the draining LN. Increased lymphocyte influx into the infected tissue correlated with a significant decrease in parasite number. Thus, independent of IL-4's role in the generation of immune effectors, IL-4 attenuates lymphocyte recruitment to the inflamed/infected dermis and limits pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Lazarski
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jill Ford
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Shoshana D. Katzman
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Harvie M, Camberis M, Le Gros G. Development of CD4 T Cell Dependent Immunity Against N. brasiliensis Infection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23518620 PMCID: PMC3603274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the microbial infections relevant to mammals the relationship between parasitic worms and what constitutes and regulates a host protective immune response is perhaps the most complex and evolved. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is a tissue migrating parasitic roundworm of rodents that exemplifies many of the salient features of parasitic worm infection, including parasite development through sequential larval stages as it migrates through specific tissue sites. Immune competent hosts respond to infection by N. brasiliensis with a rapid and selective development of a profound Th2 immune response that appears able to confer life long protective immunity against reinfection. This review details how the lung can be the site of migrating nematode immune killing and the gut a site of rapid immune mediated clearance of worms. Furthermore it appears that N. brasiliensis induced responses in the lung are sufficient for conferring immunity in lung and gut while infection of the gut only confers immunity in the gut. This review also covers the role of IL-4, STAT6, and the innate cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the generation of CD4-mediated immunity against N. brasiliensis reinfection and discusses what cytokines might be involved in mediated killing or expulsion of helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harvie
- Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Mucosal trapping and degradation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis occurs in the absence of STAT6. Parasitology 2013; 140:833-43. [PMID: 23442551 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms represent a major infectious burden globally, especially in developing countries. The murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is normally cleared in a manner dependent on IL-13, IL4-R and STAT6 signalling. Here we have used STAT6-deficient animals to model a non-resistant population and describe 2 novel STAT6-independent processes for the clearance of N. brasiliensis. During primary infection STAT6-/- animals are able to clear gut-dwelling N. brasiliensis by a mechanism involving the trapping and degradation of worms in the gut mucosa. Here, a previously undescribed STAT6-independent up-regulation of Relm-β was observed which correlated with the mucosal trapping and degradation of worms. Previous studies have indicated that during secondary infection STAT6 deficient animals fail to expel adult worms and remain susceptible to re-infection and long-term colonization of the gut. We report here that an initial partially protective response occurs early upon re-infection in the absence of STAT6, and that a late-phase protective secondary response arises in the gut of STAT6-deficient mice leading to the clearance of the majority of N. brasiliensis, through their trapping and death in the mucosal layer of the lower region of the small intestine. These findings show that there are a number of redundant effector pathways which act to reduce worm burden in the gut which can be activated by mechanisms that do not work through the dominant STAT6 signalling pathway and may be useful as targets for future vaccination strategies against resistant hookworm strains.
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24
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Rosen MJ, Chaturvedi R, Washington MK, Kuhnhein LA, Moore PD, Coggeshall SS, McDonough EM, Weitkamp JH, Singh AB, Coburn LA, Williams CS, Yan F, Van Kaer L, Peebles RS, Wilson KT. STAT6 deficiency ameliorates severity of oxazolone colitis by decreasing expression of claudin-2 and Th2-inducing cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1849-58. [PMID: 23303670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC) exhibit chronic colonic inflammation caused by a dysregulated mucosal immune response and epithelial barrier disruption. Th2 cytokines, including IL-13, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of UC. IL-13 induces phosphorylation of STAT6, and we previously demonstrated increased epithelial p-STAT6 in children with UC. In this study, we investigated the role of STAT6 in oxazolone colitis, a murine model of UC, by inducing colitis in STAT6-deficient (STAT6(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice. We observed increased epithelial cell, T cell, macrophage, and NKT cell STAT6 phosphorylation, as well as increased p-STAT6(+) IL-13-producing NKT cells, in colitic WT mice. Colitis was attenuated in STAT6(-/-) mice, with improvements in weight, colon length, and histopathology. There was decreased induction of the pore-forming tight junction protein claudin-2 in STAT6(-/-) mice. Similarly, short hairpin RNA STAT6 knockdown reduced claudin-2 induction and transepithelial resistance decrease in IL-13-treated human T84 cells. Tissue expression of IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 mRNA was similarly induced in WT and STAT6(-/-) colitic mice; however, we observed increased mRNA expression for the Th2-inducing cytokines IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in WT mice with colitis, which was abrogated in STAT6(-/-) mice. Mesenteric lymph node cells from STAT6(-/-) mice with colitis exhibited reduced secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. IL-33 augmented mesenteric lymph node cell secretion of IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, and IFN-γ. These data implicate STAT6 in the pathogenesis of colitis in vivo with important roles in altering epithelial barrier function and regulating Th2-inducing cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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25
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Zhu J, Jankovic D, Oler AJ, Wei G, Sharma S, Hu G, Guo L, Yagi R, Yamane H, Punkosdy G, Feigenbaum L, Zhao K, Paul WE. The transcription factor T-bet is induced by multiple pathways and prevents an endogenous Th2 cell program during Th1 cell responses. Immunity 2012; 37:660-73. [PMID: 23041064 PMCID: PMC3717271 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-bet is a critical transcription factor for T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation. To study the regulation and functions of T-bet, we developed a T-bet-ZsGreen reporter mouse strain. We determined that interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were redundant in inducing T-bet in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii and that T-bet did not contribute to its own expression when induced by IL-12 and IFN-γ. By contrast, T-bet and the transcription factor Stat4 were critical for IFN-γ production whereas IFN-γ signaling was dispensable for inducing IFN-γ. Loss of T-bet resulted in activation of an endogenous program driving Th2 cell differentiation in cells expressing T-bet-ZsGreen. Genome-wide analyses indicated that T-bet directly induced many Th1 cell-related genes but indirectly suppressed Th2 cell-related genes. Our study revealed redundancy and synergy among several Th1 cell-inducing pathways in regulating the expression of T-bet and IFN-γ, and a critical role of T-bet in suppressing an endogenous Th2 cell-associated program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Dickgreber N, Farrand KJ, van Panhuys N, Knight DA, McKee SJ, Chong ML, Miranda-Hernandez S, Baxter AG, Locksley RM, Le Gros G, Hermans IF. Immature murine NKT cells pass through a stage of developmentally programmed innate IL-4 secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:999-1009. [PMID: 22941735 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0512242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the production of the canonical Th2 cytokine IL-4 by NKT cells directly in vivo using IL-4-substituting strains of reporter mice that provide faithful and sensitive readouts of cytokine production without the confounding effects of in vitro stimulation. Analysis in naïve animals revealed an "innate" phase of IL-4 secretion that did not need to be triggered by administration of a known NKT cell ligand. This secretion was by immature NKT cells spanning Stage 1 of the maturation process in the thymus (CD4(+) CD44(lo) NK1.1(-) cells) and Stage 2 (CD4(+) CD44(hi) NK1.1(-) cells) in the spleen. Like ligand-induced IL-4 production by mature cells, this innate activity was independent of an initial source of IL-4 protein and did not require STAT6 signaling. A more sustained level of innate IL-4 production was observed in animals on a BALB/c background compared with a C57BL/6 background, suggesting a level of genetic regulation that may contribute to the "Th2-prone" phenotype in BALB/c animals. These observations indicate a regulated pattern of IL-4 expression by maturing NKT cells, which may endow these cells with a capacity to influence the development of surrounding cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dickgreber
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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27
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Knosp CA, Johnston JA. Regulation of CD4+ T-cell polarization by suppressor of cytokine signalling proteins. Immunology 2012; 135:101-11. [PMID: 22044277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are induced in responses to many stimuli and by binding to cytokine receptors and associated janus kinase (JAK) proteins, directly regulate the activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). STAT proteins regulate the expression of many genes required for the differentiation of various CD4(+) T helper cell lineages, and there is now accumulating evidence that SOCS also play essential roles in the regulation and maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell polarization. As it is now clear that CD4(+) T cells are more plastic than initially thought, it is of particular importance to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating CD4(+) T-cell differentiation. Here we review the current understanding of how STATs and SOCS act in concert to influence the polarization of CD4(+) T cells and highlight the relevance of this in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Knosp
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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28
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Oliphant CJ, Barlow JL, McKenzie ANJ. Insights into the initiation of type 2 immune responses. Immunology 2012; 134:378-85. [PMID: 22044021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses, characterized by the differentiation of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the production of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, are associated with parasitic helminth infections and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and allergies. Until recently the initiating factors associated with type 2 responses had been poorly understood. This review addresses the recent advances in identifying the diverse range of antigens/allergens associated with type 2 responses and the function, expression and sources of type-2-initiating cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33). We also discuss the latest findings regarding innate lymphoid cells, such as nuocytes, as early sources of type 2 cytokines and their importance in protective immunity to helminth infections. These developments represent major breakthroughs in our understanding of type 2 immunity, and highlight the increased complexity existing between the innate and adaptive arms of these responses. These additional steps in the type 2 immune pathway also offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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29
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Okoye IS, Wilson MS. CD4+ T helper 2 cells--microbial triggers, differentiation requirements and effector functions. Immunology 2012; 134:368-77. [PMID: 22043920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 years we have made great strides in our understanding of T helper cell differentiation, expansion and effector functions. Within the context of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell development, novel innate-like cells with the capacity to secrete large amounts of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and IL-9 as well as IL-4-producing and antigen-processing basophils have (re)-emerged onto the type 2 scene. To what extent these new players influence αβ+ CD4+ Th2 cell differentiation is discussed throughout this appraisal of the current literature. We highlight the unique features of Th2 cell development, highlighting the three necessary signals, T-cell receptor ligation, co-stimulation and cytokine receptor ligation. Finally, putting these into context, microbial and allergenic properties that trigger Th2 cell differentiation and how these influence Th2 effector function are discussed and questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel S Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, UK
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30
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Auderset F, Coutaz M, Tacchini-Cottier F. The role of Notch in the differentiation of CD4⁺ T helper cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:115-34. [PMID: 22653552 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4⁺ T helper cells are playing critical roles in host defense to pathogens and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Naïve CD4⁺T cells, upon antigen-specific recognition, receive signals to differentiate into distinct effector T helper cell subsets characterized by their pattern of cytokine production and specific immune functions. A tight balance between these different subsets ensures proper control of the immune response. There is increasing evidence revealing an important role for Notch signaling in the regulation of CD4⁺T helper cell differentiation or function in the periphery. However, the exact mechanisms involved remain unclear and appear contradictory. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and discuss recent advances in the field to reconcile different views on the role of Notch signaling in the differentiation of functional T helper subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Auderset
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Chemin Des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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31
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Summers SA, Phoon RKS, Odobasic D, Dewage L, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR. Signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 (STAT6) regulates T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 nephritogenic immunity in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 166:227-34. [PMID: 21985369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis is driven by systemic cellular immune responses. A pathogenic role for T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells is well established. T-bet, a key transcription factor required for Th1 lineage commitment, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt (Rorγt), a key Th17 transcription factor, are required for full expression of disease. Similarly, several Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines have been implicated in disease augmentation. The role of Th2 cells in the disease is less clear, although Th2-associated cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, are protective. We sought to determine the role of signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 (STAT6), a key regulator of Th2 responses, in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Compared to wild-type mice, histological and functional renal injury was enhanced significantly in STAT6(-/-) mice 21 days after administration of sheep anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane globulin. Consistent with the enhanced renal injury, both Th1 and Th17 nephritogenic immune responses were increased in STAT6(-/-) mice. Conversely, production of IL-5, a key Th2-associated cytokine, was decreased significantly in STAT6(-/-) mice. Early in the disease process systemic mRNA expression of T-bet and Rorγ was increased in STAT6(-/-) mice. We conclude that STAT6 is required for attenuation of Th1 and Th17 nephritogenic immune responses and protection from crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Summers
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, VIC, Australia
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Seidl A, Panzer M, Voehringer D. Protective immunity against the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis requires a broad T-cell receptor repertoire. Immunology 2011; 134:214-23. [PMID: 21896015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induces massive expansion of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells in the lung and small intestine. Th2 cells are a major source of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, two cytokines that appear essential for rapid worm expulsion. It is unclear whether all Th2 cells induced during infection are pathogen-specific because Th2 cells might also be induced by parasite-derived superantigens or cytokine-mediated bystander activation. Bystander Th2 polarization could explain the largely unspecific B-cell response during primary infection. Furthermore, it is not known whether protective immunity depends on a polyclonal repertoire of T-cell receptor (TCR) specificities. To address these unresolved issues, we performed adoptive transfer experiments and analysed the TCR-Vβ repertoire before and after infection of mice with the helminth N. brasiliensis. The results demonstrate that all Th2 cells were generated by antigen-specific rather than superantigen-driven or cytokine-driven activation. Furthermore, we show that worm expulsion was impaired in mice with a limited repertoire of TCR specificities, indicating that a polyclonal T-cell response is required for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seidl
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Voehringer D. Basophils in immune responses against helminths. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are critical mediators of cytokine signaling. Among the seven STAT proteins, STAT6 is activated by IL-4 and IL-13 and plays a predominant role in the immune system. However, there is increasing evidence that STAT6 may function in other tissues and organ systems. IL-4, IL-13, and STAT6 promote humoral immunity, clearance of helminthic parasites as well as the pathogenesis of allergic disorders like asthma, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis. In this review, we will describe our current understanding of the biological functions of STAT6 and summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which STAT6 regulates transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreevrat Goenka
- HB Wells Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
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Zhu J, Paul WE. Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:247-62. [PMID: 20969597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells, also known as T-helper (Th) cells, play an important role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses to various infectious agents. They are also involved in the induction of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell activation, naive CD4(+) T cells can differentiate into at least four major lineages, Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells, that participate in different types of immune responses. Networks of cytokines and transcription factors are critical for determining CD4(+) T-cell fates and effector cytokine production. Here, we review collaboration and cross-regulation between various essential cytokines in the activation/induction of key transcription factors during the process of Th cell differentiation towards these distinct lineages. We also discuss the interactions of key transcription factors at both genetic and protein levels and the function of the resulting network(s) in regulating the expression of effector cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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Horiuchi S, Onodera A, Hosokawa H, Watanabe Y, Tanaka T, Sugano S, Suzuki Y, Nakayama T. Genome-wide analysis reveals unique regulation of transcription of Th2-specific genes by GATA3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6378-89. [PMID: 21536806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells is accompanied by chromatin remodeling and increased expression of a set of Th2-specific genes, including those encoding Th2 cytokines. IL-4-mediated STAT6 activation induces high levels of transcription of GATA3, a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, and enforced expression of GATA3 induces Th2 cytokine expression. However, it remains unclear whether the expression of other Th2-specific genes is induced directly by GATA3. A genome-wide unbiased chromatin immunoprecipitation assay coupled with massive parallel sequencing analysis revealed that GATA3 bound to 1279 genes selectively in Th2 cells, and 101 genes in both Th1 and Th2 cells. Simultaneously, we identified 26 highly Th2-specific STAT6-dependent inducible genes by DNA microarray analysis-based three-step selection processes, and among them 17 genes showed GATA3 binding. We assessed dependency on GATA3 for the transcription of these 26 Th2-specific genes, and 10 genes showed increased transcription in a GATA3-dependent manner, whereas 16 genes showed no significant responses. The transcription of the 16 GATA3-nonresponding genes was clearly increased by the introduction of an active form of STAT6, STAT6VT. Therefore, although GATA3 has been recognized as a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, many Th2-specific genes are not regulated by GATA3 itself, but in collaboration with STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Horiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Chapoval SP, Dasgupta P, Smith EP, DeTolla LJ, Lipsky MM, Kelly-Welch AE, Keegan AD. STAT6 expression in multiple cell types mediates the cooperative development of allergic airway disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2571-83. [PMID: 21242523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Th2 cells induce asthma through the secretion of cytokines. Two such cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, are critical mediators of many features of this disease. They both share a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα, and signal through the STAT6 pathway. STAT6(-/-) mice have impaired Th2 differentiation and reduced airway response to allergen. Transferred Th2 cells were not able to elicit eosinophilia in response to OVA in STAT6(-/-) mice. To clarify the role of STAT6 in allergic airway inflammation, we generated mouse bone marrow (BM) chimeras. We observed little to no eosinophilia in OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mice even when STAT6(+/+) BM or Th2 cells were provided. However, when Th2 cells were transferred to STAT6×Rag2(-/-) mice, we observed an eosinophilic response to OVA. Nevertheless, the expression of STAT6 on either BM-derived cells or lung resident cells enhanced the severity of OVA-induced eosinophilia. Moreover, when both the BM donor and recipient lacked lymphocytes, transferred Th2 cells were sufficient to induce the level of eosinophilia comparable with that of wild-type (WT) mice. The expression of STAT6 in BM-derived cells was more critical for the enhanced eosinophilic response. Furthermore, we found a significantly higher number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]) in PBS- and OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mouse lungs compared with that in WT animals suggesting that STAT6 limits both naturally occurring and Ag-induced Tregs. Tregs obtained from either WT or STAT6(-/-) mice were equally efficient in suppressing CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our studies demonstrate multiple STAT6-dependent and -independent features of allergic inflammation, which may impact treatments targeting STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cells play a critical role in orchestrating a pleiotropy of immune activities against a large variety of pathogens. It is generally thought that this is achieved through the acquisition of highly specialized functions after activation followed by the differentiation into various functional subsets. The differentiation process of naive precursor T(H) cells into defined effector subsets is controlled by cells of the innate immune system and their complex array of effector molecules such as secreted cytokines and membrane bound costimulatory molecules. These provide a unique quantitative or qualitative signal initiating T(H) development, which is subsequently reinforced via T cell-mediated feedback signals and selective survival and proliferative cues, ultimately resulting in the predominance of a particular T cell subset. In recent years, the number of defined T(H)cell subsets has expanded and the once rigid division of labor among them has been blurred with reports of plasticity among the subsets. In this chapter, we summarize and speculate on the current knowledge of the differentiation requirements of T(H) cell lineages, with particular focus on the T(H)17 subset.
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Marillier RG, Brombacher TM, Dewals B, Leeto M, Barkhuizen M, Govender D, Kellaway L, Horsnell WGC, Brombacher F. IL-4R{alpha}-responsive smooth muscle cells increase intestinal hypercontractility and contribute to resistance during acute Schistosomiasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G943-51. [PMID: 20360135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00321.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-(IL)-4 and IL-13 signal through heterodimeric receptors containing a common IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4Ralpha) subunit, which is important for protection against helminth infections, including schistosomiasis. Previous studies demonstrated important roles for IL-4Ralpha-responsive hematopoietic cells, including T cells and macrophages in schistosomiasis. In this study, we examined the role of IL-4Ralpha responsiveness by nonhematopoietic smooth muscle cells during experimental acute murine schistosomiasis. Comparative Schistosoma mansoni infection studies with smooth muscle cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient (SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) mice, heterozygous control (IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) mice, and global IL-4Ralpha-deficient (IL-4Ralpha(-/-)) mice were conducted. S. mansoni-infected SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice showed increased weight loss and earlier mortalities compared with IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice, despite comparable T(H)2/type 2 immune responses. In contrast to highly susceptible IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice, increased susceptibility in SM-MHC(cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice was not accompanied by intestinal tissue damage and subsequent sepsis. However, both susceptible mutant mouse strains failed to efficiently expel eggs, demonstrated by egg reduction in the feces compared with control mice. Reduced egg expulsion was accompanied by impaired IL-4/IL-13-mediated hypercontractile intestinal responses, which was present in the more resistant control mice. Together, we conclude that IL-4Ralpha responsiveness by smooth muscle cells and subsequent IL-4- and IL-13-mediated hypercontractility are required for host protection during acute schistosomiasis to efficiently expel S. mansoni eggs and to prevent premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Marillier
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB Univ. of Cape Town Campus, Wernher Beit South, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
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40
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Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cells have crucial roles in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. T(H)2 cells control immunity to extracellular parasites and all forms of allergic inflammatory responses. Although we understand the initiation of the T(H)2-type response in tissue culture in great detail, much less is known about T(H)2 cell induction in vivo. Here we discuss the involvement of allergen- and parasite product-mediated activation of epithelial cells, basophils and dendritic cells and the functions of the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the initiation and amplification of T(H)2-type immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Finkelman FD, Hogan SP, Hershey GKK, Rothenberg ME, Wills-Karp M. Importance of cytokines in murine allergic airway disease and human asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1663-74. [PMID: 20130218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, disabling inflammatory respiratory disease that has increased in frequency and severity in developed nations. We review studies of murine allergic airway disease (MAAD) and human asthma that evaluate the importance of Th2 cytokines, Th2 response-promoting cytokines, IL-17, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MAAD and human asthma. We discuss murine studies that directly stimulate airways with specific cytokines or delete, inactivate, neutralize, or block specific cytokines or their receptors, as well as controversial issues including the roles of IL-5, IL-17, and IL-13Ralpha2 in MAAD and IL-4Ralpha expression by specific cell types. Studies of human asthmatic cytokine gene and protein expression, linkage of cytokine polymorphisms to asthma, cytokine responses to allergen stimulation, and clinical responses to cytokine antagonists are discussed as well. Results of these analyses establish the importance of specific cytokines in MAAD and human asthma and have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Chapoval S, Dasgupta P, Dorsey NJ, Keegan AD. Regulation of the T helper cell type 2 (Th2)/T regulatory cell (Treg) balance by IL-4 and STAT6. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:1011-8. [PMID: 20335310 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of immune responses to pathogens, self-antigens, or environmental allergens, naive CD4(+) T cells differentiate into subsets of effector cells including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. The differentiation into these subsets is controlled by specific transcription factors. The activity of these effector cells is limited by nTregs and iTregs, whose differentiation and maintenance are dependent on the transcription factor Foxp3. The regulation of autoimmune diseases mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells by Tregs has been studied and reviewed extensively. However, much less has been presented about the interplay between Tregs and Th2 cells and their contribution to allergic disease. In this perspective, we discuss the regulation of Th2 cells by Tregs and vice versa, focusing on the interplay between the IL-4-activated STAT6/GATA3 pathway and Foxp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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43
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Abstract
CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells have critical functions in immune responses against extracellular parasites and are involved in asthma and other allergic diseases. The differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells is initiated from T-cell receptor and cytokine-mediated signaling followed by upregulation of GATA3 and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), two indispensable events for this differentiation process. In this review, regulation of GATA3 expression and STAT5 activation and functions of these two transcription factors in inducing the expression of Th2 cytokines, cytokine receptors as well as epigenetic modification at Th2 cytokine locus are summarized. Furthermore, I present positive and negative regulatory networks important for Th2 cell commitment, selective growth of committed Th2 cells and suppression of alternative lineage fates. Finally, the difference between in vitro and in vivo Th2 differentiation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Abstract
CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor immunity. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naive CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. In this review, we summarize the discovery, functions, and relationships among Th cells; the cytokine and signaling requirements for their development; the networks of transcription factors involved in their differentiation; the epigenetic regulation of their key cytokines and transcription factors; and human diseases involving defective CD4 T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892
| | - Hidehiro Yamane
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892
| | - William E. Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892
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45
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Perona-Wright G, Mohrs K, Mayer KD, Mohrs M. Differential regulation of IL-4Ralpha expression by antigen versus cytokine stimulation characterizes Th2 progression in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:615-23. [PMID: 20018622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 promotes Th2 differentiation and provides immunity to helminth infections but is also associated with allergy and asthma. This suggests that precise adjustment of IL-4 responsiveness is needed to correctly balance immune responses. The IL-4Ralpha chain is an essential component of the IL-4 receptor and signals via STAT6. In this study, we show that infection with a helminth pathogen elicited broad upregulation of IL-4Ralpha on bystander CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph node, while simultaneously resulting in the loss of IL-4Ralpha expression on activated Th2 cells. IL-4Ralpha upregulation was restricted to the reactive lymph node, occurred within 4 d of infection, and was driven by an IL-4- and STAT6-dependent mechanism. Mice heterozygous for Stat6 exhibited reduced IL-4Ralpha upregulation and a correspondingly attenuated Th2 response. Indeed, the enhanced IL-4Ralpha upregulation in BALB/c mice, compared with that in C57BL6 mice, predicted their stronger Th2 response. The selective downregulation of IL-4Ralpha on highly activated Th cells was triggered by antigenic stimulation, was accompanied by loss of IL-7Ralpha, and rendered the cells unresponsive to IL-4. Together these data reveal a tightly controlled program of changing IL-4 responsiveness that characterizes the initiation, amplification, and restriction of a Th2 response in vivo.
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46
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Forbes E, van Panhuys N, Min B, Le Gros G. Differential requirements for IL-4/STAT6 signalling in CD4 T-cell fate determination and Th2-immune effector responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:240-3. [PMID: 20010912 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Improved analytical tools have revealed that the development and expression of a Th2 immune response can be broken down into distinct stages with respect to the cytokine microenvironment that is required. Although IL-4 and its STAT6-signalling pathway are critical for the expression of Th2 effector immune responses in peripheral tissues such as the skin, lung and gut, IL-4 and STAT6 signalling are not required for the initial generation of IL-4-producing Th2 cells in the lymph node. This finding reveals that we have yet to identify the key cytokine or microenvironment that stimulates the development of this most intriguing CD4(+) T-helper subset and emphasises the tissue specificity and timing of IL-4/STAT6-dependent Th2 effector responses.
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Jones TG, Hallgren J, Humbles A, Burwell T, Finkelman FD, Alcaide P, Austen KF, Gurish MF. Antigen-induced increases in pulmonary mast cell progenitor numbers depend on IL-9 and CD1d-restricted NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5251-60. [PMID: 19783672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary mast cell progenitor (MCp) numbers increase dramatically in sensitized and aerosolized Ag-challenged mice. This increase depends on CD4(+) T cells, as no MCp increase occurs in the lungs of sensitized wild-type (WT) mice after mAb depletion of CD4(+) but not CD8(+) cells before aerosol Ag challenge. Neither the genetic absence of IL-4, IL-4Ralpha chain, STAT-6, IFN-gamma, or IL-12p40 nor mAb blockade of IFN-gamma, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-12p40, or IL-12p40Rbeta1 before Ag challenge in WT mice reduces the pulmonary MCp increase. However, sensitized and Ag-challenged IL-9-deficient mice and sensitized WT mice given mAb to IL-9 just before Ag challenge show significant reductions in elicited lung MCp/10(6) mononuclear cells of 47 and 66%, respectively. CD1d-deficient mice and WT mice receiving anti-CD1d before Ag challenge also show significant reductions of 65 and 59%, respectively, in elicited lung MCp/10(6) mononuclear cells, revealing an additional requirement for MCp recruitment. However, in Jalpha18-deficient mice, which lack only type 1 or invariant NKT cells, the increase in the numbers of lung MCp with Ag challenge was intact, indicating that their recruitment must be mediated by type 2 NKT cells. Furthermore, anti-CD1d treatment of IL-9-deficient mice or anti-IL-9 treatment of CD1d-deficient mice does not further reduce the significant partial impairment of MCp recruitment occurring with a single deficiency. These findings implicate type 2 NKT cells and IL-9 as central regulators that function in the same pathway mediating the Ag-induced increase in numbers of pulmonary MCp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Jones
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Okamoto M, Matsuda H, Joetham A, Lucas JJ, Domenico J, Yasutomo K, Takeda K, Gelfand EW. Jagged1 on Dendritic Cells and Notch on CD4+ T Cells Initiate Lung Allergic Responsiveness by Inducing IL-4 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2995-3003. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Helminth products bypass the need for TSLP in Th2 immune responses by directly modulating dendritic cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13968-73. [PMID: 19666528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906367106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL)-7-like cytokine, mainly expressed by epithelial cells, and key to the development of allergic responses. The well-documented involvement of TSLP in allergy has led to the conviction that TSLP promotes the development of inflammatory Th2 cell responses. However, we now report that the interaction of TSLP with its receptor (TSLPR) has no functional impact on the development of protective Th2 immune responses after infection with 2 helminth pathogens, Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Mice deficient in the TSLP binding chain of the TSLPR (TSLPR(-/-)) exhibited normal Th2 cell differentiation, protective immunity and memory responses against these two distinct rodent helminths. In contrast TSLP was found to be necessary for the development of protective Th2 responses upon infection with the helminth Trichuris muris (T. muris). TSLP inhibited IL-12p40 production in response to T. muris infection, and treatment of TSLPR(-/-) animals with neutralizing anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was able to reverse susceptibility and attenuate IFN-gamma production. We additionally demonstrated that excretory-secretory (ES) products from H. polygyrus and N. brasiliensis, but not T. muris, were capable of directly suppressing dendritic cell (DC) production of IL-12p40, thus bypassing the need for TSLP. Taken together, our data show that the primary function of TSLP is to directly suppress IL-12 secretion, thus supporting Th2 immune responses.
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Abstract
CD4 effector T cells, also called helper T (Th) cells, are the functional cells for executing immune functions. Balanced immune responses can only be achieved by proper regulation of the differentiation and function of Th cells. Dysregulated Th cell function often leads to inefficient clearance of pathogens and causes inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. Since the establishment of the Th1-Th2 dogma in the 1980s, different lineages of effector T cells have been identified that not only promote but also suppress immune responses. Through years of collective efforts, much information was gained on the function and regulation of different subsets of Th cells. In this review, we attempt to sample the essence of what has been learnt in this field over the past two decades. We will discuss the classification and immunological functions of effector T cells, the determinants for effector T cell differentiation, as well as the relationship between different lineages of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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