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Zhu Q, Barnes CE, Mannes PZ, Latoche JD, Day KE, Nedrow JR, Novelli EM, Anderson CJ, Tavakoli S. Targeted imaging of very late antigen-4 for noninvasive assessment of lung inflammation-fibrosis axis. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:55. [PMID: 37273103 PMCID: PMC10240482 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of noninvasive methods for assessment of dysregulated inflammation as a major driver of fibrosis (i.e., inflammation-fibrosis axis) has been a major challenge to precision management of fibrotic lung diseases. Here, we determined the potential of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) to detect inflammation in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced fibrotic lung injury. METHOD Single time-point and longitudinal VLA-4-targeted PET was performed using a high-affinity peptidomimetic radiotracer, 64Cu-LLP2A, at weeks 1, 2, and 4 after bleomycin-induced (2.5 units/kg) lung injury in C57BL/6J mice. The severity of fibrosis was determined by measuring the hydroxyproline content of the lungs and expression of markers of extracellular matrix remodeling. Flow cytometry and histology was performed to determine VLA-4 expression across different leukocyte subsets and their spatial distribution. RESULTS Lung uptake of 64Cu-LLP2A was significantly elevated throughout different stages of the progression of bleomycin-induced injury. High lung uptake of 64Cu-LLP2A at week-1 post-bleomycin was a predictor of poor survival over the 4-week follow up, supporting the prognostic potential of 64Cu-LLP2A PET during the early stage of the disease. Additionally, the progressive increase in 64Cu-LLP2A uptake from week-1 to week-4 post-bleomycin correlated with the ultimate extent of lung fibrosis and ECM remodeling. Flow cytometry revealed that LLP2A binding was restricted to leukocytes. A combination of increased expression of VLA-4 by alveolar macrophages and accumulation of VLA-4-expressing interstitial and monocyte-derived macrophages as well as dendritic cells was noted in bleomycin-injured, compared to control, lungs. Histology confirmed the increased expression of VLA-4 in bleomycin-injured lungs, particularly in inflamed and fibrotic regions. CONCLUSIONS VLA-4-targeted PET allows for assessment of the inflammation-fibrosis axis and prediction of disease progression in a murine model. The potential of 64Cu-LLP2A PET for assessment of the inflammation-fibrosis axis in human fibrotic lung diseases needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Clayton E Barnes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Philip Z Mannes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph D Latoche
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessie R Nedrow
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Enrico M Novelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Felsenstein S, Reiff AO. A hitchhiker's guide through the COVID-19 galaxy. Clin Immunol 2021; 232:108849. [PMID: 34563684 PMCID: PMC8461017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reviews have summarized the epidemiology, pathophysiology and the various therapeutic aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but a practical guide on "how to treat whom with what and when" based on an understanding of the immunological background of the disease stages remains missing. This review attempts to combine the current knowledge about the immunopathology of COVID-19 with published evidence of available and emerging treatment options. We recognize that the information about COVID-19 and its treatment is rapidly changing, but hope that this guide offers those on the frontline of this pandemic an understanding of the host response in COVID-19 patients and supports their ongoing efforts to select the best treatments tailored to their patient's clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Felsenstein
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreas Otto Reiff
- Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Mezzomo TR, Martins CAF, da Silva Marcondes DB, Mischiatti KL, Weffort-Santos AM. Assessment of the Functional Activities of Casein Phosphopeptides on Circulating Blood Leukocytes. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium Promotes Endogenous Leukemia Inhibitory Factor to Attenuate Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115554. [PMID: 34074039 PMCID: PMC8197417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditioned medium of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CM) can attenuate neutrophil recruitment and endothelial leakage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms by which iPSC-CM regulate the interaction between neutrophils and the endothelium in ALI. Murine iPSCs (miPSCs) were delivered intravenously to male C57BL/6 mice (8–12 weeks old) 4 h after intratracheal LPS injection. A miPSC-derived conditioned medium (miPSC-CM) was delivered intravenously to mice after intratracheal LPS injection. DMSO-induced HL-60 cells (D-HL-60, neutrophil-like cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used as in vitro models to assess the interaction of neutrophils and endothelial cells. miPSC-CM diminished the histopathological changes in the lungs and the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of ALI mice. miPSC-CM attenuated the expression of adhesion molecules in the lungs of ALI mice. Human iPSC conditioned medium (hiPSC-CM) reduced the expression of adhesion molecules in a HUVEC and D-HL-60 co-culture after LPS stimulation, which decreased the transendothelial migration (TEM) of D-HL-60. A human angiogenesis factors protein array revealed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was not detected in the absence of D-HL-60 and hiPSC-CM groups. hiPSC-CM significantly promoted the production of endogenous LIF in in vitro models. Administration of an anti-LIF antibody not only reversed the effect of iPSC-CM in ALI mice, but also blocked the effect of iPSC-CM on neutrophils TEM in in vitro models. However, a controlled IgG had no such effect. Our study demonstrated that iPSC-CM promoted endogenous LIF to inhibit neutrophils TEM and attenuate the severity of sepsis-induced ALI.
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Dolhikh HV, Maslak HS, Didenko VI, Klenina IA, Dolhikh АО. Levels of isoforms of fibronectin and α5/CD49e integrin on lymphocytes and in blood plasma in the conditions of chronic diffuse liver diseases. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diffuse liver diseases are characterized by accumulation of complex inflammatory infiltrate in the liver tissues, blood, and lympha, and activation of the immune system. Leukocytes become involved in the area of inflammation after the activation of receptors of blood adhesia, particularly integrins and their ligands. Plasma lymphocytes quickly activate the function of integrins by changing their conformation, leading to high affinity and underlying the formation of strong stable connection between the components of extracellular matrix. A vitally important role in the process of liver fibrogenesis is performed by a pro-fibrogenicic protein fibronectin which induces the expresson of collagen genes and precedes the deposition of other components of matrix. The studies were conducted in the group of patients suffering from chronic diffuse liver diseases of non-viral etiology aged 28–60 years, n = 36 and in the group of 15 practically healthy volunteer donors aged 25 to 52 years without a history of liver diseases using the methods of flow cytofluorometry, immunoenzymatic analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The patients of the group with chronic diffuse liver diseases were observed to have statistically significant decrease in the concentration of plasmatic form of fibronectin measuring 27.6% compared with the control group. We determined increase in the concentration of cellular fibronectin in blood plasma of patients with the diseases on average accounting for 63.8% compared with the norm, and the highest increase in this parameter equaling 77.2% was seen in patients suffering from drug-induced hepatitis. Significant increase in the level of exposure of cellular FN on blood lymphocytes was determined in patients with chronic diffuse liver diseases, measuring 231.8%, whereas the level of plasmatic form of fibronectin in these cells was decreased (statistically unreliable). For α5-integrin subunit, we determined a 390.8% increase in the level of its exposure in blood lymphocytes in the surveyed groups compared with the control. Level of blood lymphocytes that express the cellular fibronectin significantly decreased by 140.1%. Statistical characteristics of diagnostic possibility of the parameters of the level of plasmatic and cellular fibronectin in blood, determined over the analysis of ROC-curves, demonstrated excellent informativeness of these tests. Analysis of the possibility of predicting the presence of pathology using the model of logistic regression revealed zero error of prediction and maximum efficiency of the tests: intensity of exposure of α5-integrin receptor on the surface of lymphocytes, intensity of exposure of plasmatic fibronectin on the surface of lymphocytes, intensity of exposure of cellular fibronectin on the surface of lymphocytes, concentration of plasmatic fibronectin in blood, concentration of cellular fibronectin in blood plasma. These parameters may be proposed for further surveys for developing serologic biomarkers based on the parameters for diagnostics of chronic diffuse liver diseases.
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Haddad J, Latoche JD, Nigam S, Bellavia MC, Day KE, Zhu Q, Edwards WB, Anderson CJ, Tavakoli S. Molecular Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Acute Lung Injury. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:280-286. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.242347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chen WC, Chen NJ, Chen HP, Yu WK, Su VYF, Chen H, Wu HH, Yang KY. Nintedanib Reduces Neutrophil Chemotaxis via Activating GRK2 in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134735. [PMID: 32630825 PMCID: PMC7370174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are involved in the alveolitis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, their pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. Nintedanib has antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity in IPF. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of nintedanib on neutrophil chemotaxis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib was administered via oral gavage to male C57BL/6 mice 24 h after a bleomycin intratracheal injection (1.5 U/kg). Lung histopathological findings, the expression of cytokines, and the regulatory signaling pathways of neutrophil chemotaxis were analyzed. The effect of nintedanib was also investigated in a mouse model with adoptive neutrophil transfer in vivo. Nintedanib significantly decreased the histopathological changes and neutrophil recruitment in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib mediated a downregulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) and very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) expression, as well as an upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) activity in peripheral blood neutrophils in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib also decreased the activation of endothelial cells by the decreased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The effect of nintedanib on regulating neutrophil chemotaxis was also confirmed by a mouse model with adoptive neutrophil transfer in vivo. In conclusion, nintedanib reduces neutrophil chemotaxis and endothelial cell activation to regulate the severity of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. These effects are associated with an enhancement of GRK2 activity and a reduction in CXCR2 and VLA-4 expression on neutrophils and a decrease in VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (W.-K.Y.); (H.C.); (H.-H.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-P.C.); (V.Y.-F.S.)
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pai Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-P.C.); (V.Y.-F.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuang Yu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (W.-K.Y.); (H.C.); (H.-H.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-P.C.); (V.Y.-F.S.)
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Yi-Fong Su
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-P.C.); (V.Y.-F.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (W.-K.Y.); (H.C.); (H.-H.W.)
| | - Huai-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (W.-K.Y.); (H.C.); (H.-H.W.)
| | - Kuang-Yao Yang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (W.-K.Y.); (H.C.); (H.-H.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (H.-P.C.); (V.Y.-F.S.)
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2875-7455; Fax: +886-2-2875-7610
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Vassallo A, Wood AJ, Subburayalu J, Summers C, Chilvers ER. The counter-intuitive role of the neutrophil in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Br Med Bull 2019; 131:43-55. [PMID: 31504234 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils are the primary effectors of the innate immune system but are profoundly histotoxic cells. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is considered to be a prime example of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. SOURCES OF DATA The information presented in this review is acquired from the published neutrophil cell biology literature and the longstanding interest of the senior authors in ARDS pathogenesis and clinical management. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Investigators in the field would agree that neutrophils accumulate in high abundance in the pulmonary microcirculation, lung interstitium and alveolar airspace of patients with ARDS. ARDS is also associated with systemic neutrophil priming and delayed neutrophil apoptosis and clearance of neutrophils from the lungs. In animal models, reducing circulating neutrophil numbers ameliorates lung injury. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Areas of uncertainty include how neutrophils get stuck in the narrow pulmonary capillary network-whether this reflects changes in the mechanical properties of primed neutrophils alone or additional cell adhesion molecules, the role of neutrophil sub-sets or polarization states including pro-angiogenic and low-density neutrophils, whether neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is beneficial (through bacterial capture) or harmful and the potential for neutrophils to participate in inflammatory resolution. The latter may involve the generation of specialized pro-resolving molecules (SPMs) and MMP-9, which is required for adequate matrix processing. GROWING POINTS Different and possibly stable endotypes of ARDS are increasingly being recognized, yet the relative contribution of the neutrophil to these endotypes is uncertain. There is renewed and intense interest in understanding the complex 'new biology' of the neutrophil, specifically whether this cell might be a valid therapeutic target in ARDS and other neutrophil-driven diseases and developing understanding of ways to enhance the beneficial role of the neutrophil in the resolution phase of ARDS. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Aside from treatment of the precipitating causes of ARDS, and scrupulous fluid, infection and ventilation management, there are no pharmacological interventions for ARDS; this represents an urgent and unmet need. Therapies aimed at reducing overall neutrophil numbers risk secondary infection; hence better ways are needed to reverse the processes of neutrophil priming activation, hyper-secretion and delayed apoptosis while enhancing the pro-resolution functions of the neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Alex J Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | | | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Nissen G, Hollaender H, Tang FSM, Wegmann M, Lunding L, Vock C, Bachmann A, Lemmel S, Bartels R, Oliver BG, Burgess JK, Becker T, Kopp MV, Weckmann M. Tumstatin fragment selectively inhibits neutrophil infiltration in experimental asthma exacerbation. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1483-1493. [PMID: 30028047 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with structural changes present. Burgess and colleagues recently found tumstatin markedly reduced in adult asthmatic lung tissue compared with nonasthmatics. ECM fragments such as tumstatin are named matrikines and act independently of the parent molecule. The role of Col IV matrikines in neutrophil inflammation (eg. exacerbation in asthma) has not been investigated to date. Severe adult asthma phenotypes are dominated by neutrophilic inflammation and show a high frequency of severe exacerbations. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the role of a novel active region within tumstatin (CP17) and its implication in neutrophil inflammatory responses related to asthma exacerbation. METHODS For reactive oxygen production, isolated neutrophils were preincubated with peptides or vehicle for 1 hour and stimulated (PMA). Luminescence signal was recorded (integration over 10 seconds) for 1.5 hours. Neutrophil migration was performed according to the SiMA protocol. Mice were sensitized to OVA/Alumn by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. Mice were then treated with CP17, vehicle (PBS) or scrambled peptide (SP17) after OVA exposure (days 27 and 28, polyI:C stimulation). All animals were killed on day 29 with lung function measurement, histology and lavage. RESULTS CP17 decreased total ROS production rate to 52.44% (0.5 μmol/L, P < 0.05 vs SP17), reduced the in vitro directionality (vs SP17, P = 1 × 10-6 ) and migration speed (5 μmol/L, P = 1 × 10-3 ). In vivo application of CP17 decreased neutrophil inflammation ~1.8-fold (P < 0.001 vs SP17) and reduced numbers of mucus-producing cells (-29%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CP17 reduced the ROS production rate, migrational speed and selectively inhibited neutrophil accumulation in the lung interstitium and lumen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CP17 may serve as a potential precursor for drug development to combat overwhelming neutrophil inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyde Nissen
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
| | - Henrike Hollaender
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
| | - Francesca S M Tang
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.,Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Lunding
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.,Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany.,Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Division of Experimental Pneumology, Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
| | - Solveig Lemmel
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
| | - Rainer Bartels
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany.,Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Division of Structural Biochemistry, Program Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, GRIAC (Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Becker
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Marine Biotechnology (Fraunhofer EMB), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias V Kopp
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Division of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Luebeck, Germany
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10
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Small GTPase-dependent regulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:649-658. [PMID: 29743277 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response that serves to protect the body's tissues following harmful stimuli such as infection, irritation or injury and initiates tissue repair. At the start of an inflammatory response, pro-inflammatory mediators induce changes in the endothelial lining of the blood vessels and in leukocytes. This results in increased vascular permeability and increased expression of adhesion proteins, and promotes adhesion of leukocytes, especially neutrophils to the endothelium. Adhesion is a prerequisite for neutrophil extravasation and chemoattractant-stimulated recruitment to inflammatory sites, where neutrophils phagocytose and kill microbes, release inflammatory mediators and cross-talk with other immune cells to co-ordinate the immune response in preparation for tissue repair. Many signalling proteins are critically involved in the complex signalling processes that underpin the inflammatory response and cross-talk between endothelium and leukocytes. As key regulators of cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion, small GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases) act as important controls of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions as well as neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation. Here, we summarise key processes that are dependent upon small GTPases in leukocytes during these early inflammatory events. We place a particular focus on the regulation of integrin-dependent events and their control by Rho and Rap family GTPases as well as their regulators during neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis and recruitment.
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11
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Koutsogiannaki S, Schaefers MM, Okuno T, Ohba M, Yokomizo T, Priebe GP, DiNardo JA, Sulpicio SG, Yuki K. From the Cover: Prolonged Exposure to Volatile Anesthetic Isoflurane Worsens the Outcome of Polymicrobial Abdominal Sepsis. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:402-411. [PMID: 28003439 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis continues to result in high morbidity and mortality. General anesthesia is often administered to septic patients, but the impacts of general anesthesia on host defense are not well understood. General anesthesia can be given by volatile and intravenous anesthetics. Our previous in vitro study showed that volatile anesthetic isoflurane directly inhibits leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1), critical adhesion molecules on leukocytes. Thus, the role of isoflurane exposure on in vivo LFA-1 and Mac-1 function was examined using polymicrobial abdominal sepsis model in mice. As a comparison, intravenous anesthetic propofol was given to a group of mice. Wild type, LFA-1, Mac-1, and adhesion molecule-1 knockout mice were used. Following the induction of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture, groups of mice were exposed to isoflurane for either 2 or 6 h, or to propofol for 6 h, and their outcomes were examined. Bacterial loads in tissues and blood, neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity and phagocytosis were studied. Six hours of isoflurane exposure worsened the outcome of abdominal sepsis (P < .0001) with higher bacterial loads in tissues, but 2 h of isoflurane or 6 h of propofol exposure did not. Isoflurane impaired neutrophil recruitment to the abdominal cavity by inhibiting LFA-1 function. Isoflurane also impaired bacterial phagocytosis via complement receptors including Mac-1. In conclusion, prolonged isoflurane exposure worsened the outcome of experimental polymicrobial abdominal sepsis and was associated with impaired neutrophil recruitment and bacterial phagocytosis via reduced LFA-1 and Mac-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Matthew M Schaefers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mai Ohba
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Gregory P Priebe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - James A DiNardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Soriano G Sulpicio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Ellison MA, Gearheart CM, Porter CC, Ambruso DR. IFN-γ alters the expression of diverse immunity related genes in a cell culture model designed to represent maturing neutrophils. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185956. [PMID: 28982143 PMCID: PMC5628906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is approved as a drug to treat chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and osteopetrosis and is also used in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndromes. Patients with CGD have defects in proteins of the NOX2 NADPH oxidase system. This leads to reduced production of microbicidal ROS by PMNs and recurrent life threatening infections. The goal of this study was to better understand how IFN-γ might support phagocyte function in these diseases, and to obtain information that might expand potential uses for IFN-γ. Neutrophils mature in the bone marrow and then enter the blood where they quickly undergo apoptotic cell death with a half-life of only 5–10 hours. Therefore we reasoned that IFN-γ might exert its effects on neutrophils via prolonged exposure to cells undergoing maturation in the marrow rather than by its brief exposure to short-lived circulating cells. To explore this possibility we made use of PLB-985 cells, a myeloblast-like myeloid cell line that can be differentiated into a mature, neutrophil-like state by treatment with various agents including DMSO. In initial studies we investigated transcription and protein expression in PLB-985 cells undergoing maturation in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. We observed IFN-γ induced differences in expression of genes known to be involved in classical aspects of neutrophil function (transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing and pattern recognition) as well as genes involved in apoptosis and other mechanisms that regulating neutrophil number. We also observed differences for genes involved in the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and MHCII systems whose involvement in neutrophil function is controversial and not well defined. Finally, we observed significant changes in expression of genes encoding guanylate binding proteins (Gbps) that are known to have roles in immunity but which have not as yet been linked to neutrophil function. We propose that changes in the expression within these classes of genes could help explain the immune supportive effects of IFN-γ. Next we explored if the effect of IFN-γ on expression of these genes is dependent on whether the cells are undergoing maturation; to do this we compared the effects of IFN-γ on cells cultured with and without DMSO. For a subset of genes the expression level changes caused by IFN-γ were much greater in maturing cells than non-maturing cells. These findings indicate that developmental changes associated with cell maturation can modulate the effects of IFN-γ but that this is gene specific. Since the effects of IFN-γ depend on whether cells are maturing, the gene expression changes observed in this study must be due to more than just prolonged application of IFN-γ and are instead the result of interplay between cell maturation and changes caused by the chemokine. This supports our hypothesis that the effects of IFN-γ on developing neutrophils in the bone marrow may be very different from its effects on mature cells in the blood. Collectively the findings in this study enhance our understanding of the effects of IFN-γ on maturing myeloid cells and indicate possible mechanisms by which this cytokine could support immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ellison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, The Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christy M. Gearheart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, The Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Ambruso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, The Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, The Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- The Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Transfusion Services, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratories, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Leukocyte Kinetics and Migration in the Lungs. Respir Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41912-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mishra A, Guo Y, Zhang L, More S, Weng T, Chintagari NR, Huang C, Liang Y, Pushparaj S, Gou D, Breshears M, Liu L. A Critical Role for P2X7 Receptor-Induced VCAM-1 Shedding and Neutrophil Infiltration during Acute Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2828-37. [PMID: 27559050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neutrophils are the initial inflammatory cells that are recruited during lung injury and are crucial for innate immunity. However, pathological recruitment of neutrophils results in lung injury. The objective of this study is to determine whether the novel neutrophil chemoattractant, soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1), recruits pathological levels of neutrophils to injury sites and amplifies lung inflammation during acute lung injury. The mice with P2X7 receptor deficiency, or treated with a P2X7 receptor inhibitor or anti-VCAM-1 Abs, were subjected to a clinically relevant two-hit LPS and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury. Neutrophil infiltration and lung inflammation were measured. Neutrophil chemotactic activities were determined by a chemotaxis assay. VCAM-1 shedding and signaling pathways were assessed in isolated lung epithelial cells. Ab neutralization of sVCAM-1 or deficiency or antagonism of P2X7R reduced neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The ligands for sVCAM-1 were increased during acute lung injury. sVCAM-1 had neutrophil chemotactic activities and activated alveolar macrophages. VCAM-1 is released into the alveolar airspace from alveolar epithelial type I cells through P2X7 receptor-mediated activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM-17. In conclusion, sVCAM-1 is a novel chemoattractant for neutrophils and an activator for alveolar macrophages. Targeting sVCAM-1 provides a therapeutic intervention that could block pathological neutrophil recruitment, without interfering with the physiological recruitment of neutrophils, thus avoiding the impairment of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Mishra
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Yujie Guo
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Li Zhang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Sunil More
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Tingting Weng
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Narendranath Reddy Chintagari
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Yurong Liang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Samuel Pushparaj
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; and
| | - Melanie Breshears
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Department of Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Lin Liu
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078;
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16
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Hossain M, Qadri SM, Xu N, Su Y, Cayabyab FS, Heit B, Liu L. Endothelial LSP1 Modulates Extravascular Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Regulating Nonhematopoietic Vascular PECAM-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2408-16. [PMID: 26238489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions generate molecular signals that regulate cell functions. The Ca(2+)- and F-actin-binding leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) expressed in leukocytes and nonhematopoietic endothelial cells is pivotal in regulating microvascular permeability and leukocyte recruitment. However, cell-specific function of LSP1 during leukocyte recruitment remains elusive. Using intravital microscopy of cremasteric microvasculature of chimeric LSP1-deficient mice, we show that not neutrophil but endothelial LSP1 regulates neutrophil transendothelial migration and extravascular directionality without affecting the speed of neutrophil migration in tissue in response to CXCL2 chemokine gradient. The expression of PECAM-1-sensitive α6β1 integrins on the surface of transmigrated neutrophils was blunted in mice deficient in endothelial LSP1. Functional blocking studies in vivo and in vitro elucidated that α6β1 integrins orchestrated extravascular directionality but not the speed of neutrophil migration. In LSP1-deficient mice, PECAM-1 expression was reduced in endothelial cells, but not in neutrophils. Similarly, LSP1-targeted small interfering RNA silencing in murine endothelial cells mitigated mRNA and protein expression of PECAM-1, but not ICAM-1 or VCAM-1. Overexpression of LSP1 in endothelial cells upregulated PECAM-1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of transcription factor GATA-2 that regulates endothelial PECAM-1 expression was blunted in LSP1-deficient or LSP1-silenced endothelial cells. The present study unravels endothelial LSP1 as a novel cell-specific regulator of integrin α6β1-dependent neutrophil extravascular chemotactic function in vivo, effective through GATA-2-dependent transcriptional regulation of endothelial PECAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokarram Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Najia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada; and
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada;
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Schilter HC, Collison A, Russo RC, Foot JS, Yow TT, Vieira AT, Tavares LD, Mattes J, Teixeira MM, Jarolimek W. Effects of an anti-inflammatory VAP-1/SSAO inhibitor, PXS-4728A, on pulmonary neutrophil migration. Respir Res 2015; 16:42. [PMID: 25889951 PMCID: PMC4389443 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The persistent influx of neutrophils into the lung and subsequent tissue damage are characteristics of COPD, cystic fibrosis and acute lung inflammation. VAP-1/SSAO is an endothelial bound adhesion molecule with amine oxidase activity that is reported to be involved in neutrophil egress from the microvasculature during inflammation. This study explored the role of VAP-1/SSAO in neutrophilic lung mediated diseases and examined the therapeutic potential of the selective inhibitor PXS-4728A. Methods Mice treated with PXS-4728A underwent intra-vital microscopy visualization of the cremaster muscle upon CXCL1/KC stimulation. LPS inflammation, Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, cecal ligation and puncture as well as rhinovirus exacerbated asthma models were also assessed using PXS-4728A. Results Selective VAP-1/SSAO inhibition by PXS-4728A diminished leukocyte rolling and adherence induced by CXCL1/KC. Inhibition of VAP-1/SSAO also dampened the migration of neutrophils to the lungs in response to LPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection and CLP induced sepsis; whilst still allowing for normal neutrophil defense function, resulting in increased survival. The functional effects of this inhibition were demonstrated in the RV exacerbated asthma model, with a reduction in cellular infiltrate correlating with a reduction in airways hyperractivity. Conclusions and implications This study demonstrates that the endothelial cell ligand VAP-1/SSAO contributes to the migration of neutrophils during acute lung inflammation, pulmonary infection and airway hyperractivity. These results highlight the potential of inhibiting of VAP-1/SSAO enzymatic function, by PXS-4728A, as a novel therapeutic approach in lung diseases that are characterized by neutrophilic pattern of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Schilter
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, 2086, Australia.
| | - Adam Collison
- The University of Newcastle & Vaccines, Infection, Viruses & Asthma, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Remo C Russo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jonathan S Foot
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, 2086, Australia.
| | - Tin T Yow
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, 2086, Australia.
| | - Angelica T Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Livia D Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Joerg Mattes
- The University of Newcastle & Vaccines, Infection, Viruses & Asthma, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Wolfgang Jarolimek
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, 2086, Australia. .,School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, PO Box 123 Broadway, 2007, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Güngör C, Hofmann BT, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Bockhorn M. Pancreatic cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:849-58. [PMID: 24024905 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In recent years, it has become clear that the current standard therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer are not adequate and still do not meet the criteria to cure patients suffering from this lethal disease. Although research over the past decade has shown very interesting and promising new therapeutic options for these patients, only minor clinical success was achieved. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for new approaches that deal with early detection and new therapeutic options in pancreatic cancer. To provide optimal care for patients with pancreatic cancer, we need to understand better its complex molecular biology and thus to identify new target molecules that promote the proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer cells. In spite of significant progress in curing cancers with chemotherapy, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most resistant solid tumour cancers and many studies suggest that drug-resistant cancer cells are the most aggressive with the highest relapse and metastatic rates. In this context, activated Notch signalling is strongly linked with chemoresistance and therefore reflects a rational new target to circumvent resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Here, we have focused our discussion on the latest research, current therapy options and recently identified target molecules such as Notch-2 and the heparin-binding growth factor midkine, which exhibit a wide range of cancer-relevant functions and therefore provide attractive new therapeutic target molecules, in terms of pancreatic cancer and other cancers also. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Experimental Oncology, Campus Research, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Hematopoietic but not endothelial cell MyD88 contributes to host defense during gram-negative pneumonia derived sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004368. [PMID: 25254554 PMCID: PMC4177915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of sepsis. The common Toll-like receptor adapter myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD)88 is crucial for host defense against Klebsiella. Here we investigated the role of MyD88 in myeloid and endothelial cells during Klebsiella pneumosepsis. Mice deficient for MyD88 in myeloid (LysM-Myd88(-/-)) and myeloid plus endothelial (Tie2-Myd88(-/-)) cells showed enhanced lethality and bacterial growth. Tie2-Myd88(-/-) mice reconstituted with control bone marrow, representing mice with a selective MyD88 deficiency in endothelial cells, showed an unremarkable antibacterial defense. Myeloid or endothelial cell MyD88 deficiency did not impact on lung pathology or distant organ injury during late stage sepsis, while LysM-Myd88(-/-) mice demonstrated a strongly attenuated inflammatory response in the airways early after infection. These data suggest that myeloid but not endothelial MyD88 is important for host defense during gram-negative pneumonia derived sepsis.
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Radovanovic I, Leung V, Iliescu A, Bongfen SE, Mullick A, Langlais D, Gros P. Genetic control of susceptibility to Candida albicans in SM/J mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1290-300. [PMID: 24973457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the immunocompromised host, invasive infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sporadic cases in otherwise normal individuals are rare, and they are thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with C. albicans, we identified the SM/J mouse strain as unusually susceptible to infection. Genetic linkage studies in informative [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice identified a major locus on distal chromosome 15, given the appellation Carg5, that regulates C. albicans replication in SM/J mice. Cellular and molecular immunophenotyping experiments, as well as functional studies in purified cell populations from SM/J and C57BL/6J, and in [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice fixed for homozygous or heterozygous Carg5 alleles, indicate that Carg5-regulated susceptibility in SM/J is associated with a complex defect in the myeloid compartment of these mice. SM/J neutrophils express lower levels of Ly6G, and importantly, they show significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in response to stimulation with fMLF and PMA. Likewise, CD11b(+)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes were present at lower levels in the blood of infected SM/J, recruited less efficiently at the site of infection, and displayed blunted oxidative burst. Studies in F2 mice establish strong correlations between Carg5 alleles, Ly6G expression, production of serum CCL2 (MCP-1), and susceptibility to C. albicans. Genomic DNA sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated for myeloid proinflammatory transcription factors IRF1, IRF8, STAT1 and NF-κB, as well as RNA sequencing, were used to develop a "myeloid inflammatory score" and systematically analyze and prioritize potential candidate genes in the Carg5 interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Radovanovic
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; and
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silayuv E Bongfen
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alaka Mullick
- National Research Council-Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;
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Leukocytes require ADAM10 but not ADAM17 for their migration and inflammatory recruitment into the alveolar space. Blood 2014; 123:4077-88. [PMID: 24833351 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-511543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key process in various diseases, characterized by leukocyte recruitment to the inflammatory site. This study investigates the role of a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 and ADAM17 for leukocyte migration in vitro and in a murine model of acute pulmonary inflammation. Inhibition experiments or RNA knockdown indicated that monocytic THP-1 cells and primary human neutrophils require ADAM10 but not ADAM17 for efficient chemokine-induced cell migration. Signaling and adhesion events that are linked to cell migration such as p38 and ρ GTPase-family activation, F-actin polymerization, adhesion to fibronectin, and up-regulation of α5 integrin were also dependent on ADAM10 but not ADAM17. This was confirmed with leukocytes isolated from mice lacking either ADAM10 or ADAM17 in all hematopoietic cells (vav 1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor [Vav]-Adam10(-/-) or Vav-Adam17(-/-) mice). In lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pulmonary inflammation, alveolar recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes was transiently increased in Vav-Adam17(-/-) but steadily reduced in Vav-Adam10(-/-) mice. This deficit in alveolar leukocyte recruitment was also observed in LysM-Adam10(-/-) mice lacking ADAM10 in myeloid cells and correlated with protection against edema formation. Thus, with regard to leukocyte migration, leukocyte-expressed ADAM10 but not ADAM17 displays proinflammatory activities and may therefore serve as a target to limit inflammatory cell recruitment.
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Gorina R, Lyck R, Vestweber D, Engelhardt B. β2 integrin-mediated crawling on endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 is a prerequisite for transcellular neutrophil diapedesis across the inflamed blood-brain barrier. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:324-37. [PMID: 24259506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In acute neuroinflammatory states such as meningitis, neutrophils cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and contribute to pathological alterations of cerebral function. The mechanisms that govern neutrophil migration across the BBB are ill defined. Using live-cell imaging, we show that LPS-stimulated BBB endothelium supports neutrophil arrest, crawling, and diapedesis under physiological flow in vitro. Investigating the interactions of neutrophils from wild-type, CD11a(-/-), CD11b(-/-), and CD18(null) mice with wild-type, junctional adhesion molecule-A(-/-), ICAM-1(null), ICAM-2(-/-), or ICAM-1(null)/ICAM-2(-/-) primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells, we demonstrate that neutrophil arrest, polarization, and crawling required G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent activation of β2 integrins and binding to endothelial ICAM-1. LFA-1 was the prevailing ligand for endothelial ICAM-1 in mediating neutrophil shear resistant arrest, whereas Mac-1 was dominant over LFA-1 in mediating neutrophil polarization on the BBB in vitro. Neutrophil crawling was mediated by endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 and neutrophil LFA-1 and Mac-1. In the absence of crawling, few neutrophils maintained adhesive interactions with the BBB endothelium by remaining either stationary on endothelial junctions or displaying transient adhesive interactions characterized by a fast displacement on the endothelium along the direction of flow. Diapedesis of stationary neutrophils was unchanged by the lack of endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 and occurred exclusively via the paracellular pathway. Crawling neutrophils, although preferentially crossing the BBB through the endothelial junctions, could additionally breach the BBB via the transcellular route. Thus, β2 integrin-mediated neutrophil crawling on endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 is a prerequisite for transcellular neutrophil diapedesis across the inflamed BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Gorina
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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23
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Dintwe OB, Day CL, Smit E, Nemes E, Gray C, Tameris M, McShane H, Mahomed H, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ. Heterologous vaccination against human tuberculosis modulates antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2409-20. [PMID: 23737382 PMCID: PMC3816254 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost strategies hold promise for vaccination against tuberculosis. However, the T-cell characteristics required for protection are not known. We proposed that boost vaccines should induce long-lived functional and phenotypic changes to T cells primed by Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and/or natural exposure to mycobacteria. We characterized changes among specific CD4+ T cells after vaccination with the MVA85A vaccine in adults, adolescents, and children. CD4+ T cells identified with Ag85A peptide-bearing HLA class II tetramers were characterized by flow cytometry. We also measured proliferative potential and cytokine expression of Ag85A-specific CD4+ T cells. During the effector phase, MVA85A-induced specific CD4+ T cells coexpressed IFN-γ and IL-2, skin homing integrins, and the activation marker CD38. This was followed by contraction and a transition to predominantly IL-2-expressing, CD45RA−CCR7+CD27+ or CD45RA+CCR7+CD27+ specific CD4+ T cells. These surface phenotypes were similar to Ag85A-specific T cells prior to MVA85A. However, functional differences were observed postvaccination: specific proliferative capacity was markedly higher after 6–12 months than before vaccination. Our data suggest that MVA85A vaccination may modulate Ag85A-specific CD4+ T-cell function, resulting in greater recall potential. Importantly, surface phenotypes commonly used as proxies for memory T-cell function did not associate with functional effects of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- One B Dintwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica Smit
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Clive Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McShane
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and The Jenner Institute Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford UniversityOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Correspondence: Dr. Thomas J. Scriba, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Werner and Beit Building, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Fax: +27-214066693, e-mail:
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Brown T, Forouzan O, Shevkoplyas S, Khismatullin D. Histamine reduces GPIbα-mediated adhesion of platelets to TNF-α-activated vascular endothelium. Thromb Res 2013; 131:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Grommes J, Alard JE, Drechsler M, Wantha S, Mörgelin M, Kuebler WM, Jacobs M, von Hundelshausen P, Markart P, Wygrecka M, Preissner KT, Hackeng TM, Koenen RR, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Disruption of platelet-derived chemokine heteromers prevents neutrophil extravasation in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:628-36. [PMID: 22246174 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1533oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute lung injury (ALI) causes high mortality, but its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options remain ill-defined. Gram-negative bacterial infections are the main cause of ALI, leading to lung neutrophil infiltration, permeability increases, deterioration of gas exchange, and lung damage. Platelets are activated during ALI, but insights into their mechanistic contribution to neutrophil accumulation in the lung are elusive. OBJECTIVES To determine mechanisms of platelet-mediated neutrophil recruitment in ALI. METHODS Interference with platelet-neutrophil interactions using antagonists to P-selectin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa or a small peptide antagonist disrupting platelet chemokine heteromer formation in mouse models of ALI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In a murine model of LPS-induced ALI, we uncover important roles for neutrophils and platelets in permeability changes and subsequent lung damage. Furthermore, platelet depletion abrogated lung neutrophil infiltration, suggesting a sequential participation of platelets and neutrophils. Whereas antagonists to P-selectin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa had no effects on LPS-mediated ALI, antibodies to the platelet-derived chemokines CCL5 and CXCL4 strongly diminished neutrophil eflux and permeability changes. The two chemokines were found to form heteromers in human and murine ALI samples, positively correlating with leukocyte influx into the lung. Disruption of CCL5-CXCL4 heteromers in LPS-, acid-, and sepsis-induced ALI abolished lung edema, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue damage, thereby revealing a causal contribution. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data identify a novel function of platelet-derived chemokine heteromers during ALI and demonstrate means for therapeutic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Grommes
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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Increased survival and reduced neutrophil infiltration of the liver in Rab27a- but not Munc13-4-deficient mice in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3607-18. [PMID: 21746860 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05043-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the Rab27a or Munc13-4 gene lead to immunodeficiencies in humans, characterized by frequent viral and bacterial infections. However, the role of Rab27a and Munc13-4 in the regulation of systemic inflammation initiated by Gram-negative bacterium-derived pathogenic molecules is currently unknown. Using a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation, we show that Rab27a-deficient (Rab27a(ash/ash)) mice are resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced death, while Munc13-4-deficient (Munc13-4(jinx/jinx)) mice show only moderate protection. Rab27a(ash/ash) but not Munc13-4(jinx/jinx) mice showed significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plasma levels after LPS administration. Neutrophil sequestration in lungs from Rab27a(ash/ash) and Munc13-4(jinx/jinx) LPS-treated mice was similar to that observed for wild-type mice. In contrast, Rab27a- but not Munc13-4-deficient mice showed decreased neutrophil infiltration in liver and failed to undergo LPS-induced neutropenia. Decreased liver infiltration in Rab27a(ash/ash) mice was accompanied by lower CD44 but normal CD11a and CD11b expression in neutrophils. Both Rab27a- and Munc13-4-deficient mice showed decreased azurophilic granule secretion in vivo, suggesting that impaired liver infiltration and improved survival in Rab27a(ash/ash) mice is not fully explained by deficient exocytosis of this granule subset. Altogether, our data indicate that Rab27a but not Munc13-4 plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment to liver and LPS-induced death during endotoxemia, thus highlighting a previously unrecognized role for Rab27a in LPS-mediated systemic inflammation.
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Megens RTA, Kemmerich K, Pyta J, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Intravital imaging of phagocyte recruitment. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:802-10. [PMID: 21437362 DOI: 10.1160/th10-11-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extravasation of neutrophils and monocytes is a hallmark event in acute and chronic inflammation. Owing to recent improvements in optical imaging techniques, the classical leukocyte extravasation cascade has been refined with intermediate steps being added. Further studies have shown tissue specific leukocyte recruitment patterns, thus allowing for more selective targeting. Here we focus on recent advances in intravital imaging of leukocyte recruitment by means of optical imaging techniques and emphasise the translation thereof into tissue-specific recruitment to the lungs, the liver and large arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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The p53-target gene puma drives neutrophil-mediated protection against lethal bacterial sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001240. [PMID: 21203486 PMCID: PMC3009602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of p53/Puma-mediated apoptosis protects against lethality due to DNA damage. Here we demonstrate the unexpected requirement of the pro-apoptotic p53-target gene Puma to mount a successful innate immune response to bacterial sepsis. Puma⁻/⁻ mice rapidly died when challenged with bacteria. While the immune response in Puma⁻/⁻ mice was unchanged in cell migration, phagocytosis and bacterial killing, sites of infection accumulated large abscesses and sepsis was progressive. Blocking p53/Puma-induced apoptosis during infection caused resistance to ROS-induced cell death in the CD49d+ neutrophil subpopulation, resulting in insufficient immune resolution. This study identifies a biological role for p53/Puma apoptosis in optimizing neutrophil lifespan so as to ensure the proper clearance of bacteria and exposes a counter-balance between the innate immune response to infection and survival from DNA damage.
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Canalli AA, Proença RF, Franco-Penteado CF, Traina F, Sakamoto TM, Saad STO, Conran N, Costa FF. Participation of Mac-1, LFA-1 and VLA-4 integrins in the in vitro adhesion of sickle cell disease neutrophils to endothelial layers, and reversal of adhesion by simvastatin. Haematologica 2010; 96:526-33. [PMID: 21173096 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.032912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological approaches to inhibit increased leukocyte adhesive interactions in sickle cell disease may represent important strategies for the prevention of vaso-occlusion in patients with this disorder. We investigated, in vitro, the adhesion molecules involved in endothelial-sickle cell disease neutrophil interactions and the effect of simvastatin on sickle cell disease neutrophil adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-α-activated endothelial monolayers (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), and neutrophil chemotaxis. DESIGN AND METHODS Sickle cell disease patients in steady state and not on hydroxyurea were included in the study. Endothelial cells treated, or not, with tumor necrosis factor-α and simvastatin were used for neutrophil adhesion assays. Neutrophils treated with simvastatin were submitted to interleukin 8-stimulated chemotaxis assays. RESULTS Sickle cell disease neutrophils showed greater adhesion to endothelial cells than control neutrophils. Adhesion of control neutrophils to endothelial cells was mediated by Mac-1 under basal conditions and by the Mac-1 and LFA-1 integrins under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, adhesion of sickle cell disease neutrophils to endothelium, under both basal and tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated conditions, was mediated by Mac-1 and LFA-1 integrins and also by VLA-4. Under stimulated inflammatory conditions, simvastatin significantly reduced sickle cell disease neutrophil adhesion, and this effect was reversed by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was significantly abrogated on tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated endothelium incubated with simvastatin, and statin treatment inhibited the interleukin-8-stimulated migration of both control and sickle cell disease neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The integrins Mac-1, LFA-1 and, interestingly, VLA-4 mediate the adhesion of sickle cell disease leukocytes to activated endothelial cell layers, in vitro. Our data indicate that simvastatin may be able to reduce endothelial activation and consequent leukocyte adhesion in this in vitro model; future experiments and clinical trials may determine whether simvastatin therapy could be employed in patients with sickle cell disease, with beneficial effects on vaso-occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A Canalli
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Grommes J, Soehnlein O. Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury. Mol Med 2010; 17:293-307. [PMID: 21046059 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 952] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), remain unsolved problems of intensive care medicine. ALI/ARDS are characterized by lung edema due to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier and subsequent impairment of arterial oxygenation. Lung edema, endothelial and epithelial injury are accompanied by an influx of neutrophils into the interstitium and broncheoalveolar space. Hence, activation and recruitment of neutrophils are regarded to play a key role in progression of ALI/ARDS. Neutrophils are the first cells to be recruited to the site of inflammation and have a potent antimicrobial armour that includes oxidants, proteinases and cationic peptides. Under pathological circumstances, however, unregulated release of these microbicidal compounds into the extracellular space paradoxically can damage host tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment into the lung and on the contribution of neutrophils to tissue damage in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Grommes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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Sun WY, Pitson SM, Bonder CS. Tumor necrosis factor-induced neutrophil adhesion occurs via sphingosine kinase-1-dependent activation of endothelial {alpha}5{beta}1 integrin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:436-46. [PMID: 20522645 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment plays a major role in the immune response to infectious pathogens, as well as during inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The process of leukocyte extravasation from the blood requires a complex cascade of adhesive events between the leukocytes and the endothelium, including initial leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and finally transendothelial migration. Current research in this area aims to identify the key leukocyte subsets that initiate a given disease and to identify the trafficking molecule(s) that will most specifically inhibit those cells. Herein we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha activates the integrin alpha(5)beta(1) without altering total expression levels of beta(1) integrin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, our studies suggest that TNFalpha-induced beta(1) activation is dependent on sphingosine kinase-1, but independent of the sphingosine-1-phosphate family of G protein-coupled receptors. We also show, using a parallel plate flow chamber assay, that neutrophil adhesion to TNFalpha-activated endothelium can be attenuated by blocking alpha(5)beta(1) or its ligand angiopoietin-2. These observations add new complexities that broaden the accepted concept of cellular trafficking with neutrophil adhesion to TNFalpha activated endothelial cells being sphingosine kinase-1, alpha(5)beta(1), and angiopoietin-2 dependent. Moreover, this work supports the notion that sphingosine kinase-1 may be the single target required for an effective broad spectrum approach to combat inflammation and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Y Sun
- Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Wong CHY, Heit B, Kubes P. Molecular regulators of leucocyte chemotaxis during inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:183-91. [PMID: 20124403 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental feature of any immune response is the movement of leucocytes from one site in the body to another to provide effector functions. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the migration of leucocytes from the blood to tissues is critical to our understanding of immune function during inflammation. The classic steps of leucocyte trafficking involve leucocyte tethering and rolling on vessel walls of the vasculature, followed by firm adhesion to the endothelium. Recent evidence suggests that upon adhering, leucocytes crawl within the vessels before transmigrating across vessel walls and crawling into targeted tissues. The directed nature of the crawling events is orchestrated by a complex array of soluble factors and molecular regulators in combination with the local intravascular and extracellular environment. In fact, this process is known as chemotaxis and orientates cell movement in relation to the ligand gradient. Several signalling pathways have been proposed to be involved in this gradient-sensing and amplification process, but the best studied, discussed in detail here, is the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Substantial progress has been made in understanding how cells roll and adhere in blood vessels; however, how cells crawl in blood vessels, emigrate, and then crawl in tissues has received much less attention. Therefore, the focus of this review is to provide recent insights into molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that mediate leucocyte crawling in blood vessels and tissues during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie H Y Wong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, HRIC 4A26A, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Sampaio ALF, Zahn G, Leoni G, Vossmeyer D, Christner C, Marshall JF, Perretti M. Inflammation-dependent α5β1 (very late antigen-5) expression on leukocytes reveals a functional role for this integrin in acute peritonitis. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:877-84. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Xiang M, Fan J. Pattern recognition receptor-dependent mechanisms of acute lung injury. Mol Med 2009; 16:69-82. [PMID: 19949486 PMCID: PMC2785474 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) that clinically manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome is caused by an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response resulting from clinical events including sepsis, major surgery and trauma. Innate immunity activation plays a central role in the development of ALI. Innate immunity is activated through families of related pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved microbial motifs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors were the first major family of PRRs discovered in mammals. Recently, NACHT-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors and retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors have been added to the list. It is now understood that in addition to recognizing infectious stimuli, both Toll-like receptors and NACHT-LRR receptors can also respond to endogenous molecules released in response to stress, trauma and cell damage. These molecules have been termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It has been clinically observed for a long time that infectious and noninfectious insults initiate inflammation, so confirmation of overlapping receptor-signal pathways of activation between PAMPs and DAMPs is no surprise. This review provides an overview of the PRR-dependent mechanisms of ALI and clinical implication. Modification of PRR pathways is likely to be a logical therapeutic target for ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Surgical Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, United States of America
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Fondevila C, Shen XD, Duarte S, Busuttil RW, Coito AJ. Cytoprotective effects of a cyclic RGD peptide in steatotic liver cold ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2240-50. [PMID: 19681824 PMCID: PMC2981149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The serious need for expanding the donor population has attracted attention to the use of steatotic donor livers in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, steatotic livers are highly susceptible to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Expression of fibronectin (FN) by endothelial cells is an important feature of hepatic response to injury. We report the effect of a cyclic RGD peptide with high affinity for the alpha5beta1, the FN integrin receptor, in a rat model of steatotic liver cold ischemia, followed by transplantation. RGD peptide therapy ameliorated steatotic IRI and improved the recipient survival rate. It significantly inhibited the recruitment of monocyte/macrophages and neutrophils, and depressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Moreover, it resulted in profound inhibition of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression, a gelatinase implied in leukocyte migration in damaged livers. Finally, we show that RGD peptide therapy reduced the expression of the 17-kDa active caspase-3 and the number of apoptotic cells in steatotic OLTs. The observed protection against steatotic liver IRI by the cyclic RGD peptides with high affinity for the alpha5beta1 integrin suggests that this integrin is a potential therapeutic target to allow the successful utilization of marginal steatotic livers in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantino Fondevila
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiu-Da Shen
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sergio Duarte
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ana J. Coito
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Address correspondence to: Dr. Ana J. Coito, The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, 77-120 CHS, Box: 957054, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7054.
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Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the most common cause of serious morbidity and mortality due to hemotherapy. Although the pathogenesis has been related to the infusion of donor antibodies into the recipient, antibody negative TRALI has been reported. Changes in transfusion practices, especially the use of male-only plasma, have decreased the number of antibody-mediated cases and deaths; however, TRALI still occurs. The neutrophil appears to be the effector cell in TRALI and the pathophysiology is centered on neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell cytotoxicity resulting in capillary leak and ALI. This review will detail the pathophysiology of TRALI including recent pre-clinical data, provide insight into newer areas of research, and critically assess current practices to decrease it prevalence and to make transfusion safer.
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Recombinant human activated protein C inhibits integrin-mediated neutrophil migration. Blood 2009; 113:4078-85. [PMID: 19244161 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-180968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated cell migration is central to many biologic and pathologic processes. During inflammation, tissue injury results from excessive infiltration and sequestration of activated leukocytes. Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) has been shown to protect patients with severe sepsis, although the mechanism underlying this protective effect remains unclear. Here, we show that rhAPC directly binds to beta(1) and beta(3) integrins and inhibits neutrophil migration, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that human APC possesses an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, which is critical for the inhibition. Mutation of this sequence abolished both integrin binding and inhibition of neutrophil migration. In addition, treatment of septic mice with a RGD peptide recapitulated the beneficial effects of rhAPC on survival. Thus, we conclude that leukocyte integrins are novel cellular receptors for rhAPC and the interaction decreases neutrophil recruitment into tissues, providing a potential mechanism by which rhAPC may protect against sepsis.
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Khismatullin DB. Chapter 3 The Cytoskeleton and Deformability of White Blood Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(09)64003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ulanova M, Gravelle S, Barnes R. The role of epithelial integrin receptors in recognition of pulmonary pathogens. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:4-17. [PMID: 20375562 PMCID: PMC7190199 DOI: 10.1159/000141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptors. During the last decade, it has become clear that integrins significantly participate in various host-pathogen interactions involving pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many bacteria possess adhesins that can bind either directly or indirectly to integrins. However, there appears to be an emerging role for integrins beyond simply adhesion molecules. Given the conserved nature of integrin structure and function, and the diversity of the pathogens which use integrins, it appears that they may act as pattern recognition receptors important for the innate immune response. Several clinically significant bacterial pathogens target lung epithelial integrins, and this review will focus on exploring various structures and mechanisms involved in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada.
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Chatterjee J, Ovadia O, Zahn G, Marinelli L, Hoffman A, Gilon C, Kessler H. Multiple N-methylation by a designed approach enhances receptor selectivity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5878-81. [PMID: 17973471 DOI: 10.1021/jm701044r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An unselective cyclic peptide integrin ligand was sequentially N-methylated by a designed approach, where only the externally oriented (solvent exposed) amide bonds were N-methylated. The N-methylation resulted in tremendous enhancement in selectivity among the different integrin receptor subtypes (alpha5beta1, alphavbeta3, and alphaIIbbeta3). Conformational and docking studies were performed, which suggested that the receptor selectivity is principally caused by reduced backbone flexibility due to N-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Chatterjee
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl II für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching D85747, Germany
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Ulyanova T, Priestley GV, Banerjee ER, Papayannopoulou T. Unique and redundant roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins in kinetics of recruitment of lymphoid vs myeloid cell subsets to the inflamed peritoneum revealed by studies of genetically deficient mice. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1256-65. [PMID: 17553614 PMCID: PMC2023970 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites is a prominent feature of acute and chronic inflammation. Instrumental in this process is the coordinated upregulation of leukocyte integrins (among which alpha4beta1 and beta2 integrins are major players) and their cognate receptors in inflamed tissues. To avoid the ambiguity of previous short-term antibody-based studies and to allow for long-term observation, we used genetically deficient mice to compare roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins in leukocyte trafficking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aseptic peritonitis was induced in alpha4 or beta2 integrin-deficient (conditional and conventional knockouts, respectively) and control mice, and recruitment of major leukocyte subsets to the inflamed peritoneum was followed for up to 4 days. RESULTS Despite normal chemokine levels in the peritoneum and adequate numbers, optimal recruitment of myeloid cells was impaired in both alpha4- and beta2-deficient mice. Furthermore, clearance of recruited neutrophils and macrophages was delayed in these mice. Lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum in the absence of alpha4 integrins was drastically decreased, both at steady state and during inflammation, a finding consistent with impaired lymphocyte in vitro adhesion and signaling. By contrast, in the absence of beta2 integrins, defects in lymphocyte recruitment were only evident when peritonitis was established. CONCLUSIONS Our data with concurrent use of genetic models of integrin deficiency reveal nonredundant functions of alpha4 integrins in lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum and further refine specific roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins concerning trafficking and clearance of other leukocyte subsets at homeostasis and during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ulyanova
- Department of Medicine/Hematology University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
The emigration of leucocytes into the tissue as a crucial step in the response to inflammatory signals has been acknowledged for more than 100 years. The endothelium does not only represent a mechanical barrier between blood and tissue, the circulatory system also connects different organ systems with each other, thus allowing the communication between remote systems. Leukocytes can function as messengers and messages at the same time. Failure or dysregulation of leucocyte-endothelial communication can severely affect the integrity of the organism. The interaction between leucocytes and the vascular endothelium has been recognised as an attractive target for the therapy of numerous disorders and diseases, including excessive inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases, both associated with enormous consequences for patients and the health care system. There is promising evidence that the success rate of such treatments will increase as the understanding of the molecular mechanisms keeps improving. This chapter reviews the current knowledge about leucocyte-endothelial interaction. It will also display examples of both physiological and dysregulated leucocyte-endothelial interactions and identify potential therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health System, 415 Lane Road, MR5 Building, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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43
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Hoth JJ, Stitzel JD, Gayzik FS, Brownlee NA, Miller PR, Yoza BK, McCall CE, Meredith JW, Payne RM. The pathogenesis of pulmonary contusion: an open chest model in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 61:32-44; discussion 44-5. [PMID: 16832247 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000224141.69216.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines direct leukocytes to areas of inflammation or injury. In general, CC chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, RANTES) are chemoattractants for mononuclear cells and CXC (CINC-1, MIP-2alpha) for polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Herein we describe an open chest model of pulmonary contusion (PC) in a rodent (rat) and have identified a possible role for CC and CXC chemokines in the pathogenesis of PC. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (350 g) underwent thoracotomy. The exposed lung was struck with a piston at 5.2 m/s (150 J/M2). Blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and lung tissue were collected at 3 hours and 24 hours after injury. PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio was calculated at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours after contusion. Serum was evaluated for cytokine and chemokine expression using ELISA. Cell count/differential was performed on BAL, and lung tissue was obtained for histologic analysis, protein expression and wet to dry weights. Data are reported as pg/mL +/- SE. Data were analyzed using Student's t test to identify significant differences (p < or = 0.05 significant) between sham and injured animals. RESULTS Piston impact caused PC based upon morphologic and histologic criteria. BAL cell count and lung wet to dry weights were increased and P/F ratio was decreased after PC. Systemic levels of IL-ra, MCP-1, and the CXC chemokines MIP-2alpha and CINC-1 were significantly elevated at 3 hours when sham and injured animals were compared. All chemokines were found to be significantly elevated at 24 hours, consistent with the early PMN and subsequent mononuclear infiltration observed in the contused lung. Pulmonary expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, CINC-1, MIP-2alpha, ICAM-1, and elastase were increased and activated systemic neutrophils showed increased CD-11b. CONCLUSION A model of PC is described in which innate inflammation is activated locally and systemically. Systemic levels of CC and CXC chemokines are increased after PC. This correlates with elevated PMN CD-11b expression, enhanced pulmonary ICAM-1 expression, and mononuclear and PMN infiltration into the lung and alveolar space. Elevated levels of CC and CXC chemokines are seen after PC and may be involved in the lung's inflammatory response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason Hoth
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to present the two-event model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a life-threatening complication of transfusions that has been the most common cause of transfusion-related death over the past 2 yrs in the United States. The two-event model of TRALI, which is identical to the pathogenesis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is reviewed and contrasted to antibody-mediated TRALI. Laboratory studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are discussed as well as human studies of TRALI. Methods to avoid patient exposure to blood components that may cause TRALI are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center and Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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45
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Reutershan J, Morris MA, Burcin TL, Smith DF, Chang D, Saprito MS, Ley K. Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:695-702. [PMID: 16485040 PMCID: PMC1366502 DOI: 10.1172/jci27009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In models of acute lung injury, CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) mediates migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung. Since CXCR2 ligands, including CXCL1 and CXCL2/3, are chemotactic for PMNs, CXCR2 is thought to recruit PMNs by inducing chemotactic migration. In a model of PMN recruitment to the lung, aerosolized bacterial LPS inhalation induced PMN recruitment to the lung in wild-type mice, but not in littermate CXCR2-/- mice. Surprisingly, lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with CXCR2-/- BM still showed about 50% PMN recruitment into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and into lung interstitium, but CXCR2-/- mice reconstituted with CXCR2-/- BM showed no PMN recruitment. Conversely, CXCR2-/- mice reconstituted with wild-type BM showed a surprisingly large defect in PMN recruitment, inconsistent with a role of CXCR2 on PMNs alone. Cell culture, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time RT-PCR were used to show expression of CXCR2 on pulmonary endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells. The LPS-induced increase in lung microvascular permeability as measured by Evans blue extravasation required CXCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells. Our data revealed what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role of endothelial and epithelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced PMN recruitment and lung injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reutershan
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-1394, USA
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46
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Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening adverse event of transfusion, which has an increasing incidence in the United States and is the leading cause of transfusion-related death. TRALI and acute lung injury (ALI) share a common clinical definition except that TRALI is temporally- and mechanistically-related to transfusion of blood or blood components. A number of different models have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis. The first is an antibody-mediated event whereby transfusion of anti-HLA, class I or class II, or anti-granulocyte antibodies into patients whose leukocytes express the cognate antigens. The antibody:antigen interaction causes complement-mediated pulmonary sequestration and activation of neutrophils (PMNs) resulting in TRALI. The second is a two-event model: the first event is the clinical condition of the patient resulting in pulmonary endothelial activation and PMN sequestration, and the second event is the transfusion of a biologic response modifier (including anti-granulocyte antibodies, lipids, and CD40 ligand) that activates these adherent PMNs resulting in endothelial damage, capillary leak, and TRALI. These hypotheses are discussed with respect to animal models and human studies that provide the experimental and clinical relevance. The definition of TRALI, patient predisposition, treatment, prevention and reporting guidelines are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 717 Yosemite Circle, Denver, CO 80230, USA.
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47
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Heit B, Colarusso P, Kubes P. Fundamentally different roles for LFA-1, Mac-1 and α4-integrin in neutrophil chemotaxis. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5205-20. [PMID: 16249234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the LFA-1, Mac-1 and α4 integrins are required for chemotaxis, it is unknown how they are regulated or what specific role they play. Previously we demonstrated that fMLP and IL-8 induce chemotaxis via the p38 MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, respectively. Here we show that these chemoattractants also activate and use Mac-1 and LFA-1 in a differential manner during chemotaxis. Using integrin-specific substrata, we demonstrate that cell movement in response to IL-8 is mediated by Mac-1, whereas LFA-1 is required for directional migration. By contrast, chemotaxis to fMLP requires Mac-1 for cell movement, whereas LFA-1 and α4-integrin are required for directional migration. On serum protein, which contains ligands for LFA-1, Mac-1 and α4-integrin, chemotaxis to fMLP is dependent on Mac-1, whereas chemotaxis to IL-8 is dependent on LFA-1. These results suggest that Mac-1 is the dominant integrin involved in chemotaxis to fMLP, and LFA-1 is the dominant integrin involved in chemotaxis to IL-8. Consistent with these observations, higher quantities of high-affinity Mac-1 are found on cells chemotaxing to fMLP then on cells chemotaxing to IL-8. Moreover, a much larger quantity of clustered LFA-1 was found on cells migrating to IL-8 compared to cells moving towards fMLP. When cells are presented with competing gradients of fMLP and IL-8, they preferentially migrate towards fMLP and activate/utilize integrins in a manner identical to fMLP alone. Under the same conditions, p38 MAPK inhibition abolishes the preferential migration to fMLP; instead, the cells migrate preferentially towards IL-8. The activation and utilization of integrins under these conditions are consistent with patterns observed with IL-8 alone. Together, these data suggest that fMLP and IL-8 differentially activate integrins for use during chemotaxis, that p38 MAPK is a major mediator in the activation and utilization of integrins, and selective integrin activation occurs during chemotaxis between opposing gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Heit
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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48
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Monaghan P, Gold S, Simpson J, Zhang Z, Weinreb PH, Violette SM, Alexandersen S, Jackson T. The αvβ6 integrin receptor for Foot-and-mouth disease virus is expressed constitutively on the epithelial cells targeted in cattle. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2769-2780. [PMID: 16186231 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Field strains ofFoot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV) use a number ofαv-integrins as receptors to initiate infection on cultured cells, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in animals. In this study, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and real-time RT-PCR were used to investigate expression of two of the integrin receptors of FMDV,αvβ6 andαvβ3, within various epithelia targeted by this virus in cattle. These studies show thatαvβ6 is expressed constitutively on the surfaces of epithelial cells at sites where infectious lesions occur during a natural infection, but not at sites where lesions are not normally formed. Expression ofαvβ6 protein at these sites showed a good correlation with the relative abundance ofβ6 mRNA. In contrast,αvβ3 protein was only detected at low levels on the vasculature and not on the epithelial cells of any of the tissues investigated. Together, these data suggest that in cattle,αvβ6, rather thanαvβ3, serves as the major receptor that determines the tropism of FMDV for the epithelia normally targeted by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monaghan
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sarah Gold
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul H Weinreb
- Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Soren Alexandersen
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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49
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Blundell RA, Harrison DJ. Integrin characterization in pulmonary bronchioles. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 79:74-8. [PMID: 15939420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a family of cell surface glycoproteins that act as receptors for ECM proteins or for membrane bound counter-receptors on other cells. The integrin receptor family of vertebrates includes at least 16 distinct alpha subunits and at least 8 beta subunits which can associate to form more than 20 distinct integrins. So far, there are no published reports describing integrin characterization in mouse lung tissue and mouse Clara cells. This paper described the characterization of six integrins, mainly alpha(5), alpha(v), alpha(6), beta(1), beta(3), and beta(4), in mouse pulmonary bronchioles and also in Clara cell cultures. alpha(5), alpha(v), alpha(6), beta(1), and beta(4) integrins were present in Clara cells both in tissue sections and cultures. beta(3) integrin was found to be absent in mouse Clara cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renald A Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD06, Malta.
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50
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Arnold R, König W. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human lung endothelial cells enhances selectively intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7359-67. [PMID: 15905583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is worldwide the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants requiring hospitalization. In the present study, we supply evidence that human lung microvascular endothelial cells, human pulmonary lung aorta endothelial cells, and HUVEC are target cells for productive RSV infection. All three RSV-infected endothelial cell types showed an enhanced cell surface expression of ICAM-1 (CD54), which increased in a time- and RSV-dose-dependent manner. By using noninfectious RSV particles we verified that replication of RSV is a prerequisite for the increase of ICAM-1 cell surface expression. The up-regulated ICAM-1 expression pattern correlated with an increased cellular ICAM-1 mRNA amount. In contrast to ICAM-1, a de novo expression of VCAM-1 (CD106) was only observed on RSV-infected HUVEC. Neither P-selectin (CD62P) nor E-selectin (CD62E) was up-regulated by RSV on human endothelial cells. Additional experiments performed with neutralizing Abs specific for IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, respectively, excluded an autocrine mechanism responsible for the observed ICAM-1 up-regulation. The virus-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation was dependent on protein kinase C and A, PI3K, and p38 MAPK activity. Adhesion experiments using polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) verified an increased ICAM-1-dependent adhesion rate of PMN cocultured with RSV-infected endothelial cells. Furthermore, the increased adhesiveness resulted in an enhanced transmigration rate of PMN. Our in vitro data suggest that human lung endothelial cells are target cells for RSV infection and that ICAM-1 up-regulated on RSV-infected endothelial cells might contribute to the enhanced accumulation of PMN into the bronchoalveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Arnold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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