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Gholizadeh Z, Tavakkol‐Afshari J, Nikpoor AR, Jalali SA, Jaafari MR. Enhanced immune response induced by P5 HER2/neu-derived peptide-pulsed dendritic cells as a preventive cancer vaccine. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:558-567. [PMID: 28944998 PMCID: PMC5742681 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are special and powerful antigen-presenting cells that can induce primary immune responses against tumour-associated antigens. They can present antigens via both MHC-I and MHC-II, so they have the ability to stimulate both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T helper cells. Furthermore, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes require activation by CD4+ T cells. This requires a CD4+ T cell activator molecule, of which PADRE is one of the best. We chose an approach to use both of these important arms of the immune system. We prepared dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow, loaded them with our target peptides (P5 peptide alone or P5 + PADRE), and then injected these pulsed dendritic cells alone or in combination with CpG-ODN (as adjuvant) into BALB/C mice. After the last boosting dose, mice were inoculated with TUBO cells, which overexpress HER2/neu. Two weeks after the tumour cell injection, immunological tests were performed on splenocyte suspensions, and the remaining mice were evaluated for tumour growth and survival. Our data indicate the formulation that contains PADRE plus P5 loaded onto DC in combination with CpG-ODN was the most effective formulation at inducing immune responses. Interferon production in CD4+ and CD8+ gated cells, cytotoxicity rates of target cells and mice survival were all significantly greater in this group than in controls, and all the mice in this group were tumour-free throughout the experiment. Based on our results and the role of HER2/neu as a candidate in human immunotherapy, this approach may be an effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholizadeh
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture DepartmentImmunology Research CenterSchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Jalil Tavakkol‐Afshari
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture DepartmentImmunology Research CenterSchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture DepartmentImmunology Research CenterSchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of ImmunologyMedical SchoolShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research CenterNanotechnology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Ligocki AJ, Niederkorn JY. Natural Killer T Cells Contribute to Neutrophil Recruitment and Ocular Tissue Damage in a Model of Intraocular Tumor Rejection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:813-23. [PMID: 26934137 PMCID: PMC4777277 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune privilege of the eye protects the nonregenerative ocular tissues from innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammation. In the case of intraocular tumors, immune privilege can be arrested to allow for immune-mediated rejection. Activation of innate immune cells can contribute to necrosis of the intraocular tumor and bystander ocular tissue. Identifying the cellular components of the innate immune system that contribute to ocular destruction, but are not needed for tumor rejection, provides insights into the immunopathological sequelae in intraocular tumor rejection. METHODS Wild-type (WT), Jα18 knockout (KO) mice lacking type I natural killer T (NKT) cells, and CD1d KO mice lacking all NKT cells, were used to identify the role of type II NKT cells in intraocular tumor rejection immunopathology. RESULTS CD1d KO mice had significantly lowered rates of necrotic eye destruction during tumor rejection compared to WT or Jα18 KO mice. Transcriptome and protein analyses revealed that CD1d KO mice had significantly lower expression of CXCL3 compared to WT or Jα18 KO mice, and this was associated with decreased neutrophil recruitment. The presence of type II NKT cells in WT or Jα18 KO mice led to increased CXCL3, which attracted neutrophils to the intraocular tumor and culminated in destruction of the eye. CONCLUSIONS We found that type II NKT cells are critical in initiating a damaging inflammatory antitumor response involving the recruitment of neutrophils that compromises the integrity of the eye. Loss of type II NKT cells or depleting neutrophils allows for a productive intraocular tumor response that converts the rejection phenotype to preserve the eye.
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Miller MR, Mandell JB, Beatty KM, Harvey SAK, Rizzo MJ, Previte DM, Thorne SH, McKenna KC. Splenectomy promotes indirect elimination of intraocular tumors by CD8+ T cells that is associated with IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1175-85. [PMID: 25248763 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0093-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular immune privilege (IP) limits the immune surveillance of intraocular tumors as certain immunogenic tumor cell lines (P815, E.G7-OVA) that are rejected when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber of the eye. As splenectomy (SPLNX) is known to terminate ocular IP, we characterized the immune mechanisms responsible for rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice as a first step toward identifying how to restore tumoricidal activity within the eye. CD8(+) T cells, IFNγ, and FasL, but not perforin, or TNFα were required for the elimination of intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that culminated in destruction of the eye (ocular phthisis). IFNγ and FasL did not target tumor cells directly as the majority of SPLNX IFNγR1(-/-) mice and Fas-defective lpr mice failed to eliminate intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that expressed Fas and IFNγR1. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that IFNγR1 and Fas expression on immune cells was most critical for rejection, and SPLNX increased the frequency of activated macrophages (Mϕ) within intraocular tumors in an IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent manner, suggesting an immune cell target of IFNγ and Fas. As depletion of Mϕs limited CD8 T cell-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice, our data support a model in which IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral Mϕs by CD8(+) T cells promotes severe intraocular inflammation that indirectly eliminates intraocular tumors by inducing phthisis, and suggests that immunosuppressive mechanisms that maintain ocular IP interfere with the interaction between CD8(+) T cells and Mϕs to limit the immunosurveillance of intraocular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine R Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan B Mandell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly M Beatty
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen A K Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Rizzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dana M Previte
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle C McKenna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Abd-Rabou AA, Zoheir KM, Ahmed HH. Potential impact of curcumin and taurine on human hepatoma cells using Huh-7 cell line. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1519-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McKenna KC, Previte DM. Influence of CD8+ T regulatory cells on intraocular tumor development. Front Immunol 2012; 3:303. [PMID: 23060881 PMCID: PMC3460369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interior of the eye, or uvea, is a site of immune privilege where certain immune responses are attenuated or completely excluded to protect non-regenerating tissues essential for vision. One consequence of this immunoregulation is compromised immune mediated elimination of intraocular tumors. For example, certain murine tumor cell lines which are rejected by host immune responses when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of the eye. Progressive ocular tumor growth occurs despite induction of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses capable of eliminating a subsequent tumor challenge in the skin or opposite eye. Why these CD8+ T effectors fail to eliminate established ocular tumors is not known. It is well appreciated that growth of tumors in the a.c. induces the generation of immunosuppressive CD8+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. However, the contribution of CD8+ Treg in ocular tumor progression remains unclear. Several studies indicate that these CD8+ Treg target responding CD4+ T cells to inhibit their induction of macrophage-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tumor antigens (Ags). However, induction of tumor-specific CD4+ T cell responses does not assure intraocular tumor elimination. This review is focused on how CD8+ Treg could influence the tumoricidal activity of ocular tumor-specific CD8+ T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Immunology/Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Coursey TG, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. IFN-γ-independent intraocular tumor rejection is mediated by a macrophage-dependent process that leaves the eye intact. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:939-50. [PMID: 22693246 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0312122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraocular tumors reside in an immune-privileged site, yet in certain circumstances, they can undergo immune rejection. Ocular tumor rejection can follow one of two pathways. One pathway is CD4(+) T cell-dependent and culminates in ischemic necrosis of the tumor and phthisis (atrophy) of the eye. A second pathway is also CD4(+) T cell-dependent but does not inflict collateral injury to ocular tissues, and the eye is preserved. We isolated two clones of a murine tumor, Ad5E1 that undergo profoundly different forms of immune rejection in the eye. Clone 2.1 tumors undergo an ischemic necrotizing form of rejection that requires IFN-γ, T cells, and ocular macrophages and culminates in destruction of the eye. By contrast, the second clone of Ad5E1, clone 4, undergoes rejection that also requires T cells and ocular macrophages, but leaves the eye in pristine condition (nonphthisical rejection). Here, we demonstrate that nonphthisical tumor rejection of clone 4 tumors is IFN-γ-independent but requires an ocular macrophage population that contains M1 and M2 macrophages. Clone 4 tumor-bearing eyes displayed ten- and 15-fold increases in M2- and M1-associated markers Arg1 and NO2, respectively. This is in sharp contrast to previous results with clone 2.1 tumor rejection, in which M2 markers were undetectable, and the eye was destroyed. These results suggest that the presence of M2 macrophages tempers the immune rejection of intraocular tumors and promotes immune effectors that inflict minimal injury to innocent bystander cells and thereby preserve the integrity and function of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry G Coursey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
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Coursey TG, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. IL-17-dependent, IFN-gamma-independent tumor rejection is mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and occurs at extraocular sites, but is excluded from the eye. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4219-28. [PMID: 21918192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although intraocular tumors reside in an immune-privileged site where immune responses are suppressed, some tumors are rejected. An example of this is the rejection of intraocular adenovirus-induced (adenovirus type 5 early region 1 [Ad5E1]) tumors in C57BL/6 mice. We previously identified an Ad5E1 tumor clone in which the rejection is IFN-γ dependent and culminates in the destruction of both the tumor and the eye. Although Ad5E1 tumors are not rejected when transplanted into the eyes of IFN-γ KO mice, they are rejected after s.c. transplantation. Thus, outside of the eye Ad5E1 tumors elicit a form of tumor immunity that is IFN-γ independent. In this article, we demonstrate that IFN-γ-independent s.c. rejection requires both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, s.c. tumor rejection requires IL-17, which is produced by IFN-γ-deficient CD4(+) T cells in response to tumor Ags (TAs). Splenocytes from CD4-depleted IFN-γ KO mice produce significantly less IL-17 compared with splenocytes from isotype-treated IFN-γ KO animals in response to TAs. Furthermore, depletion of IL-17 decreases CTL activity against Ad5E1 tumor cells. In this model we propose that, in the absence of IFN-γ, CD4(+) T cells produce IL-17 in response to TAs, which increases CTL activity that mediates tumor rejection; however, this does not occur in the eye. IL-6 production within the eye is severely reduced, which is consistent with the failure to induce Th17 cells within the intraocular tumors. In contrast, the s.c. environment is replete with IL-6 and supports the induction of Th17 cells. Therefore, IFN-γ-independent tumor rejection is excluded from the eye and may represent a newly recognized form of ocular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry G Coursey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Jager MJ, Ly LV, El Filali M, Madigan MC. Macrophages in uveal melanoma and in experimental ocular tumor models: Friends or foes? Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:129-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Coursey TG, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. Abrogating TNF-α expression prevents bystander destruction of normal tissues during iNOS-mediated elimination of intraocular tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2445-54. [PMID: 21307132 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although intraocular tumors reside in an immune privileged site, some tumors are rejected nonetheless. For example, intraocular adenovirus-induced (Ad5E1; adenovirus type 5 early region 1) tumors are rejected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by one of two pathways. One pathway leads to extensive necrosis of innocent bystander cells and culminates in destruction of the eye, a condition called phthisis. The second pathway is characterized by piecemeal tumor cell death that rids the eye of the tumor while preserving the architecture and function of the eye. To study the mechanisms of phthisical tumor rejection, we isolated a cell clone-designated clone 2.1 that consistently undergoes rejection in a phthisical manner. CD4(+) T cells and macrophages were required for phthisical rejection of intraocular clone 2.1 tumors and M1 macrophages were involved in mediating tumor rejection. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) abolished macrophage-mediated killing of tumor cells and rejection of intraocular tumors. A role for M1 macrophages was further supported by investigations showing that intraocular tumors grew progressively in IFN-γ KO (knockout) mice. Studies in mice deficient in TNF-α, TNF receptor-1, or TNF receptor-2 revealed that although TNF-α was not needed for tumor rejection, it was required for the development of necrotizing inflammation and phthisis of tumor-bearing eyes. Together, our findings suggest new strategies to successfully eliminate ocular tumors while preserving the integrity of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry G Coursey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Vicetti Miguel RD, Cherpes TL, Watson LJ, McKenna KC. CTL induction of tumoricidal nitric oxide production by intratumoral macrophages is critical for tumor elimination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6706-18. [PMID: 21041723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To characterize mechanisms of CTL inhibition within an ocular tumor microenvironment, tumor-specific CTLs were transferred into mice with tumors developing within the anterior chamber of the eye or skin. Ocular tumors were resistant to CTL transfer therapy whereas skin tumors were sensitive. CTLs infiltrated ocular tumors at higher CTL/tumor ratios than in skin tumors and demonstrated comparable ex vivo effector function to CTLs within skin tumors indicating that ocular tumor progression was not due to decreased CTL accumulation or inhibited CTL function within the eye. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+)F4/80(-) cells predominated within ocular tumors, whereas skin tumors were primarily infiltrated by CD11b(+)Gr-1(-)F4/80(+) macrophages (Ms), suggesting that myeloid derived suppressor cells may contribute to ocular tumor growth. However, CD11b(+) myeloid cells isolated from either tumor site suppressed CTL activity in vitro via NO production. Paradoxically, the regression of skin tumors by CTL transfer therapy required NO production by intratumoral Ms indicating that NO-producing intratumoral myeloid cells did not suppress the effector phase of CTL. Upon CTL transfer, tumoricidal concentrations of NO were only produced by skin tumor-associated Ms though ocular tumor-associated Ms demonstrated comparable expression of inducible NO synthase protein suggesting that NO synthase enzymatic activity was compromised within the eye. Correspondingly, in vitro-activated Ms limited tumor growth when co-injected with tumor cells in the skin but not in the eye. In conclusion, the decreased capacity of Ms to produce NO within the ocular microenvironment limits CTL tumoricidal activity allowing ocular tumors to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo D Vicetti Miguel
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
Mechanisms that maintain ocular immune privilege may contribute to ocular tumor progression by inhibiting tumoricidal immune responses. Consistent with that notion are observations from transplantable tumor models in mice demonstrating that the tumoricidal activity of CD8(+) cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be inhibited directly by interfering with CTL effector function in the eye or indirectly by abrogating the effector function of CD8+ T cell-activated intratumoral macrophages that are critical for ocular tumor rejection. In addition, epigenetic gene regulation by factors within the ocular tumor environment favors the generation of tumor variants that are resistant to CD8(+) CTL. Intratumoral macrophages may be essential for eliminating these variants because, unlike CTL, their tumoricidal activity is nonspecific. Hence, the inhibition of macrophage effector function within the eye, presumably to preserve immune privilege by minimizing ocular immunopathology, may hasten the outgrowth of tumor escape variants which contributes to ocular tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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12
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Behboudi S, Pereira SP. Alpha-fetoprotein specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:256-60. [PMID: 21161007 PMCID: PMC2999293 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i7.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of CD8 T cell responses to tumor associated antigens have been reported in patients with different malignancies. However, there is very little information on a comparable CD8 and CD4 T cell response to a tumor antigen in liver cancer patients. Here, we re-examine the kinetic and the pattern of T helper 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor rejection antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Then, we discuss the possibility of using AFP-based immunotherapy in combination with necrotizing treatments in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Behboudi
- Shahriar Behboudi, Stephen P Pereira, UCL Institute of Hepatology, University College London, Royal Free Hospitals, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Bobisse S, Zamarchi R, Alaggio R, Dolcetti R, Mautner J, Zanovello P, Amadori A, Rosato A. Virus-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells for the treatment of EBV-related tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5895-902. [PMID: 20385879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although adoptive immunotherapy with CD8(+) CTL is providing clinically relevant results against EBV-driven malignancies, the effector role of CD4(+) T cells has been poorly investigated. We addressed this issue in a lymphoblastoid cell line-induced mouse model of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) by comparing the therapeutic efficacy of EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell lines upon adoptive transfer. CD4(+) T cells disclosed a long-lasting and stronger proliferative potential than CD8(+) T cells, had a similar activation and differentiation marker profile, efficiently killed their targets in a MHC class II-restricted manner, and displayed a lytic machinery comparable to that of cognate CD8(+) T cells. A detailed analysis of Ag specificity revealed that CD4(+) T cells potentially target EBV early lytic cycle proteins. Nonetheless, when assessed for the relative therapeutic impact after in vivo transfer, CD4(+) T cells showed a reduced activity compared with the CD8(+) CTL counterpart. This feature was apparently due to a strong and selective downmodulation of MHC class II expression on the tumor cells surface, a phenomenon that could be reverted by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, thus leading to restoration of lymphoblastoid cell line recognition and killing by CD4(+) T cells, as well as to a more pronounced therapeutic activity. Conversely, immunohistochemical analysis disclosed that HLA-II expression is fully retained in human PTLD samples. Our data indicate that EBV-specific cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells are therapeutic in mice bearing PTLD-like tumors, even in the absence of CD8(+) T cells. These findings pave the way to use cultures of pure CD4(+) T cells in immunotherapeutic approaches for EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Abstract
The notion that the immune system might control the growth of tumors was suggested over 100 years ago by the eminent microbiologist Paul Ehrlich. This concept was refined and expanded by Burnet and Thomas 50 years later with their articulation of the "immune surveillance" hypothesis. In its simplest form, the immune surveillance hypothesis suggests that neoplasms arise spontaneously and express novel antigens that are recognized by the immune system, which either eliminates the tumors or restrains their growth. Within the eye, immune responses are controlled and sometimes profoundly inhibited - a condition known as immune privilege. Immune privilege in the eye is the result of a complex array of anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory mechanisms that prevent the induction and expression of many immune responses. Tumors arising in the eye would seem to have an advantage in evading immune surveillance due to ocular immune privilege. Uveal melanoma, the most common and malignant intraocular tumor in adults, not only benefits from the immune privilege of the eye but also has adopted many of the mechanisms that contribute to ocular immune privilege as a strategy for protecting uveal melanoma cells once they leave the sanctuary of the eye and are disseminated systemically in the form of metastases. Although the immune system possesses a battery of effector mechanisms designed to rid the body of neoplasms, tumors are capable of rapidly evolving and countering even the most sophisticated immunological effector mechanisms. To date, tumors seem to be winning this arms race, but an increased understanding of these mechanisms should provide insights for designing immunotherapy that was envisioned over half a century ago, but has failed to materialize to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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Van Gelder RN. Journal Watch. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09273940590909130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dace DS, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. CD4+ T-cell-dependent tumour rejection in an immune-privileged environment requires macrophages. Immunology 2007; 123:367-77. [PMID: 17944931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intraocular tumours reside in an immune-privileged site, they can circumvent immune privilege and undergo rejection. Ocular tumour rejection typically follows one of two pathways. One pathway involves CD4+ T cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and culmination in ischemic necrosis of the tumour and phthisis (atrophy) of the eye. The second pathway is DTH-independent and does not inflict collateral injury to ocular tissues, and the eye is preserved. In this study, we used a well-characterized tumour, Ad5E1, to investigate the role of CD4+ T cells in the non-phthisical form of intraocular tumour rejection. It has been previously documented that CD4+ T cells and interferon (IFN)-gamma are necessary for rejection of these tumours in the eye. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells can circumvent immune privilege and infiltrate intraocular Ad5E1 tumours. Following tumour rejection, CD4+ T cells from tumour rejector mice could be adoptively transferred to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and protect them from intraocular Ad5E1 tumour growth. Tumour-specific CD4+ T cells produced IFN-gamma in response to Ad5E1 tumour antigens. Macrophages also contributed to rejection, as they were present in intraocular Ad5E1 tumours, and local depletion of macrophages resulted in progressive tumour growth. Ocular macrophages contributed to Ad5E1 tumour rejection, as Ad5E1 tumour rejection did not occur in macrophage-depleted SCID mice reconstituted with rejector CD4+ T cells. This demonstrates that macrophage and CD4+ T-cell co-operation is needed for non-phthisical rejection of intraocular tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru S Dace
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
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Dace DS, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. CD8+ T cells circumvent immune privilege in the eye and mediate intraocular tumor rejection by a TNF-alpha-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6115-22. [PMID: 17475837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although intraocular tumors reside in an immune-privileged environment, T cells can circumvent immune privilege and mediate tumor rejection without inducing damage to normal ocular tissue. In this study, we used a well-characterized tumor, Ad5E1 (adenovirus type 5 early region 1), to analyze the role of CD8+ T cells in the pristine rejection of intraocular tumors. It has been previously documented that Ad5E1 tumor rejection can occur in the absence of CD8+ T cells. However, here we find that CD8+ T cells infiltrated intraocular Ad5E1 tumors in C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, CD8+ T cells from tumor-rejector mice could mediate intraocular tumor rejection following adoptive transfer to SCID mice. In determining the mechanisms behind CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection, we discovered that antitumor CTL activity was neither observed nor necessary for rejection of the intraocular tumors. CD8+ T cells from rejector mice did not produce IFN-gamma in response to Ad5E1 tumor Ags or use FasL to mediate intraocular tumor rejection. Also, CD8+ T cells did not use perforin or TRAIL, as CD8+ T cells from perforin knockout (KO) and TRAIL KO mice conferred protection to SCID recipient mice following adoptive transfer. We discovered that CD8+ T cells used TNF-alpha to mediate tumor rejection, because Ad5E1 tumor cells were highly sensitive to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and CD8+ T cells from TNF-alpha KO mice did not protect SCID mice from progressive Ad5E1 tumor growth. The results indicate that CD8+ T cells circumvent immune privilege and mediate intraocular tumor rejection by a TNF-alpha-dependent manner while leaving the eye intact and vision preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru S Dace
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Dace DS, Chen PW, Alizadeh H, Niederkorn JY. Ocular immune privilege is circumvented by CD4+ T cells, leading to the rejection of intraocular tumors in an IFN-{gamma}-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:421-9. [PMID: 17077163 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intraocular tumors reside in an immune-privileged site, they can circumvent immune privilege and undergo rejection, which typically follows one of two pathways. One pathway involves CD4(+) T cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and the culmination in ischemic necrosis of the tumor and phthisis (atrophy) of the eye. The second pathway is DTH-independent and does not inflict collateral injury to ocular tissues, and the eye is preserved. In this study, we used a well-characterized tumor, Ad5E1, to analyze the role of IFN-gamma in the nonphthisical form of intraocular tumor rejection. The results showed that IFN-gamma induced tumor cell apoptosis, inhibited tumor cell proliferation, and promoted rejection by inhibiting angiogenesis. Microarray analysis revealed that IFN-gamma induced up-regulation of five antiangiogenic genes and down-regulation of four proangiogenic genes in Ad5E1 tumor cells. Although IFN-gamma knockout (KO) mice have progressively growing intraocular tumors, IFN-gamma was not needed for the elimination of extraocular tumors, as all IFN-gamma KO mice rejected s.c. tumor inocula. This represents a heretofore unrecognized role for IFN-gamma in circumventing ocular immune privilege and eliminating intraocular tumors. The findings also reveal that some IFN-gamma-independent tumor rejection processes are excluded from the eye and may represent a new facet of ocular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru S Dace
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
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19
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Bernhardt SL, Gjertsen MK, Trachsel S, Møller M, Eriksen JA, Meo M, Buanes T, Gaudernack G. Telomerase peptide vaccination of patients with non-resectable pancreatic cancer: A dose escalating phase I/II study. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1474-82. [PMID: 17060934 PMCID: PMC2360729 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer have a dismal prognosis with a mean life expectancy of 3–6 months. New treatment modalities are thus urgently needed. Telomerase is expressed in 85–90% of pancreas cancer, and immunogenic telomerase peptides have been characterised. A phase I/II study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenecity of telomerase peptide vaccination. Survival of the patients was also recorded. Forty-eight patients with non-resectable pancreatic cancer received intradermal injections of the telomerase peptide GV1001 at three dose levels, in combination with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The treatment period was 10 weeks. Monthly booster vaccinations were offered as follow-up treatment. Immune responses were measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction and in vitro T-cell proliferation. GV1001 was well tolerated. Immune responses were observed in 24 of 38 evaluable patients, with the highest ratio (75%) in the intermediate dose group. Twenty-seven evaluable patients completed the study. Median survival for the intermediate dose-group was 8.6 months, significantly longer for the low- (P=0.006) and high-dose groups (P=0.05). One-year survival for the evaluable patients in the intermediate dose group was 25%. The results demonstrate that GV1001 is immunogenic and safe to use. The survival data indicate that induction of an immune response is correlated with prolonged survival, and the vaccine may offer a new treatment option for pancreatic cancer patients, encouraging further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M K Gjertsen
- Section for Immunotherapy, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Trachsel
- Section for Immunotherapy, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Møller
- Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - T Buanes
- Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Gaudernack
- Section for Immunotherapy, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Head of Section for Immunotherapy, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway. E-mail:
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20
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Schuurhuis DH, van Montfoort N, Ioan-Facsinay A, Jiawan R, Camps M, Nouta J, Melief CJM, Verbeek JS, Ossendorp F. Immune complex-loaded dendritic cells are superior to soluble immune complexes as antitumor vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4573-80. [PMID: 16585547 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the induction of T cell responses. Fc gammaRs, expressed on DCs, facilitate the uptake of complexed Ag, resulting in efficient MHC class I and MHC class II Ag presentation and DC maturation. In the present study, we show that prophylactic immunization with DCs loaded with Ag-IgG immune complexes (ICs) leads to efficient induction of tumor protection in mice. Therapeutic vaccinations strongly delay tumor growth or even prevent tumors from growing out. By depleting CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations before tumor challenge, we identify CD8+ cells as the main effector cells involved in tumor eradication. Importantly, we show that DCs that are preloaded in vitro with ICs are at least 1000-fold more potent than ICs injected directly into mice or DCs loaded with the same amount of noncomplexed protein. The contribution of individual Fc gammaRs to Ag presentation, T cell response induction, and induction of tumor protection was assessed. We show that Fc gammaRI and Fc gammaRIII are capable of enhancing MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation to CD8+ T cells in vitro and that these activating Fc gammaRs on DCs are required for efficient priming of Ag-specific CD8+ cells in vivo and induction of tumor protection. These findings show that targeting ICs via the activating Fc gammaRs to DCs in vitro is superior to direct IC vaccination to induce protective tumor immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danita H Schuurhuis
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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21
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Fukui M, Ueno K, Suehiro Y, Hamanaka Y, Imai K, Hinoda Y. Anti-tumor activity of dendritic cells transfected with mRNA for receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility is mediated by CD4+ T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:538-46. [PMID: 16025267 PMCID: PMC11030997 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is overexpressed in various tumors with high frequency, and was recently identified as an immunogenic antigen by serologic screening of cDNA expression libraries. In this study, we explored whether RHAMM is a potential target for dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy. We constructed a plasmid for transduction of in vitro-transcribed mRNAs into DCs to efficiently transport the intracellular protein RHAMM into MHC class II compartments by adding a late endosomal/lysosomal sorting signal to the RHAMM gene. Immunization of mice with modified RHAMM mRNA-transfected DCs (DC/RHAMM) induced killing activity against RHAMM-positive tumor cells in splenocytes. To examine whether CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells were required for this antitumor immunity, an anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibody was administered to mice after immunization with DC/RHAMM. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells significantly diminished the induction of tumor cell-killing activity in splenocytes, whereas CD8(+) T cell depletion had no effect. We then investigated the therapeutic effect of DC/RHAMM in a 3-day tumor model of EL4. DC/RHAMM was administered to mice on days 3, 7 and 10 after EL4 tumor inoculation. The treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth compared to control DCs. Moreover, antibody-mediated depletion of CD4(+) T cells completely abrogated the therapeutic effect of DC/RHAMM, whereas depletion of CD8(+) T cells had no effect. The results of this preclinical study indicate that DCs transfected with a modified RHAMM mRNA targeted to MHC class II compartments can induce CD4(+) T cell-mediated antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Fukui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Koji Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hamanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Hinoda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
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22
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Chen PW, Uno T, Ksander BR. Requirement of CD80+ costimulation for rejection of ocular tumors and termination of immune privilege. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:574-83. [PMID: 16643898 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege in the anterior chamber of the eye is very effective at preventing elimination of ocular tumors that express weak tumor antigens. We previously demonstrated that DBA/2 mice immunized in the flank with a P815 tumor cell vaccine that expressed CD80/IL-12 was unable to terminate immune privilege and prevent tumor growth in the anterior chamber. In the present study, we determined whether expression of costimulatory signals on tumor cells injected via an ocular route would terminate immune privilege. We observed that CD80-positive tumors were always rejected from the anterior chamber. However, the pattern of tumor rejection was dramatically different depending upon whether the mice were either naïve, or immunized in flank against the tumor cells. Naïve mice that received an anterior chamber injection of CD80-positive tumors did not develop immune privilege and displayed strong delayed hypersensitivity (DH) against the tumor cells. Moreover, the ocular tumors were rejected by ischemic necrosis that induced atrophy of the eye and phthisis. When immunized mice received an identical injection of tumor cells in the anterior chamber, they also did not develop immune privilege and displayed strong DH. However, tumor rejection was considerably different and occurred without destruction of normal ocular tissue, or phthisis. To determine if immune privilege was restored in these eyes, mice received a second injection of P815 cells (CD80-negative) into the anterior chamber 2weeks after the first CD80-positive tumors were eliminated. Surprisingly, immune privilege was not restored and the P815 tumors were eliminated completely, again without phthisis. We conclude that specific rejection of ocular tumors with minimal destruction of the eye requires systemic immunization and expression of CD80 costimulatory signals on tumors within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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Abstract
The immune surveillance hypothesis was introduced over 30 years ago and proposed that neoplasms express novel antigens that subjected them to immune detection and elimination. In order for immune surveillance to be effective in controlling neoplasms, two requirements must be satisfied: 1) the tumor must arise in a body site that permits the induction the full array of immune responses and 2) the immune elements generated must have unfettered access to the tumor and be able to express their entire range of effector functions at the tumor site. The unique immunologic and anatomic features of the eye prevent the induction and expression of conventional immunity--a phenomenon known as 'immune privilege'. Although ocular immune privilege represents a theoretical obstacle to immune surveillance, some highly immunogenic intraocular tumors can circumvent immune privilege and undergo immune rejection. Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, yet it occurs with a frequency that is no higher than neoplasms arising in conventional bodies. The presence of either tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or tumor-infiltrating macrophages (TIM) is associated with poor prognosis in uveal melanoma patients and suggests that some immune responses to intraocular tumors might exacerbate, rather than mitigate, tumor progression. Although counterintuitive, this proposition is consistent with the 'immune stimulation' hypothesis of tumor progression offered by Richmond Prehn over thirty years ago. It remains to be ascertained if immune stimulation affects the malignancy of ocular tumors, but it represents an intriguing explanation for the paradoxes of uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Opthamology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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Hallermalm K, De Geer A, Kiessling R, Levitsky V, Levitskaya J. Autocrine secretion of Fas ligand shields tumor cells from Fas-mediated killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6775-82. [PMID: 15374996 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for resistance of tumors to death receptor-mediated damage by cytotoxic lymphocytes are not well understood. Uveal melanoma cells expressed Fas but were insensitive to Fas triggering induced by bystander cytotoxic T lymphocytes or a Fas-specific agonistic antibody; this could not be ascribed to tumor counterattack against T cells or general resistance of the tumors to apoptosis. Treatment with inhibitors of metalloproteases rendered uveal melanomas sensitive to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Metalloprotease inhibitors did not affect the expression of Fas but increased the surface expression of Fas ligand (FasL), which correlated with the disappearance of soluble FasL from culture supernatants of tumor cells. FasL eluted from the surface of uveal melanomas specifically inhibited cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis of tumor cells pretreated with an inhibitor of metalloproteases. In addition to uveal melanomas, a number of other tumor cell lines of various cellular origins were sensitized to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity by metalloprotease inhibitors. Our results show that autocrine secretion of FasL shields tumor cells from Fas-mediated killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes. This defines a novel mechanism of tumor escape from immune surveillance.
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Krishnakumar S, Sundaram A, Abhyankar D, Krishnamurthy V, Shanmugam MP, Gopal L, Sharma T, Biswas J. Major histocompatibility antigens and antigen-processing molecules in retinoblastoma. Cancer 2004; 100:1059-69. [PMID: 14983503 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant transformation of cells is frequently associated with abnormalities in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression. These abnormalities may play a role in the clinical course of the disease, because HLAs mediate interactions of tumor cells with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in childhood and is characterized by direct spread to the optic nerve and orbit as well as hematogeneous and lymphatic spread. Little is known about the role of HLA expression in the progression of this malignant disease. METHODS HLA Class I antigen, beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m), HLA Class II antigens, and the antigen-processing molecules (APMs) of the HLA Class I pathway, including proteasomal subunits (low-molecular mass polypeptide 2 [LMP-2] and LMP-10), the transporter-associated protein (TAP-1) subunit, the binding protein tapasin, and the chaperone molecule calnexin, were studied in 30 archival retinoblastoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. Immunoanalysis was performed based on the International Histocompatibility Working Group Project Description. RESULTS HLA Class I antigen, beta2-m, HLA Class II antigen, and APMs were positive in 12 tumors with no invasion and were decreased in 13 tumors with choroidal and optic nerve invasion. The difference in HLA and APM expression between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of HLA was observed in aggressive tumors and in poorly differentiated tumors. The current findings support a role for both CTLs and NK cell-mediated control of tumor growth in the clinical course of retinoblastoma.
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Wang S, Boonman ZFHM, Li HC, He Y, Jager MJ, Toes REM, Niederkorn JY. Role of TRAIL and IFN-gamma in CD4+ T cell-dependent tumor rejection in the anterior chamber of the eye. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2789-96. [PMID: 12960299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the anterior chamber of the eye expresses immune privilege, some ocular tumors succumb to immune rejection. Previous studies demonstrated that adenovirus-induced tumors, adenovirus type 5 early region 1 (Ad5E1), underwent immune rejection following transplantation into the anterior chamber of syngeneic mice. Intraocular tumor rejection required CD4(+) T cells, but did not require the following: 1) CD8(+) T cells, 2) B cells, 3) TNF, 4) perforin, 5) Fas ligand, or 6) NK cells. This study demonstrates that CD4(+) T cell-dependent tumor rejection does not occur in IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Ad5E1 tumor cells expressed DR5 receptor for TRAIL and were susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Although IFN-gamma did not directly induce apoptosis of the tumor cells, it rendered them 3-fold more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Both CD4(+) T cells and corneal endothelial cells expressed TRAIL and induced apoptosis of Ad5E1 tumor cells. The results suggest that Ad5E1 tumor rejection occurs via TRAIL-induced apoptosis as follows: 1) tumor cells express TRAIL-R2 and are susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, 2) IFN-gamma enhances TRAIL expression on CD4(+) T cells and ocular cells, 3) IFN-gamma enhances tumor cell susceptibility to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, 4) apoptotic tumor cells are found in the eyes of rejector mice, but not in the eyes of IFN-gamma knockout mice that fail to reject intraocular tumors, 5) CD4(+) T cells and corneal endothelial cells express TRAIL and induce apoptosis of tumor cells, and 6) apoptosis induced by either CD4(+) T cells or corneal cells can be blocked with anti-TRAIL Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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