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Pramanik A, Bhattacharyya S. Myeloid derived suppressor cells and innate immune system interaction in tumor microenvironment. Life Sci 2022; 305:120755. [PMID: 35780842 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex domain that not only contains tumor cells but also a plethora of other host immune cells. By nature, the tumor microenvironment is a highly immunosuppressive milieu providing growing conditions for tumor cells. A major immune cell population that contributes most in the development of this immunosuppressive microenvironment is the MDSC, a heterogenous population of immature cells. Although found in small numbers only in the bone marrow of healthy individuals, they readily migrate to the lymph nodes and tumor site during cancer pathogenesis. MDSC mediated disruption of antitumor T cell activity is a major cause of the immunosuppression at the tumor site, but recent findings have shown that MDSC mediated dysfunction of other major immune cells might also play an important role. In this article we will review how crosstalk with MDSC alters the activity of both conventional and unconventional immune cells that inhibits the antitumor immunity and promotes cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Pramanik
- Immunobiology and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Immunobiology and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia 723104, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Rha MS, Han JW, Koh JY, Lee HS, Kim JH, Cho K, Kim SI, Kim MS, Lee JG, Park SH, Joo DJ, Park JY, Shin EC. Impaired antibacterial response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9 +Vδ2 + T cells in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2022; 71:605-615. [PMID: 33472894 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver acts as a frontline barrier against diverse gut-derived pathogens, and the sinusoid is the primary site of liver immune surveillance. However, little is known about liver sinusoidal immune cells in the context of chronic liver disease (CLD). Here, we investigated the antibacterial capacity of liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in patients with various CLDs. DESIGN We analysed the frequency, phenotype and functions of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells from healthy donors and recipients with CLD, including HBV-related CLD (liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), alcoholic LC and LC or HCC of other aetiologies, by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing using liver perfusates obtained during living donor liver transplantation. We also measured the plasma levels of D-lactate and bacterial endotoxin to evaluate bacterial translocation. RESULTS The frequency of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells was reduced in patients with CLD. Immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD were persistently activated and pro-apoptotic. In addition, liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD showed significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production following stimulation with bacterial metabolites and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial IFN-γ response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells significantly correlated with liver function, and inversely correlated with the plasma level of D-lactate in patients with CLD. Repetitive in vitro stimulation with E. coli induced activation, apoptosis and functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. CONCLUSION Liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells are functionally impaired in patients with CLD. Bacterial translocation and decreasing liver functions are associated with functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoo Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Cazzetta V, Bruni E, Terzoli S, Carenza C, Franzese S, Piazza R, Marzano P, Donadon M, Torzilli G, Cimino M, Simonelli M, Bello L, Villa A, Tan L, Ravens S, Prinz I, Supino D, Colombo FS, Lugli E, Marcenaro E, Vivier E, Della Bella S, Mikulak J, Mavilio D. NKG2A expression identifies a subset of human Vδ2 T cells exerting the highest antitumor effector functions. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109871. [PMID: 34686325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Vδ2 cells are innate-like γδ T effectors performing potent immune surveillance against tumors. The constitutive expression of NKG2A identifies a subset of Vδ2 T cells licensed with an intrinsic hyper-responsiveness against cancer. Indeed, the transcriptomic profiles of NKG2A+ and NKG2A- cells characterize two distinct "intralineages" of Vδ2 T lymphocytes that appear early during development, keep their phenotypes, and show self-renewal capabilities in adult life. The hyper-responsiveness of NKG2A+ Vδ2 T cells is counterbalanced by the inhibitory signaling delivered by human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) expressed on malignant cells as a tumor-escape mechanism. However, either masking or knocking out NKG2A restores the capacity of Vδ2 T cells to exert the highest effector functions even against HLA-E+ tumors. This is highly relevant in the clinic, as the different degrees of engagement of the NKG2A-HLA-E checkpoint in hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, and non-small cell lung cancer directly impact patients' overall survival. These findings open avenues for developing combined cellular and immunologic anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cazzetta
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bruni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Terzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Carenza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzese
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rocco Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzano
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cimino
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Simonelli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- U.O. Neurochirurgia Oncologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Division of Regenerative, Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UOS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Likai Tan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Biomedical Science of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico S Colombo
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France; Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Inherited PD-1 deficiency underlies tuberculosis and autoimmunity in a child. Nat Med 2021; 27:1646-1654. [PMID: 34183838 PMCID: PMC8446316 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of adverse events following programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade, including tuberculosis (TB) and autoimmunity, remains poorly characterized. We studied a patient with inherited PD-1 deficiency and TB who died of pulmonary autoimmunity. The patient's leukocytes did not express PD-1 or respond to PD-1-mediated suppression. The patient's lymphocytes produced only small amounts of interferon (IFN)-γ upon mycobacterial stimuli, similarly to patients with inborn errors of IFN-γ production who are vulnerable to TB. This phenotype resulted from a combined depletion of Vδ2+ γδ T, mucosal-associated invariant T and CD56bright natural killer lymphocytes and dysfunction of other T lymphocyte subsets. Moreover, the patient displayed hepatosplenomegaly and an expansion of total, activated and RORγT+ CD4-CD8- double-negative αβ T cells, similar to patients with STAT3 gain-of-function mutations who display lymphoproliferative autoimmunity. This phenotype resulted from excessive amounts of STAT3-activating cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-23 produced by activated T lymphocytes and monocytes, and the STAT3-dependent expression of RORγT by activated T lymphocytes. Our work highlights the indispensable role of human PD-1 in governing both antimycobacterial immunity and self-tolerance, while identifying potentially actionable molecular targets for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of TB and autoimmunity in patients on PD-1 blockade.
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5
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Burnham RE, Zoine JT, Story JY, Garimalla SN, Gibson G, Rae A, Williams E, Bixby L, Archer D, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Characterization of Donor Variability for γδ T Cell ex vivo Expansion and Development of an Allogeneic γδ T Cell Immunotherapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:588453. [PMID: 33282892 PMCID: PMC7691424 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.588453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells recently emerged as an attractive candidate for cancer immunotherapy treatments due to their inherent cytotoxicity against both hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, γδ T cells provide a platform for the development of allogeneic cell therapies, as they can recognize antigens independent of MHC recognition and without the requirement for a chimeric antigen receptor. However, γδ T cell adoptive cell therapy depends on ex vivo expansion to manufacture sufficient cell product numbers, which remains challenging and limited by inter-donor variability. In the current study, we characterize the differences in expansion of γδ T cells from various donors that expand (EX) and donors that fail to expand, i.e., non-expanders (NE). Further, we demonstrate that IL-21 can be used to increase the expansion potential of NE. In order to reduce the risk of graft vs. host disease (GVHD) induced by an allogeneic T cell product, αβ T cell depletions must be considered due to the potential for HLA mismatch. Typically, αβ T cell depletions are performed at the end of expansion, prior to infusion. We show that γδ T cell cultures can be successfully αβ depleted on day 6 of expansion, providing a better environment for the γδ T cells to expand, and that the αβ T cell population remains below clinically acceptable standards for T cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell products. Finally, we assess the potential for a mixed donor γδ T cell therapy and characterize the effects of cryopreservation on γδ T cells. Collectively, these studies support the development of an improved allogeneic γδ T cell product and suggest the possibility of using mixed donor γδ T cell immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jaquelyn T Zoine
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Cancer Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jamie Y Story
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Swetha N Garimalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aaron Rae
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erich Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa Bixby
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David Archer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Natural Self-Ligand Gamma Delta T Cell Receptors (γδTCRs) Insight: The Potential of Induced IgG. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030436. [PMID: 32759782 PMCID: PMC7564284 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A γδ T cell acquires functional properties in response to the gamma delta T cell receptor γδTCR signal strength during its development in the thymus. The elucidation of the potential ligands of γδ T cell receptors are of extreme importance; however, they are still not understood. Here we revise the actual state of the art of candidates to exert the function of γδTCR ligands, and propose a theoretical contribution about new potential ligands of γδTCRs, based on biological and hypothetical pieces of evidence in the literature. In conclusion, we hypothetically suggest a possible role of induced antibodies according to the individual’s immune status, mainly of the IgG subclass, acting as γδTCR ligands. Considering that IgG production is involved in some essential immunotherapy protocols, and almost all vaccination protocols, our discussion opens a new and broad field to further exploration.
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7
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Jabbarzare M, Njie M, Jaworowski A, Umbers AJ, Ome-Kaius M, Hasang W, Randall LM, Kalionis B, Rogerson SJ. Innate immune responses to malaria-infected erythrocytes in pregnant women: Effects of gravidity, malaria infection, and geographic location. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236375. [PMID: 32726331 PMCID: PMC7390391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy causes maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, and maternal innate immune responses are implicated in pathogenesis of these complications. The effects of malaria exposure and obstetric and demographic factors on the early maternal immune response are poorly understood. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and phytohemagglutinin were compared between pregnant women from Papua New Guinea (malaria-exposed) with and without current malaria infection and from Australia (unexposed). Elicited levels of inflammatory cytokines at 48 h and 24 h (interferon γ, IFN-γ only) and the cellular sources of IFN-γ were analysed. RESULTS Among Papua New Guinean women, microscopic malaria at enrolment did not alter peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses. Compared to samples from Australia, cells from Papua New Guinean women secreted more inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and IFN-γ; p<0.001 for all assays, and more natural killer cells produced IFN-γ in response to infected erythrocytes and phytohemagglutinin. In both populations, cytokine responses were not affected by gravidity, except that in the Papua New Guinean cohort multigravid women had higher IFN-γ secretion at 24 h (p = 0.029) and an increased proportion of IFN-γ+ Vδ2 γδ T cells (p = 0.003). Cytokine levels elicited by a pregnancy malaria-specific CSA binding parasite line, CS2, were broadly similar to those elicited by CD36-binding line P6A1. CONCLUSIONS Geographic location and, to some extent, gravidity influence maternal innate immunity to malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Australia/epidemiology
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Erythrocytes/pathology
- Female
- Gravidity/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/parasitology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Middle Aged
- Papua New Guinea/epidemiology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/parasitology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jabbarzare
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Madi Njie
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Umbers
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Maria Ome-Kaius
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Wina Hasang
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise M. Randall
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Vδ2 T-Cells Kill ZIKV-Infected Cells by NKG2D-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090350. [PMID: 31547470 PMCID: PMC6781265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An expansion of effector/activated Vδ2 T-cells was recently described in acute Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected patients, but their role in the protective immune response was not clarified. The aim of this study was to define the antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells. The Vδ2 T-cells expansion and their cytotoxic activity against ZIKV-infected cells were tested in vitro and analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We found that ZIKV infection was able to induce Vδ2 T-cells expansion and sensitized A549 cells to Vδ2-mediated killing. Indeed, expanded Vδ2 T-cells killed ZIKV-infected cells through degranulation and perforin release. Moreover, ZIKV infection was able to increase the expression on A549 cells of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), namely MICA, MICB, and ULBP2, at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting the possible involvement of these molecules in the recognition by NKG2D-expressing Vδ2 T-cells. Indeed, the killing of ZIKV-infected cells by expanded Vδ2 T-cells was mediated by NKG2D/NKG2DL interaction as NKG2D neutralization abrogated Vδ2 cytotoxicity. Our data showed a strong antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells, suggesting their involvement in the protective immune response. Other studies are necessary to investigate whether the lack of Vδ2 T-cells expansion in vivo may be associated with disease complications.
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9
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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10
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Sacchi A, Tumino N, Sabatini A, Cimini E, Casetti R, Bordoni V, Grassi G, Agrati C. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Specifically Suppress IFN-γ Production and Antitumor Cytotoxic Activity of Vδ2 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 29928279 PMCID: PMC5997821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells represent less than 5% of circulating T cells; they exert a potent cytotoxic function against tumor or infected cells and secrete cytokines like conventional αβ T cells. As αβ T cells γδ T cells reside in the typical T cell compartments (the lymph nodes and spleen), but are more widely distributed in tissues throughout the body. For these reasons, some investigators are exploring the possibility of immunotherapies aimed to expand and activate Vδ2 T cells, or using them as Chimeric Antigen Receptor carriers. However, the role of immunosuppressive microenvironment on Vδ2 T cells during infections and cancers has not been completely elucidated. In particular, the effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), largely expanded in such pathologies, were not explored. In the present work, we demonstrated that MDSC may inhibit IFN-γ production and degranulation of phosphoantigen-activated Vδ2 T cells. Moreover, the Vδ2 T cells cytotoxic activity against the Burkitt lymphoma cell line Daudi and Jurkat cell line were impaired by MDSC. The Arginase I seems to be involved in the impairment of Vδ2 T cell function induced by both tumor cells and MDSC. These data open a key issue in the context of Vδ2-targeted immunoteraphy, suggesting the need of combined strategies aimed to boost Vδ2 T cells circumventing tumor- and MDSC-induced Vδ2 T cells suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sacchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sabatini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Alteration of Mevalonate Pathway in Rat Splenic Lymphocytes: Possible Role in Cytokines Secretion Regulated by L-Theanine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1497097. [PMID: 29568741 PMCID: PMC5820649 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1497097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-Theanine is a nonprotein amino acid in tea, and its immunomodulatory function has been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-theanine addition on cytokines secretion in rat splenic lymphocytes and explore its potential immunomodulatory effects on the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway. Our results showed that L-theanine treatment did not influence the proliferation and division indexes of the splenic lymphocytes subsets. Interestingly, L-theanine treatment had regulated the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α (P < 0.001) except IL-6 and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Ras-related protein Rap-1A (Rap1A), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPs) (P < 0.001). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between Rap1A and HMGCR proteins expression and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-6 levels. In conclusion, L-theanine regulated the secretion of cytokines probably by activating expression of Rap1A and HMGCR proteins involved in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway in rat splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, L-theanine might be a promising potential drug candidate as immunopotentiator.
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13
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Mirzaei HR, Rodriguez A, Shepphird J, Brown CE, Badie B. Chimeric Antigen Receptors T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumor: Challenges and Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1850. [PMID: 29312333 PMCID: PMC5744011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) employing engineered T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated promising antitumor effects in advanced hematologic cancers, such as relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, supporting the translation of ACT to non-hematological malignancies. Although CAR T cell therapy has made remarkable strides in the treatment of patients with certain hematological cancers, in solid tumors success has been limited likely due to heterogeneous antigen expression, immunosuppressive networks in the tumor microenvironment limiting CAR T cell function and persistence, and suboptimal trafficking to solid tumors. Here, we outline specific approaches to overcome barriers to CAR T cell effectiveness in the context of the tumor microenvironment and offer our perspective on how expanding the use of CAR T cells in solid tumors may require modifications in CAR T cell design. We anticipate these modifications will further expand CAR T cell therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Shepphird
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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14
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唐 洁, 陈 策, 查 成, 常 见, 方 强, 王 兆, 李 柏. [Peripheral blood T cell TNF-α and IFN-γ production stimulated by low molecular peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen for differential diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1442-1447. [PMID: 29180322 PMCID: PMC6779640 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of low molecular peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen (Mtb-HAg-10k) on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood T cells and test the feasibility of differential diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) by assessing the number of Mtb-HAg-10k-stimulated IFN-γ-producing T cells. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from the peripheral blood of 10 healthy adults, 6 individuals with LTBI and 13 patients with PTB. The PBMCs were cultured in the presence of Mtb-HAg-10k obtained by ultrafiltration centrifugation, with Mtb-HAg and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) as the controls. The proportions of TNF-α- and IFN-γ-producing cells in the T cell subsets were detected by flow cytometry (FCM), and the number of IFN-γ-producing cells from patients with PTB and LTBI was detected with ELISPOT. RESULTS Flow cytometry showed that Mtb-HAg-10k exposure resulted in a significantly higher proportion of TNF-α-producing γδT cells than that of IFN-γ-producing γδT cells in the PBMCs (P<0.01). Compared with the PBMCs exposed to PHA, the PBMCs exposed to Mtb-HAg-10k exhibited a significantly greater proportion of γδT cells that produced both TNF-α and IFN-γ (P<0.01) but a significantly lower proportion of αβT cells producing both TNF-α and IFN-γ (P<0.01). Mtb-HAg-10k exposure of the PBMCs caused a significant reduction in the number of IFN-γ-producing cells as compared with Mtb-HAg and PHA treatments (P<0.01), and this reduction was more obvious in PBMCs from patients with PTB than in those from individuals with LTBI (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Mtb-HAg-10k can markedly induce γδT cells in the PBMCs to produce TNF-α and IFN-γ, and detection of the number of IFN-γ-producing cells in the PBMCs following Mtb-HAg-10k stimulation helps in the differential diagnosis between pulmonary tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- 洁 唐
- 蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室Department of Immunology
- 安徽省感染与免疫重点实验室(蚌埠医学院)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity
- 蚌埠医学院科研中心,安徽 蚌埠 233030Science Research Center, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 策 陈
- 蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室Department of Immunology
- 安徽省感染与免疫重点实验室(蚌埠医学院)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity
- 解放军123医院传染科,安徽 蚌埠 233010Department of Infectious Disease, 123 Hospital of PLA, Bengbu 233010, China
| | - 成 查
- 蚌埠医学院科研中心,安徽 蚌埠 233030Science Research Center, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 见荣 常
- 蚌埠医学院科研中心,安徽 蚌埠 233030Science Research Center, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 强 方
- 安徽省感染与免疫重点实验室(蚌埠医学院)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity
| | - 兆华 王
- 蚌埠市传染病医院呼吸科,安徽 蚌埠 233010Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bengbu Infection Hospital, Bengbu 233010, China
| | - 柏青 李
- 蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室Department of Immunology
- 安徽省感染与免疫重点实验室(蚌埠医学院)Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity
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15
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Human γδ T cells: From a neglected lymphocyte population to cellular immunotherapy: A personal reflection of 30years of γδ T cell research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H, Lee SY, Hadjati J, Till BG. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) γδ T cells: A potential game changer for adoptive T cell cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:413-423. [PMID: 27392648 PMCID: PMC5003697 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitement is growing for therapies that harness the power of patients' immune systems to combat their diseases. One approach to immunotherapy involves engineering patients' own T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to treat advanced cancers, particularly those refractory to conventional therapeutic agents. Although these engineered immune cells have made remarkable strides in the treatment of patients with certain hematologic malignancies, success with solid tumors has been limited, probably due to immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor niche. In nearly all studies to date, T cells bearing αβ receptors have been used to generate CAR T cells. In this review, we highlight biological characteristics of γδ T cells that are distinct from those of αβ T cells, including homing to epithelial and mucosal tissues and unique functions such as direct antigen recognition, lack of alloreactivity, and ability to present antigens. We offer our perspective that these features make γδ T cells promising for use in cellular therapy against several types of solid tumors, including melanoma and gastrointestinal cancers. Engineered γδ T cells should be considered as a new platform for adoptive T cell cancer therapy for mucosal tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sang Yun Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Many rheumatic diseases are characterized by having an autoimmune background. Determining the mechanisms underlying autoimmunity is, therefore, important to further understand these diseases and to inform future lines of research aimed at developing new treatments and cures. As fast responders, innate lymphocytes have protective or pathogenic roles in the initiation as well as the maintenance of immune responses in general, and they contribute to tissue homeostasis, among other functions. Innate lymphocytes also seem to be involved in autoimmunity in particular. Since 2010, accumulating evidence clearly shows that different populations of innate lymphocytes have roles in responding to antigen-specific autoantibody and autoreactive T cells, thereby amplifying or attenuating disease processes. Cytotoxicity is a cardinal feature of many innate lymphocytes and can contribute to inflammatory tissue damage. Finally, innate lymphocytes can respond to biologic therapies for autoimmune diseases. Consequently, like TNF and other effector molecules, certain innate lymphocyte subsets might be appropriate therapeutic targets to ameliorate various autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we summarize the main characteristics and functions of innate lymphocyte subsets, and describe their roles in autoimmune disease. We also discuss how biologic therapies influence innate lymphocyte function and consider the potential for these cell subsets to act as future therapeutic targets.
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18
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Liang D, Zuo A, Zhao R, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. CD73 Expressed on γδ T Cells Shapes Their Regulatory Effect in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150078. [PMID: 26919582 PMCID: PMC4769068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Given that CD73 is the main enzyme responsible for conversion of AMP into the immunosuppressive molecule adenosine, we investigated its role in the regulatory function of γδ T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We found that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 during the different stages of EAU and that low CD73 expression on γδ T cells correlated with enhanced Th17 response-promoting activity. Functional comparison of CD73-deficient and wild-type B6 (CD73+/+) mice showed that failure to express CD73 decreased both the enhancing and suppressive effects of γδ T cells on EAU. We also demonstrated that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 when activated by different pathways, which enabled them to either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response. Our results demonstrate that targeting CD73 expression on γδ T cells may allow us to manipulate their pro- or anti-inflammatory effect on Th17 responses.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/biosynthesis
- 5'-Nucleotidase/deficiency
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/physiology
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Eye Proteins/toxicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/enzymology
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/toxicity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/enzymology
- Uveitis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
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19
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Gaur P, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Natural killer cell and gamma delta T cell alterations in enthesitis related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:163-9. [PMID: 26244610 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enthesitis related arthritis (ERA) is associated with increased frequency of Th17 cells and synovial fluid (SF) IL-17 levels. Natural killer (NK) and gamma delta T cells have been recently shown to produce IL-17, thus we studied the NK and gamma delta-T cells in peripheral blood (PB) of 50 ERA, 16 other JIA patients and 19 healthy controls. We have analyzed the frequency of NK (total, CD56dim, CD56bright) and gamma delta-T cells, perforin and KIR3DL1/2 expression on NK cells and IL-17 and IFN-gamma production by them using flow cytometry. ERA patients had more NK cells with reduced perforin expression and IFN-gamma production but increased KIR3DL1/2 expression and IL-17 production as compared to controls. Also IL-17 producing gamma delta-T were increased in PB of ERA patients. Paired SF samples had NK cells with reduced perforin and KIR3DL expression. Thus increased NK and gamma delta-T cells may contribute to the inflammation in ERA by producing IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gaur
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ramnath Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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20
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Rajoriya N, Fergusson JR, Leithead JA, Klenerman P. Gamma Delta T-lymphocytes in Hepatitis C and Chronic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:400. [PMID: 25206355 PMCID: PMC4143964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 30 years ago, gamma delta (γδ) T-lymphocytes remain an intriguing and enigmatic T-cell subset. Although in humans they comprise a small fraction of the total circulating T-lymphocyte pool, they represent an important T-cell subset in tissues such as the liver, with roles bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. The associations of γδ T-lymphocytes with chronic liver disease have been explored – however, there remain conflicting data as to whether these T-cells are pathogenic or protective. In patients with some forms of liver disease, their expansion in the periphery and especially in the liver may indeed help pathogen clearance, while in other conditions their presence may, in contrast, contribute to disease progression. γδ T-cells can also express CD161, a C-type lectin, and such cells have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. CD161+ T-cells of diverse subsets are known to be enriched in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C. This article serves to provide a review of the γδ T-cell population and its role in hepatitis C and other chronic liver diseases, and also explores a potential role of the CD161+ γδ T-cells in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rajoriya
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Joanna A Leithead
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK
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21
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Gogoi D, Dar AA, Chiplunkar SV. Involvement of Notch in activation and effector functions of γδ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2054-62. [PMID: 24489102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a pivotal role in cell fate decision and lineage commitment of lymphocytes. Although the role of Notch in CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβ T cells is well documented, there are no reports on how Notch signaling regulates effector functions of γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a minor fraction in the peripheral blood but are known to play a major role in defense against pathogens and tumors. In this study, we show that Notch receptors (mRNA and protein) are expressed in peripheral γδ T cells. Inhibition of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitor inhibited the proliferation and IFN-γ secretion of γδ T cells in response to stimulation with phosphoantigens and anti-CD3 mAb. In the presence of γ-secretase inhibitor, the antitumor cytolytic ability of γδ T cells was inhibited with a decreased CD107a expression. Knockdown of Notch1 and Notch2 genes in γδ T cells using small interfering RNA inhibited their antitumor cytotoxic potential. Our study describes for the first time, to our knowledge, the role of Notch as an additional signal contributing to Ag-specific effector functions of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpu Gogoi
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
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22
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McCarthy NE, Bashir Z, Vossenkämper A, Hedin CR, Giles EM, Bhattacharjee S, Brown SG, Sanders TJ, Whelan K, MacDonald TT, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Proinflammatory Vδ2+ T Cells Populate the Human Intestinal Mucosa and Enhance IFN-γ Production by Colonic αβ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2752-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Das H, Wang Z, Niazi MKK, Aggarwal R, Lu J, Kanji S, Das M, Joseph M, Gurcan M, Cristini V. Impact of diffusion barriers to small cytotoxic molecules on the efficacy of immunotherapy in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61398. [PMID: 23620747 PMCID: PMC3631240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-focused cancer therapies, e.g., molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy, so far demonstrate only limited efficacy in cancer patients. We hypothesize that underestimating the role of biophysical factors that impact the delivery of drugs or cytotoxic cells to the target sites (for associated preferential cytotoxicity or cell signaling modulation) may be responsible for the poor clinical outcome. Therefore, instead of focusing exclusively on the investigation of molecular mechanisms in cancer cells, convection-diffusion of cytotoxic molecules and migration of cancer-killing cells within tumor tissue should be taken into account to improve therapeutic effectiveness. To test this hypothesis, we have developed a mathematical model of the interstitial diffusion and uptake of small cytotoxic molecules secreted by T-cells, which is capable of predicting breast cancer growth inhibition as measured both in vitro and in vivo. Our analysis shows that diffusion barriers of cytotoxic molecules conspire with γδ T-cell scarcity in tissue to limit the inhibitory effects of γδ T-cells on cancer cells. This may increase the necessary ratios of γδ T-cells to cancer cells within tissue to unrealistic values for having an intended therapeutic effect, and decrease the effectiveness of the immunotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - M. Khalid Khan Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Reeva Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Lu
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Manjusri Das
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
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Roles of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:985753. [PMID: 23533458 PMCID: PMC3600234 DOI: 10.1155/2013/985753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a minor population of T cells that express the TCR γδ chains, mainly distributed in the mucosal and epithelial tissue and accounting for less than 5% of the total T cells in the peripheral blood. By bridging innate and adaptive immunity, γδ T cells play important roles in the anti-infection, antitumor, and autoimmune responses. Previous research on γδ T cells was primarily concentrated on infectious diseases and tumors, whereas their functions in autoimmune diseases attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the various functions of γδ T cells in two prototypical autoimmune connective tissue diseases, that is, SLE and RA, elaborating on their antigen-presenting capacity, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory effects, and auxiliary function for B cells, which contribute to overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and pathogenic autoantibodies, ultimately leading to the onset of these autoimmune diseases. Elucidation of the roles of γδ T cells in autoimmune diseases is not only conducive to in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, but also beneficial in providing theoretical support for the development of γδ T-cell-targeted therapy.
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Rowland CA, Laws TR, Oyston PCF. An assessment of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) γ9(+) T cells and their response to phosphoantigen in vitro. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:132-7. [PMID: 23399838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
γ9δ2 T cells are a primate-specific γδ T cell subtype that expand and become activated during infection, responding directly to phosphoantigens which are by-products of essential metabolic pathways in both bacteria and mammals. Analogues of natural phosphoantigens have been developed as potential immunotherapeutics for treatment of tumours and infectious diseases. Several non-human primate models have been used in preclinical studies, however, little is known about marmoset γ9δ2 T cell responses. We identified γ9(+) T cells in various tissues in the marmoset and determined that these cells respond to phosphoantigen in a similar manner to human γ9δ2 T cells in vitro. Both human γ9δ2 T cells and marmoset γ9(+) T cells were able to reduce growth of the intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in vitro following expansion with phosphoantigen. This suggests that the marmoset is an appropriate model for examining the immunotherapeutic potential of compounds which target γ9δ2 T cells.
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Rowland CA, Hartley MG, Flick-Smith H, Laws TR, Eyles JE, Oyston PCF. Peripheral human γδ T cells control growth of both avirulent and highly virulent strains of Francisella tularensis in vitro. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:584-9. [PMID: 22370220 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we evaluate the role of human γδ T cells in control of Francisella tularensis infection. Using an in vitro model of infection, a reduction in bacterial numbers was detected in the presence of human γδ T cells for both attenuated LVS and virulent SCHU S4 strains of F. tularensis. Antibody neutralisation of IFN-γ caused an increase in survival of F. tularensis LVS suggesting that γδ T cell-mediated control of F. tularensis infection is partially mediated by IFN-γ.
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Ryan-Payseur B, Frencher J, Shen L, Chen CY, Huang D, Chen ZW. Multieffector-functional immune responses of HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in nonhuman primates inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes ΔactA prfA*. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1285-93. [PMID: 22745375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Listeria monocytogenes can induce systemic infection causing spontaneous abortion, septicemia, and meningitis, studies have not been performed to investigate human anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses, including those of Ag-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, a dominant human γδ T cell subset. L. monocytogenes is the only pathogen known to possess both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways that produce metabolic phosphates or phosphoantigens activating human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, making it interesting to explore in vivo anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. In this study, we demonstrated that subclinical systemic L. monocytogenes infection of rhesus macaques via parenteral inoculation or vaccination with an attenuated Listeria strain induced multieffector-functional immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Subclinical systemic infection and reinfection with attenuated L. monocytogenes uncovered the ability of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to mount expansion and adaptive or recall-like expansion. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could traffic to and accumulate in the pulmonary compartment and intestinal mucosa. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could evolve into effector cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17, or perforin after L. monocytogenes infection, and some effector Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could coproduce IL-17 and IFN-γ, IL-4 and IFN-γ, or TNF-α and perforin. Surprisingly, in vivo-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in subclinical L. monocytogenes infection could directly lyse L. monocytogenes-infected target cells and inhibit intracellular L. monocytogenes bacteria. Thus, we present the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of multieffector-functional Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett Ryan-Payseur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Welte T, Aronson J, Gong B, Rachamallu A, Mendell N, Tesh R, Paessler S, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Wang T. Vγ4+ T cells regulate host immune response to West Nile virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 63:183-92. [PMID: 22077221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Vγ4(+) cells, a subpopulation of peripheral γδ T cells, are involved in West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that WNV-infected Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice had lower viremia and a reduced inflammatory response in the brain. The Vγ4(+) cells produced IL-17 during WNV infection, but blocking IL-17 signaling did not affect host susceptibility to WNV encephalitis. We also noted that there was an enhanced magnitude of protective splenic Vγ1(+) cell expansion in Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice compared to that in controls during WNV infection. In addition, Vγ4(+) cells of WNV-infected mice had a higher potential for producing TGF-β. The γδ T cells of WNV-infected Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice had a higher proliferation rate than those of WNV-infected controls upon ex vivo stimulation with anti-CD3, and this difference was diminished in the presence of TGF-β inhibitor. Finally, Vγ4(+) cells of infected mice contributed directly and indirectly to the higher level of IL-10, which is known to play a negative role in immunity against WNV infection. In summary, Vγ4(+) cells suppress Vγ1(+) cell expansion via TGF-β and increase IL-10 level during WNV infection, which together may lead to higher viremia and enhanced brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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29
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Plattner BL, Hostetter JM. Comparative gamma delta T cell immunology: a focus on mycobacterial disease in cattle. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:214384. [PMID: 21647391 PMCID: PMC3103839 DOI: 10.4061/2011/214384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A theme among many pathogenic mycobacterial species affecting both humans and animals is a prolonged asymptomatic or latent period that can last years to decades. The mechanisms that favor progression to active disease are not well understood. Pathogen containment is often associated with an effective cell-mediated or T-helper 1 immune profile. With certain pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, a shift to active clinical disease is associated with loss of T-helper 1 immunity and development of an ineffective humoral or T-helper 2 immune response. Recently γδ T cells have been shown to play a role early in mycobacterial infections and have been hypothesized to influence disease outcome. The purpose of this paper is to compare recent advancements in our understanding of γδ T cells in humans, cattle, and mice and to discuss roles of γδ T cells in host response to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Li H, Pauza CD. Rapamycin increases the yield and effector function of human γδ T cells stimulated in vitro. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 60:361-70. [PMID: 21107834 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical strategies to exploit Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses for immunotherapy are confronted with short-term increases in cell levels or activity and the development of anergy that reduces the response to therapy with succeeding treatments. We are exploring strategies to increase the yield and durability of elicited Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses. One approach focuses on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is important for regulating T cell metabolism and function. In Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, mTOR phosphorylates the S6K1 and eIF4EBP1 signaling intermediates after antigen stimulation. Rapamycin inhibited these phosphorylation events without impacting Akt or Erk activation, even though specific inhibition of Akt or Erk in turn reduced the activation of mTOR. The effects of rapamycin on the T cell receptor signaling pathway lead to increased proliferation of treated and antigen-exposed Vγ2Vδ2 cells. Rapamycin altered the phenotype of antigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 cells by inducing a population shift from CD62L + CD69- to CD62L-CD69+, higher expression of CD25 or Bcl-2, lower levels of CCR5 and increased resistance to Fas-mediated cellular apoptosis. These changes were consistent with rapamycin promoting cell activation while decreasing the susceptibility to cell death that might occur by CCR5 or Fas signaling. Rapamycin treatment during antigen-stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells may be a strategy for overcoming current obstacles in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard St. Rm. N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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31
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Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing γ- and δ-chain T-cell receptor heterodimers are named γδ T cells. Interestingly, γδ and αβ T cells share the same progenitors, and they undergo a fate decision in the thymus. Functional differentiation of γδ T cells occurs both inside and outside the thymus. Antigen recognition of γδ T-cell receptors is very unique, and the responses frequently exhibit innate characteristics. Nevertheless, peripheral γδ T cells exert a number of effector and regulatory functions. γδ T cells rapidly produce cytokines like interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and promote inflammation, partly due to the inherent epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which facilitates a quick and extensive response. Moreover, γδ T cells lyse target cells directly, and this is necessary for pathogen or tumor clearance. γδ T cells can even serve as regulatory cells, and may contribute to immune suppression. Orchestration of γδ T-cell and other immune cell interactions may be critical for host defense and immune regulation. Recently, γδ T cells have been used for immunotherapy for infectious diseases and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the abstracts presented at the recent γδ T cell Conference held from 19 to 21 May 2010, in Kiel, Germany (please see the website for details: http://www.gammadelta-conference.uni-kiel.de/index.html).
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32
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Li H, David Pauza C. Interplay of T-cell receptor and interleukin-2 signalling in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. Immunology 2010; 132:96-103. [PMID: 20738419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are important for host defence and tumour immunity. Their unusual T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes small molecule phosphoantigens; stimulated cells produce inflammatory cytokines and are potently cytotoxic for a variety of tumours. However, molecular mechanisms linking phosphoantigen stimulation and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We know that isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways; specific inhibition of Erk or Akt significantly impairs the functional response to IPP. We now show that interleukin-2 also activates MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt pathways but on its own, fails to induce cytokine expression or cytotoxicity. Hence, MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt activation are necessary but not sufficient to induce effector responses in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and a TCR-dependent signal is still required for tumour cell killing. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, blocked calcium-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) and significantly reduced IPP-induced cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity. The IPP-induced calcium mobilization and NFAT translocation were necessary to activate Vγ2Vδ2 effector functions; interleukin-2, acting on the MEK/Erk pathway, regulated the strength of these responses. The TCR has a specific role in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell killing of tumour cells, which is distinct from its role in triggering cellular proliferation in response to phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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O'Brien RL, Born WK. gammadelta T cell subsets: a link between TCR and function? Semin Immunol 2010; 22:193-8. [PMID: 20451408 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gammadelta T lmphocytes are often divided into subsets based upon expression of certain TCR components. This division was initially made because gammadelta T cells residing in particular epithelia were found to show tissue specific differences in their TCRs. Many examples now show that gammadelta T cell subsets also appear to be biased to carry out particular functions. This suggests that particular gammadelta TCR types direct the cells to acquire a certain type of functional programming during thymic development. Here, we describe functionally distinct, TCR-defined gammadelta T cell subsets, and evidence that their functions are predetermined in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Integrated Dept. of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, United States; Univ. of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Bendersky A, Markovits N, Bank I. Vγ9+ γδ T cells in systemic sclerosis patients are numerically and functionally preserved and induce fibroblast apoptosis. Immunobiology 2010; 215:380-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chuangchaiya S, Jangpatarapongsa K, Chootong P, Sirichaisinthop J, Sattabongkot J, Pattanapanyasat K, Chotivanich K, Troye-Blomberg M, Cui L, Udomsangpetch R. Immune response to Plasmodium vivax has a potential to reduce malaria severity. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 160:233-9. [PMID: 20030672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection causes transient immunosuppression during the parasitaemic stage. However, the immune response during simultaneous infections with both P. vivax and P. falciparum has been investigated rarely. In particular, it is not clear whether the host's immune response to malaria will be different when infected with a single or mixed malaria species. Phenotypes of T cells from mixed P. vivax-P. falciparum (PV-PF) infection were characterized by flow cytometry, and anti-malarial antibodies in the plasma were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found the percentage of CD3+delta2+-T cell receptor (TCR) T cells in the acute-mixed PV-PF infection and single P. vivax infection three times higher than in the single P. falciparum infection. This implied that P. vivax might lead to the host immune response to the production of effector T killer cells. During the parasitaemic stage, the mixed PV-PF infection had the highest number of plasma antibodies against both P. vivax and P. falciparum. Interestingly, plasma from the group of single P. vivax or P. falciparum malaria infections had both anti-P. vivax and anti-P. falciparum antibodies. In addition, antigenic cross-reactivity of P. vivax or P. falciparum resulting in antibodies against both malaria species was shown in the supernatant of lymphocyte cultures cross-stimulated with either antigen of P. vivax or P. falciparum. The role of delta2 +/- TCR T cells and the antibodies against both species during acute mixed malaria infection could have an impact on the immunity to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chuangchaiya
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Marischen L, Wesch D, Schröder JM, Wiedow O, Kabelitz D. Human gammadelta T cells produce the protease inhibitor and antimicrobial peptide elafin. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:547-52. [PMID: 19906197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells rapidly secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to T cell receptor-dependent recognition of pyrophosphates produced by many bacteria and parasites. In further support of an important role of gammadelta T cells in the immune defence against infection, human gammadelta T cells have been shown to produce the antimicrobial peptide LL37/cathelicidin. In this study, we have investigated whether gammadelta T cells can produce additional antimicrobial peptides. To this end, we have screened human gammadelta T cell clones by RT-PCR for mRNA expression of a broad range of antimicrobial peptides. While alpha-defensins were absent and beta-defensins (HBD1) present only in rare gammadelta T cell clones, elafin mRNA was induced by supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under static conditions. Elafin is a protease inhibitor that also displays antimicrobial activity. Constitutive intracellular expression of elafin was demonstrated by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, trappin-2 (pre-elafin) could be immunoprecipitated in cell lysates but also in the supernatant of gammadelta T cells stimulated by Ps. aeruginosa supernatant. Taken together, our studies reveal a novel effector function of gammadelta T cells which might be important for local immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marischen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Kasper HU, Ligum D, Cucus J, Stippel DL, Dienes HP, Drebber U. Liver distribution of gammadelta-T-cells in patients with chronic hepatitis of different etiology. APMIS 2009; 117:779-85. [PMID: 19845527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gammadelta T cells represent a minor unique T-cell subpopulation long been considered as innate-like immune cells. They are found in increased numbers in tissues from various inflammatory conditions. Their role in chronic hepatitis, however, is still discussed controversially. Fresh frozen tissues from 50 patients (18 cases hepatitis B infection, 25 hepatitis C, three cases with co-infection of hepatitis B and C and four patients with autoimmune hepatitis) were investigated. Immunohistochemistry with primary antibodies detecting alphabeta and gammadelta TCR was used to evaluate their incidence and distribution in the different histological structures of the liver. The inflammatory infiltrate in all cases of chronic hepatitis was dominated by alphabeta T cells and was mainly localized in the portal tracts with formation of an interface hepatitis (95.3%alphabeta T cells; 4.7%gammadelta T cells). There were neither significant differences between inflammatory infiltrate nor the amount or percentage of gammadelta T cells between hepatitis B, C or autoimmune hepatitis. No accumulation of gammadelta T cells could be observed in cases of chronic hepatitis of different etiologies. The immune-mediated phenomena in chronic hepatitis are dominated by alphabeta T cells. Thus, the adapted immune system is responsible for the inflammatory processes in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Udo Kasper
- Department of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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38
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Vδ1 T lymphocytes producing IFN-γ and IL-17 are expanded in HIV-1–infected patients and respond to Candida albicans. Blood 2009; 113:6611-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-198028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn early HIV-1 infection, Vδ1 T lymphocytes are increased in peripheral blood and this is related to chemokine receptor expression, chemokine response, and recirculation. Herein we show that, at variance with healthy donors, in HIV-1–infected patients ex vivo–isolated Vδ1 T cells display cytoplasmic interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Interestingly, these cells coexpress cytoplasmic interleukin-17 (IL-17), and bear the CD27 surface marker of the memory T-cell subset. Vδ1 T cells, isolated from either patients or healthy donors, can proliferate and produce IFN-γ and IL-17 in response to Candida albicans in vitro, whereas Vδ2 T cells respond with proliferation and IFN-γ/IL-17 production to mycobacterial or phosphate antigens. These IFN-γ/IL-17 double-producer γδ T cells express the Th17 RORC and the Th1 TXB21 transcription factors and bear the CCR7 homing receptor and the CD161 molecule that are involved in γδ T-cell transendothelial migration. Moreover, Vδ1 T cells responding to C albicans express the chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR6. This specifically equipped circulating memory γδ T-cell population might play an important role in the control of HIV-1 spreading and in the defense against opportunistic infections, possibly contributing to compensate for the impairment of CD4+ T cells.
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Yuan Z, Wang R, Lee Y, Chen CY, Yu X, Wu Z, Huang D, Shen L, Chen ZW. Tuberculosis-induced variant IL-4 mRNA encodes a cytokine functioning as growth factor for (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:811-9. [PMID: 19124724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that mycobacterial infections induce variant cytokine mRNA encoding a functionally distinct protein for immune regulation has not been addressed. In this study, we reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections of macaques induced expression of variant IL-4 (VIL-4) mRNA encoding a protein comprised of N-terminal 97 aa identical with IL-4, and unique C-terminal 96 aa including a signaling-related proline-rich motif. While VIL-4 could be stably produced as intact protein, the purified VIL-4 induced apparent expansion of phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. The unique C-terminal 96 aa bearing the proline-rich motif (PPPCPP) of VIL-4 appeared to confer the ability to expand Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, since simultaneously produced IL-4 had only a subtle effect on these gammadelta T cells. Moreover, VIL-4 seemed to use IL-4R alpha for signaling and activation, as the VIL-4-induced expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells was blocked by anti-IL-4R alpha mAb but not anti-IL-4 mAb. Surprisingly, VIL-4-expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after HMBPP stimulation appeared to be heterologous effector cells capable of producing IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Thus, mycobacterial infections of macaques induced variant mRNA encoding VIL-4 that functions as growth factor promoting expansion of HMBPP-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhuQing Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Li H, Luo K, Pauza CD. TNF-alpha is a positive regulatory factor for human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7131-7. [PMID: 18981134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cells in human peripheral blood recognize phosphoantigen and play important roles in host defense and immunoregulation. The TCR is required for Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, but less is known about soluble or cell-associated costimulatory molecules. In this study, we show that human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, including activation, proliferation, cytokine production, and tumor cell cytotoxicity, require TNF-alpha binding to its receptor, with a preference for TNFR2. Because stimulated Vgamma2 Vdelta2 cells also produce TNF-alpha, this may be a positive control mechanism to sustain the response. Impaired proliferation in the presence of TNF-alpha or TNFR blocking agents was partially rescued by a TLR2 agonist, Pam(3)Cys. Our studies demonstrate that TNF-alpha plays a critical role in regulating human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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duPre' SA, Redelman D, Hunter KW. Microenvironment of the murine mammary carcinoma 4T1: endogenous IFN-gamma affects tumor phenotype, growth, and metastasis. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 85:174-88. [PMID: 18929358 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IFN-gamma has a profound influence on growth and metastasis of solid tumors. This is true for the murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 which grows faster and metastasizes much more readily when transplanted into the mammary fatpads of IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. We were interested in determining which infiltrating hematopoietic cells produce IFN-gamma within the 4T1 tumor microenvironment. 4T1 tumors were infiltrated with progressively increasing numbers of F4/80(+)/CD11c(+) myeloid cells, many of which were also Gr-1(+), and Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+) granulocytes. Only small numbers of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, and gammadelta T cells, the most likely IFN-gamma-producing cells, were seen at any time point. Sensitive intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry revealed no tumor-infiltrating hematopoietic cells with detectable levels of intracellular IFN-gamma, although IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts were detected in tumor tissue. However, a progressive increase in the expression of three IFN-gamma-inducible surface membrane proteins (B7-H1, I-A(d), and ICAM-1) on growing 4T1 tumor cells indicated the presence of biologically active IFN-gamma in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, 4T1 tumor cells from in vitro culture expressed these surface molecules 48 h after intratumoral injection into mature tumors. These data suggest that very low amounts of endogenous IFN-gamma elaborated by infiltrating hematopoietic cells within the microenvironment of a solid tumor can achieve biologically active concentrations and affect tumor phenotype, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A duPre'
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Cummings JS, Cairo C, Armstrong C, Davis CE, Pauza CD. Impacts of HIV infection on Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell phenotype and function: a mechanism for reduced tumor immunity in AIDS. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:371-9. [PMID: 18495780 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection causes rapid and lasting defects in the population of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. To fully describe the impact of HIV, we examined PBMC samples from HIV+ patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had displayed prolonged viral control and CD4 counts above 300 cells/mm3. We observed lower frequencies of CD27-/CD45RA- Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells in HIV+ individuals when compared with controls, coupled with an increased proportion of CD45RA+ cells. These changes were common among 24 HIV+ patients and were not related to CD4 cell count or viral RNA burden. Vgamma2 cells from HIV+ individuals had lower expression of Granzyme B and displayed reduced cytotoxicity against Daudi targets after in vitro stimulation. There was increased expression of FasR (CD95) on Vgamma2 cells from HIV+ PBMC that may be a mechanism for depletion of Vgamma2 cells during disease. In addition to the well-characterized defects in the Vgamma2 repertoire and functional responses to phosphoantigen, the proportion of CD27-/CD45RA- Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after isopentenyl pyrophosphate stimulation was reduced sharply in HIV+ donors versus controls. Thus, HIV infection has multiple impacts on the circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell population that combine to reduce the potential effector activity in terms of tumor cytotoxicity. Changes in Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, along with concomitant effects on NK and NKT cells that also contribute to tumor surveillance, may be important factors for elevating the risk of malignancy during AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Saville Cummings
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard St., N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Antigen-independent priming: a transitional response of bovine γδ T-cells to infection. Anim Health Res Rev 2008; 9:47-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252307001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnalysis of global gene expression in immune cells has provided unique insights into immune system function and response to infection. Recently, we applied microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) techniques to the study of γδ T-cell function in humans and cattle. The intent of this review is to summarize the knowledge gained since our original comprehensive studies of bovine γδ T-cell subsets. More recently, we have characterized the effects of mucosal infection or treatment with microbial products or mitogens on gene expression patterns in sorted γδ and αβ T-cells. These studies provided new insights into the function of bovine γδ T-cells and led to a model in which response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induces ‘priming’ of γδ T-cells, resulting in more robust responses to downstream cytokine and/or antigen signals. PAMP primed γδ T-cells are defined by up-regulation of a select number of cytokines, including MIP1α and MIP1β, and by antigens such as surface IL2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) and CD69, in the absence of a prototypic marker for an activated γδ T-cell, IFN-γ. Furthermore, PAMP primed γδ T-cells are more capable of proliferation in response to IL-2 or IL-15 in the absence of antigen. PAMPs such as endotoxin, peptidoglycan and β-glucan are effective γδ T-cell priming agents, but the most potent antigen-independent priming agonists defined to date are condensed oligomeric tannins produced by some plants.
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Innate immune functions of human gammadelta T cells. Immunobiology 2007; 213:173-82. [PMID: 18406365 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells expressing the Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell receptor (TCR) account for 1-10% of CD3(+) peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells use their TCR as a pattern recognition receptor to sense the presence of infection through specific recognition of intermediates of the microbial non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Such phosphoantigens rapidly and selectively activate human gammadelta T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, notably interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In addition, human gammadelta T cells express certain Toll-like receptors (TLR) and directly respond to the corresponding ligands. We have demonstrated expression of TLR3 in Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells and striking costimulatory effects of the ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) on TCR-stimulated IFN-gamma production. Gene expression studies by microarray analysis identified additional genes that were up-regulated by combined TCR- and TLR3 stimulation. We discuss these findings in the context of the suspected role of human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Rowe CA, Nantz MP, Bukowski JF, Percival SS. Specific Formulation ofCamellia sinensisPrevents Cold and Flu Symptoms and Enhances γδ T Cell Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26:445-52. [PMID: 17914132 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if a specific formulation of Camellia sinensis (CSF) can prevent illness and symptoms due to cold and flu, and enhance gammadelta T cell function METHODS DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SUBJECTS Healthy adults 18-70 years old. INTERVENTION Proprietary formulation of Camellia sinensis (green tea) capsules, or a placebo, twice a day, for 3 months. MEASURES OF OUTCOME As assessed by daily symptom logs, percentage of subjects experiencing cold and flu symptoms, number of days subjects experienced symptoms, and percentage of subjects seeking medical treatment. Mean in vivo and ex vivo proliferative and interferon gamma responses of subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells to gammadelta T cell antigen stimulation. RESULTS Among subjects taking CSF there were 32.1% fewer subjects with symptoms (P = 0.035), 22.9% fewer overall illnesses of at least 2 days duration (P = 0.092), and 35.6% fewer symptom days (P < 0.002), compared to subjects taking placebo. gammadelta T cells from subjects taking CSF proliferated 28% more (P = 0.017) and secreted 26% more IFN-gamma (P = 0.046) in response to gammadelta T cell antigens, as compared to gammadelta T cells from subjects taking placebo. CSF was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS This proprietary formulation of CSF is a safe and effective dietary supplement for preventing cold and flu symptoms, and for enhancing gammadelta T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Rowe
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Hedges JF, Buckner DL, Rask KM, Kerns HMM, Jackiw LO, Trunkle TC, Pascual DW, Jutila MA. Mucosal lymphatic-derived gammadelta T cells respond early to experimental Salmonella enterocolitis by increasing expression of IL-2R alpha. Cell Immunol 2007; 246:8-16. [PMID: 17574223 PMCID: PMC3601771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the roles of gammadelta T cells in mucosal infection, we utilized Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella serovar Typhimurium) infection in cattle as it closely approximates Salmonella serovar Typhimurium-induced enterocolitis in humans. Protein and gene expression in alphabeta and gammadelta T cells derived from lymphatic ducts draining the gut mucosa in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium-infected calves were analyzed. In calves with enterocolitis, general gene expression trends in gammadelta T cells suggested subtle activation and innate response, whereas alphabeta T cells were relatively quiescent following Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection. An increase in IL-2R alpha expression on gammadelta T cells from infected calves and results from in vitro assays suggested that gammadelta T cells were primed by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium LPS to better respond to IL-2 and IL-15. Together with gene expression trends in vivo, these data support early priming activation of target tissue gammadelta T cells during Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark A. Jutila
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Mark A. Jutila, Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA, Ph: (406)994-4540, fax: (406)994-4303,
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Poggi A, Zancolli M, Catellani S, Borsellino G, Battistini L, Zocchi MR. Migratory Pathways of T Cells and Response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 Ligands: Adhesion Molecules Involved and Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:68-78. [PMID: 17804534 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gammadelta T lymphocytes are thought to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. In this work, we discuss the characteristics of these cells and possible implications in the pathogenesis of MS, focusing on the mechanism(s) underlying extravasation and tissue localization. Phenotype and transendothelial migration of gammadelta T cells from healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting MS were studied. In MS patients the V delta 2 T cell subset, expressing NKRP1A/CD161 adhesion molecule, is expanded and capable of transendothelial migration. V delta 1/V delta 2 subsets use distinct signal transduction pathways: V delta 1 cells lack NKRP1A and express PECAM-1/CD31, which drives transmigration, while V delta 2 cells are PECAM-1 negative and use NKRP1A. V delta 2 migration is coupled with CAMKII, whereas V delta 1 depend on PI-3K. NKRP1A and PECAM-1 selectively activate the two pathways: indeed, oligomerization of NKRP1A on V delta 2 T cells leads to CAMKII activation, occupancy of PECAM-1 on V delta 1 cells triggers the PI-3K-dependent Akt/PKB pathway. Moreover, V delta 2 T cells are CXCR3(bright)CXCR4(dull), while V delta 1 are mostly CXCR4(+). V delta 1 and V delta 2 cells transmigrate in response to IP-10/CXCL10 and SDF-1/CXCL12 according to the expression of their specific receptors. In a fraction of V delta 1 T cells coexpressing CXCR3 and CXCR4, the homeostatic chemokine 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 is more effective. IP-10/CXCL10 or 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 and SDF-1/CXCL12-induced transmigration is coupled to PI-3K/Akt/PKB, but only CXCR3 is capable of inducing CAMKII activation. We suggest that both subsets of gammadelta T lymphocytes may migrate to the site of lesion in MS using two different signaling pathways to extravasate and responding to different chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poggi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology D, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, Italy
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Carbone LD, Warrington KJ, Barrow KD, Pugazhenthi M, Watsky MA, Somes G, Ingels J, Postlethwaite AE. Pamidronate infusion in patients with systemic sclerosis results in changes in blood mononuclear cell cytokine profiles. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:371-80. [PMID: 17100755 PMCID: PMC1810407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A single infusion of pamidronate was given to patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) to assess effects on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymphocyte subsets. Eighteen patients with SSc received a single intravenous dose of 60 mg of pamidronate and were followed for 6 months. Assessment of cytokine production [interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-4] by PBMC and lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry was carried out before and after the pamidronate infusion. Unstimulated PBMC produced increased amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and reduced levels of TGF-beta1 for up to 24 weeks after the infusion. gammadelta T cells from patients with SSc were activated in vitro and produced increased IFN-gamma. The effects of pamidronate on modulation of cytokine profiles in patients with SSc may merit future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Carbone
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Divisions of Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the potential role of human gammadelta T cells in the control of adaptive immunity. Our latest findings emerged as a consequence of our working hypothesis, which predicts a close relationship between the migration control in leukocytes and their function in immune processes as diverse as hematopoiesis, initiation of adaptive immunity, and immune surveillance in peripheral tissues. Leukocyte migration control is defined by the combination of migration and adhesion receptors on their surface and the tissue distribution of the corresponding ligands. According to our hypothesis, leukocytes featuring migration receptors for homing to lymph nodes (LNs) will also display activities that preferentially take place within LNs. Following this line of thought, by showing LN-homing properties in a subset of human gammadelta T cells, we speculated that gammadelta T cells influence the initiation of T- and B-cell responses. Here, we summarize our recent data, showing that LN-homing gammadelta T cells have potent antigen-presenting cell characteristics. This unexpected finding is discussed with regards to microbial sensing by human gammadelta T cells and a possible role for these cells in anti-microbial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Aswald JM, Wang XH, Aswald S, Lutynski A, Minden MD, Messner HA, Keating A. Flow cytometric assessment of autologous gammadelta T cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: potential effector cells for immunotherapy? CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2006; 70:379-90. [PMID: 16977635 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gammadelta T cells are a rare component of the circulating innate immune system capable of exerting anti-neoplastic activity. This population may be suitable for the adoptive immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Little is known however, about the frequency and function of circulating gammadelta T cells in AML. The aim of the study was to enumerate peripheral blood gammadelta T cells in patients with AML and explore the feasibility of their use clinically. METHODS We compared the absolute circulating gammadelta T cell levels in 33 AML patients before and after treatment versus 20 healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. The function of gammadelta T cells was assessed by detection of intracelluar interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and cytotoxicity against leukemic blasts. RESULTS AML patients with high blast counts prior to induction chemotherapy had marginally decreased gammadelta T cell levels compared with healthy controls: median 38/microL versus 83/microL; P = 0.051. Sequential gammadelta T cell enumeration after induction showed significantly decreased counts in patients with a persistently high blast burden compared to patients with reduced but detectable residual disease (molecular maker or borderline bone marrow infiltration): median 7/microL versus 105/microL; P = 0.008. Patients with residual disease had significantly higher gammadelta T cell counts compared to those retested after they had achieved complete remission (CR); P = 0.0025. In CR, gammadelta T cell counts remained lower than those of healthy individuals: median 33/microL versus 83/microL, P = 0.030. We detected a sharp increase (on average, four-fold higher than values in CR) of gammadelta T cells in patients in very early morphologic or molecular relapse. We also tested the functional properties of gammadelta T cells from patients with AML in CR. Flow cytometric assessment of IFN-gamma revealed similar numbers of gammadelta T cells expressing the T1 cytokine compared with healthy controls. We also showed that gammadelta T cells were able to kill leukemic target cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Flow cytometric assessment of gammadelta T cells in patients with AML revealed quantitative shifts with respect to disease status. Our data suggest that gammadelta T cells warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg M Aswald
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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