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Pressley KR, Schwegman L, Montes De Oca Arena M, Chase Huizar C, Zamvil SS, Forsthuber TG. HLA-transgenic mouse models to study autoimmune central nervous system diseases. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2387414. [PMID: 39167553 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2387414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
It is known that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role in disease susceptibility and etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The best studied HLA-associated autoimmune CNS disease is MS, and thus will be the primary focus of this review. Other HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, such as autoimmune encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica will be discussed. The lack of animal models to accurately capture the complex human autoimmune response remains a major challenge. HLA transgenic (tg) mice provide researchers with powerful tools to investigate the underlying mechanisms promoting susceptibility and progression of HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, as well as for elucidating the myelin epitopes potentially targeted by T cells in autoimmune disease patients. We will discuss the potential role(s) of autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles in autoimmune CNS diseases and highlight information provided by studies using HLA tg mice to investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms and opportunities to use these models for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Pressley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lance Schwegman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Montes De Oca Arena
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mufarrege EF, Peña LC, Etcheverrigaray M, De Groot AS, Martin W. Specific sequence mutations in a long-lasting rhIFN-α2b version reduce in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and increase in vitro protein stability. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14670. [PMID: 37020947 PMCID: PMC10068115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, recombinant human interferon alpha (rhIFN-α2b) has been used to treat emerging and chronic viral diseases. However, rhIFN-α2b is immunogenic and has a short in vivo half-life. To solve these limitations, two long-lasting hyperglycosylated proteins with reduced immunogenicity were developed and designated as 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN(VAR3). Here, we continue to study the relevant characteristics of these therapeutic candidates. Thus, we demonstrated that both de-immunized IFN versions elicited significantly lower neutralizing antibody responses than the original molecule in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice, confirming our previous in vitro protein immunogenicity data. Also, we found that these biobetters exhibited remarkable stability when exposed to different physical factors that the protein product may encounter during its production process and storage, such as low pH, thermal stress, and repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Taking into consideration our previous and present results, 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN-4N(VAR3) appear to be valuable candidates for the treatment of human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Federico Mufarrege
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo” – c.c 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Carolina Peña
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Susukida T, Aoki S, Shirayanagi T, Yamada Y, Kuwahara S, Ito K. HLA transgenic mice: application in reproducing idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:540-567. [PMID: 32847422 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various types of transgenic mice carrying either class I or II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are readily available, and reports describing their use in a variety of studies have been published for more than 30 years. Examples of their use include the discovery of HLA-specific antigens against viral infection as well as the reproduction of HLA-mediated autoimmune diseases for the development of therapeutic strategies. Recently, HLA transgenic mice have been used to reproduce HLA-mediated idiosyncratic drug toxicity (IDT), a rare and unpredictable adverse drug reaction that can result in death. For example, abacavir-induced IDT has successfully been reproduced in HLA-B*57:01 transgenic mice. Several reports using HLA transgenic mice for IDT have proven the utility of this concept for the evaluation of IDT using various HLA allele combinations and drugs. It has become apparent that such models may be a valuable tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying HLA-mediated IDT. This review summarizes the latest findings in the area of HLA transgenic mouse models and discusses the current challenges that must be overcome to maximize the potential of this unique animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Susukida
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Section of Host Defenses, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shirayanagi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saki Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Hofer LS, Ramberger M, Gredler V, Pescoller AS, Rostásy K, Sospedra M, Hegen H, Berger T, Lutterotti A, Reindl M. Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Responses to Aquaporin-4 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Inflammatory Demyelinating Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1188. [PMID: 32625206 PMCID: PMC7311656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab) are associated with rare central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases like neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Previous studies have shown that not only antibodies, but also autoreactive T-cell responses against AQP4 are present in NMOSD. However, no study has yet analyzed the presence of MOG reactive T-cells in patients with MOG antibodies. Therefore, we compared AQP4 and MOG specific peripheral T-cell response in individuals with AQP4-Ab (n = 8), MOG-Ab (n = 10), multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 8), and healthy controls (HC, n = 14). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures were stimulated with eight AQP4 and nine MOG peptides selected from previous studies and a tetanus toxoid peptide mix as a positive control. Antigen-specific T-cell responses were assessed using the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester proliferation assay and the detection of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-ɤ and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-17A in cell culture supernatants. Additionally, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and HLA-DR genotyping of all participants was performed. We classified a T-cell response as positive if proliferation (measured by a cell division index ≥3) was confirmed by the secretion of at least one cytokine. Reactivity against AQP4 peptides was observed in many groups, but the T-cell response against AQP4 p156-170 was present only in patients with AQP4-Ab (4/8, 50%) and absent in patients with MOG-Ab, MS and HC (corrected p = 0.02). This AQP4 p156-170 peptide specific T-cell response was significantly increased in participants with AQP4-Ab compared to those without [Odds ratio (OR) = 59.00, 95% confidence interval-CI 2.70–1,290.86]. Moreover, T-cell responses against at least one AQP4 peptide were also more frequent in participants with AQP4-Ab (OR = 11.45, 95% CI 1.24–106.05). We did not observe any significant differences for the other AQP4 peptides or any MOG peptide. AQP4-Ab were associated with HLA DQB1*02 (OR = 5.71, 95% CI 1.09–30.07), DRB1*01 (OR = 9.33, 95% CI 1.50–58.02) and DRB1*03 (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.19–38.41). Furthermore, HLA DRB1*01 was also associated with the presence of AQP4 p156-170 reactive T-cells (OR = 31.67, 95% CI 1.30–772.98). To summarize, our findings suggest a role of AQP4-specific, but not MOG-specific T-cells, in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Sophie Hofer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Ramberger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Viktoria Gredler
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Sophie Pescoller
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Department of Neuroimmunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Hegen
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Department of Neuroimmunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Animal Models Used in Hepatitis C Virus Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113869. [PMID: 32485887 PMCID: PMC7312079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The narrow range of species permissive to infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents a unique challenge to the development of useful animal models for studying HCV, as well as host immune responses and development of chronic infection and disease. Following earlier studies in chimpanzees, several unique approaches have been pursued to develop useful animal models for research while avoiding the important ethical concerns and costs inherent in research with chimpanzees. Genetically related hepatotropic viruses that infect animals are being used as surrogates for HCV in research studies; chimeras of these surrogate viruses harboring specific regions of the HCV genome are being developed to improve their utility for vaccine testing. Concurrently, genetically humanized mice are being developed and continually advanced using human factors known to be involved in virus entry and replication. Further, xenotransplantation of human hepatocytes into mice allows for the direct study of HCV infection in human liver tissue in a small animal model. The current advances in each of these approaches are discussed in the present review.
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Banisharif-Dehkordi F, Mobini-Dehkordi M, Shakhsi-Niaei M, Mahnam K. Design and molecular dynamic simulation of a new double-epitope tolerogenic protein as a potential vaccine for multiple sclerosis disease. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:20-26. [PMID: 30936929 PMCID: PMC6407332 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.251849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the debilitating diseases affecting the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). As there is no definitive treatment for MS, researchers have mainly consented with optimization of strategies which slows down the progression of the disease such as specific auto-antigens tolerance induction. In this regard, the aim of this study was design of a new double-epitope protective vaccine based on interleukin (IL)-16-neuroantigens fusion proteins. First, we selected highly antigenic epitopes of myelin basic protein (MBP) (aa 84-104) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) (aa 99-107) from available literature and our bioinformatics analysis. The correct cleavage of our constructs and major histocompatibility complex class II binding affinities of cleaved epitopes were checked and evaluated using Pepcleave and IEDB servers, respectively. Then, different combination of MOG and MBP epitopes with or without fusion to C-terminal active part of IL-16 were designed as constructs. Afterward, Modeller and Gromacs softwares used for the investigation of the MBP, and MOG epitopes antigenicity in these constructs. The results of molecular dynamics simulations showed that IL-16 in MOG + linker + MBP + IL-16 construct does not interfere with final epitopes antigenicity of MOG + linker + MBP construct. To sum up, the construct with IL-16 is suggested as a new double-epitope tolerogenic vaccine for prevention and amelioration of MS in human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Mobini-Dehkordi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran
| | - Mostafa Shakhsi-Niaei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran
| | - Karim Mahnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran
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8
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Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein and Human Leukocyte Antigens as Markers in Pediatric and Adolescent Multiple Sclerosis: on Diagnosis, Clinical Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Responses. Mult Scler Int 2018; 2018:8487471. [PMID: 30595920 PMCID: PMC6282147 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8487471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset (pediatric and adolescent) multiple sclerosis (MS) is a well-established demyelinating disease that accounts for approximately 3-5% of all MS cases. Thus, identifying potential biomarkers that can reflect the pathogenic mechanisms, disease course and prognosis, and therapeutic response in such patients is of paramount importance. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has been regarded as a putative autoantigen and autoantibody target in patients with demyelinating diseases for almost three decades. However, recent studies have suggested that antibodies against MOG represent a distinct clinical entity of dominantly humoral profile, with a range of clinical phenotypes closely related to the age of onset, specific patterns of disease course, and responses to treatment. Furthermore, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)—which has been regarded as the “gold standard” for attributing genetic burden in adult MS since the early 1970s—has also emerged as the primary genetic locus in early-onset MS, particularly with regard to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles DRB1⁎1501 and DRB1⁎0401. Recent studies have investigated the potential interactions among HLA, MOG, and environmental factors, demonstrating that early-onset MS is characterized by genetic, immunogenetic, immunological, and familial trait correlations. In this paper, we review recent evidence regarding HLA-genotyping and MOG antibodies—the two most important candidate biomarkers for early-onset MS—as well as their potential application in the diagnosis and treatment of MS.
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Nalawade SA, Ji N, Raphael I, Pratt A, Kraig E, Forsthuber TG. Aire is not essential for regulating neuroinflammatory disease in mice transgenic for human autoimmune-diseases associated MHC class II genes HLA-DR2b and HLA-DR4. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:38-48. [PMID: 29789121 PMCID: PMC6092225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501) and HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) are strongly linked to increased susceptibility for multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), respectively. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but these MHC alleles may shape the repertoire of pathogenic T cells via central tolerance. The transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) promotes central T cell tolerance via ectopic expression of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs). Aire deficiency in humans causes autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS1), and Aire knockout mice (Aire-/-) develop spontaneous autoimmune pathology characterized by multi-organ lymphocytic infiltrates. Here, we asked whether impaired TSAs gene expression in the absence of Aire promoted spontaneous MS- or RA-like autoimmune pathology in the context of human HLA alleles in HLA-DR2b or HLA-DR4 transgenic (tg) mice. The results show that reduced TSAs gene expression in the thymus of Aire-deficient HLA-DR2b or HLA-DR4 tg mice corresponded to mild spontaneous inflammatory infiltrates in salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. Moreover, Aire-deficiency modestly enhanced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in HLA-DR tg mice, but the animals did not show signs of spontaneous neuroinflammation or arthritis. No significant changes were observed in CD4+ T cell numbers, T cell receptor (TCR) distribution, regulatory T cells (Treg), or antigen-induced cytokine production. Abrogating Treg function by treatment with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-CD25 mAb in Aire-deficient HLA-DR tg mice did not trigger EAE or other autoimmune pathology. Our results suggest a redundant role for Aire in maintaining immune tolerance in the context of autoimmune disease-associated human HLA alleles.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- HLA-DR2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR2 Antigen/metabolism
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisha A Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Andrew Pratt
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States
| | - Ellen Kraig
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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Faraji F, Karjoo Z, Moghaddam MV, Heidari S, Emameh RZ, Falak R. Challenges related to the immunogenicity of parenteral recombinant proteins: Underlying mechanisms and new approaches to overcome it. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:301-315. [PMID: 29851534 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1471139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune response elicited by therapeutic proteins is an important safety and efficacy issue for regulatory agencies, drug manufacturers, clinicians, and patients. Administration of therapeutic proteins can potentially induce the production of anti-drug antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses. At first, it was speculated that the immunogenicity is related to the non-human origin of these proteins. Later on, it was confirmed that the human proteins may also show immunogenicity. In this review article, we will focus on a number of factors, which play crucial roles in the human protein immunogenicity. These factors are related to the patient's status (or intrinsic properties) and molecular characteristics of the therapeutic protein's (or extrinsic properties). Furthermore, we will discuss available in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods for the prediction of sequences, which may generate an immune response following parenteral administration of these proteins. In summary, nowadays, it is possible for drug manufacturers to evaluate the risk of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and implement a management plan to overcome the problems prior to proceeding to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Faraji
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Karjoo
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Sahel Heidari
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- c Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology , National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- a Immunology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
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11
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Peschl P, Bradl M, Höftberger R, Berger T, Reindl M. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28533781 PMCID: PMC5420591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker for oligodendrocyte maturation. Discovered about 30 years ago, it is one of the best-studied autoantigens for experimental autoimmune models for multiple sclerosis (MS). Human studies, however, have yielded controversial results on the role of MOG, especially MOG antibodies (Abs), as a biomarker in MS. But with improved detection methods using different expression systems to detect Abs in patients' samples, this is meanwhile no longer the case. Using cell-based assays with recombinant full-length, conformationally intact MOG, several recent studies have revealed that MOG Abs can be found in a subset of predominantly pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), monophasic or recurrent isolated optic neuritis (ON), or transverse myelitis, in atypical MS and in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndromes. Whereas MOG Abs are only transiently observed in monophasic diseases such as ADEM and their decline is associated with a favorable outcome, they are persistent in multiphasic ADEM, NMOSD, recurrent ON, or myelitis. Due to distinct clinical features within these diseases it is controversially disputed to classify MOG Ab-positive cases as a new disease entity. Neuropathologically, the presence of MOG Abs is characterized by MS-typical demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology associated with Abs and complement. However, it remains unclear whether MOG Abs are a mere inflammatory bystander effect or truly pathogenetic. This article provides deeper insight into recent developments, the clinical relevance of MOG Abs and their role in the immunpathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Weissert R. Adaptive Immunity Is the Key to the Understanding of Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28386263 PMCID: PMC5362596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are common aspects and mechanisms between different types of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as well as paraneoplastic inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. To our present knowledge, depending on the disease, T and B cells as well as antibodies contribute to various aspects of the pathogenesis. Possibly the events leading to the breaking of tolerance between the different diseases are of great similarity and so far, only partially understood. Beside endogenous factors (genetics, genomics, epigenetics, malignancy) also exogenous factors (vitamin D, sun light exposure, smoking, gut microbiome, viral infections) contribute to susceptibility in such diseases. What differs between these disorders are the target molecules of the immune attack. For T cells, these target molecules are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules as MHC-bound ligands. B cells have an important role by amplifying the immune response of T cells by capturing antigen with their surface immunoglobulin and presenting it to T cells. Antibodies secreted by plasma cells that have differentiated from B cells are highly structure specific and can have important effector functions leading to functional impairment or/and lesion evolvement. In MS, the target molecules are mainly myelin- and neuron/axon-derived proteins; in NMOSD, mainly aquaporin-4 expressed on astrocytes; and in AE, various proteins that are expressed by neurons and axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Ieronymaki M, Androutsou ME, Pantelia A, Friligou I, Crisp M, High K, Penkman K, Gatos D, Tselios T. Use of the 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin for microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis. Biopolymers 2016; 104:506-14. [PMID: 26270247 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A fast and efficient microwave (MW)-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol using the 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin and the Fmoc/tBu methodology, has been developed. The established protocol combines the advantages of MW irradiation and the acid labile 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin. The effect of temperature during the MW irradiation, the degree of resin substitution during the coupling of the first amino acids and the rate of racemization for each amino acid were evaluated. The suggested solid phase methodology is applicable for orthogonal peptide synthesis and for the synthesis of cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Eleni Androutsou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece.,Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, 26504, Platani, Greece
| | - Anna Pantelia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Irene Friligou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece.,Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, 26504, Platani, Greece
| | - Molly Crisp
- BioArCh, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty High
- BioArCh, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Penkman
- BioArCh, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Gatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Rion, Greece
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Zhao J, Li Z, Wang L, Liu J, Wang D, Chen G, Wang Q, Zhang H. Foxp3-expressing sensitized Teff cells prolong survival of corneal allograft in corneal allograft transplantation mouse model. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:192-7. [PMID: 26419203 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate whether Foxp3-expressing sensitized Teff cells could inhibit allograft rejection in corneal allograft transplantation mouse model. METHODS Foxp3-expressing sensitized Teff cells were constructed by transfection of retroviral expression plasmid expressing Foxp3 into the sensi-Teff cells from a Balb/c mouse immunized by C57BL/6(H2b) mouse splenocytes. Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: Four groups received tail vein injection of Foxp3-expressing sensitized Teff cells, or Foxp3-expressing Teff cells, or Treg cells or no intervention 1 day prior to corneal allograft transplantation. C57BL/6(H2b) was the donor mouse. The last group received corneal autograft transplantation. Corneal allograft survival time and percentage of CD4(+) T cells were detected. ELISPOT and Footpad swelling test were used to measure IL-2 and IFN-γ, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, respectively. RESULTS Mice that had received an injection of Foxp3-expressing sensitized T cells prior to an allograft corneal transplantation, showed significantly longer survival time of corneal allograft, decreased percentage of CD4(+) T cells, IL-2 and IFN-γ, and alleviated footpad swelling than the mice that had received either Foxp3-Teff or Treg cells. CONCLUSION Foxp3-sensi-Teff cell treatment that prolongs corneal allograft survival in the mouse model, might partly through suppressing CD4(+) T cells, IL-2 and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Liaohe Oil Field, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- The General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- The General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guoling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Liaohe Oil Field, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China.
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Tselios T, Aggelidakis M, Tapeinou A, Tseveleki V, Kanistras I, Gatos D, Matsoukas J. Rational design and synthesis of altered peptide ligands based on human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 epitope: inhibition of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Molecules 2014; 19:17968-84. [PMID: 25375337 PMCID: PMC6270842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the etiology of MS remains unclear, there is evidence T-cell recognition of immunodominant epitopes of myelin proteins, such as the 35–55 epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), plays a pathogenic role in the induction of chronic EAE. Cyclization of peptides is of great interest since the limited stability of linear peptides restricts their potential use as therapeutic agents. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a number of linear and cyclic peptides by mutating crucial T cell receptor (TCR) contact residues of the human MOG35–55 epitope. In particular, we have designed and synthesized cyclic altered peptide ligands (APLs) by mutating Arg41 with Ala or Arg41 and Arg46 with Ala. The peptides were synthesized in solid phase on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (CLTR-Cl) using the Fmoc/t-Bu methodology. The purity of final products was verified by RP-HPLC and their identification was achieved by ESI-MS. It was found that the substitutions of Arg at positions 41 and 46 with Ala results in peptide analogues that reduce the severity of MOG-induced EAE clinical symptoms in C57BL/6 mice when co-administered with mouse MOG35–55 peptide at the time of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Anthi Tapeinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vivian Tseveleki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kanistras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Gatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Kaushansky N, Ben-Nun A. DQB1*06:02-Associated Pathogenic Anti-Myelin Autoimmunity in Multiple Sclerosis-Like Disease: Potential Function of DQB1*06:02 as a Disease-Predisposing Allele. Front Oncol 2014; 4:280. [PMID: 25360418 PMCID: PMC4199271 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked mainly to the HLA-DRB1 locus, with the HLA-DR15 haplotype (DRB1*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602-DRB5*0101) dominating MS risk in Caucasians. Although genes in the HLA-II region, particularly DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602, are in tight linkage disequilibrium, genome-wide-association, and gene candidate studies identified the DRB1*15:01 allele as the primary risk factor in MS. Many genetic and immune-functional studies have indicated DRB1*15:01 as a primary risk factor in MS, while only some functional studies suggested a disease-modifying role for the DRB5*01 or DQB1*06 alleles. In this respect, the susceptibility of DRB1*15:01-transgenic (Tg) mice to myelin basic protein- or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced MS-like disease is consistent with primary contribution of DRB1*15:01 to HLA-DR15+ MS. The studies summarized here show that susceptibility to MS-like disease, induced in HLA-“humanized” mice by myelin oligodendrocytic basic protein or by the proteolipid protein, one of the most prominent encephalitogenic target antigens implicated in human MS, is determined by DQB1*06:02, rather than by the DRB1*15:01 allele. These findings not only offer a rationale for a potential role for DQB1*06:02 in predisposing susceptibility to MS, but also suggest a more complex and differential functional role for HLA-DR15 alleles, depending on the primary target myelin antigen. However, the conflict between these findings in HLA-Tg mice and the extensive genome-wide-association studies, which could not detect any significant effect from the DQB1*06:02 allele on MS risk, is rather puzzling. Functional analysis of MS PBLs for DQB1*06:02-associated anti-myelin autoimmunity may indicate whether or not DQB1*06:02 is associated with MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
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Wright GP, Ehrenstein MR, Stauss HJ. Regulatory T-cell adoptive immunotherapy: potential for treatment of autoimmunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:213-25. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Li W, Murthy AK, Lanka GK, Chetty SL, Yu JJ, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Forsthuber TG, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. A T cell epitope-based vaccine protects against chlamydial infection in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5722-8. [PMID: 24096029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) has been shown to provide robust protection against genital Chlamydia infection. Adoptive transfer of IFN-γ competent CPAF-specific CD4⁺ T cells was sufficient to induce early resolution of chlamydial infection and reduction of subsequent pathology in recipient IFN-γ-deficient mice indicating the importance of IFN-γ secreting CD4⁺ T cells in host defense against Chlamydia. In this study, we identify CD4⁺ T cell reactive CPAF epitopes and characterize the activation of epitope-specific CD4⁺ T cells following antigen immunization or Chlamydia challenge. Using the HLA-DR4 (HLA-DRB1*0401) transgenic mouse for screening overlapping peptides that induced T cell IFN-γ production, we identified at least 5 CPAF T cell epitopes presented by the HLA-DR4 complex. Immunization of HLA-DR4 transgenic mice with a rCPAFep fusion protein containing these 5 epitopes induced a robust cell-mediated immune response and significantly accelerated the resolution of genital and pulmonary Chlamydia infection. rCPAFep vaccination induced CPAF-specific CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen were detected using HLA-DR4/CPAF-epitope tetramers. Additionally, CPAF-specific CD4⁺ clones could be detected in the mouse spleen following Chlamydia muridarum and a human Chlamydia trachomatis strain challenge using these novel tetramers. These results provide the first direct evidence that a novel CPAF epitope vaccine can provide protection and that HLA-DR4/CPAF-epitope tetramers can detect CPAF epitope-specific CD4⁺ T cells in HLA-DR4 mice following C. muridarum or C. trachomatis infection. Such tetramers could be a useful tool for monitoring CD4⁺ T cells in immunity to Chlamydia infection and in developing epitope-based human vaccines using the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Pathology and Department of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States
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19
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Cooper C. Autoantibodies to Non-myelin Antigens as Contributors to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 4:10.4172/2155-9899.1000148. [PMID: 24363960 PMCID: PMC3866957 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For years, investigators have sought to prove that myelin antigens are the primary targets of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent experiments have begun to challenge this assumption, particularly when studying the neurodegenerative phase of MS. T-lymphocyte responses to myelin antigens have been extensively studied, and are likely early contributors to the pathogenesis of MS. Antibodies to myelin antigens have a much more inconstant association with the pathogenesis of MS. Recent studies indicate that antibodies to non-myelin antigens such as neurofilaments, neurofascin, RNA binding proteins and potassium channels may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. The purpose of this review is to analyze recent studies that examine the role that autoantibodies to non-myelin antigens might play in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lidia A. Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N. Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chelsea Cooper
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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The Immune Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:857-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Cole GT, Hurtgen BJ, Hung CY. Progress Toward a Human Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2012; 6:235-244. [PMID: 23585916 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-012-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is a human respiratory disease caused by a soil-borne mold, and is recognized as an intransigent microbial infection by physicians who treat patients with the potentially life-threatening, disseminated form of this mycosis. Epidemiological studies based on surveys of skin-test reactivity of people who reside in the endemic regions of the Southwestern US have shown that at least 150,000 new infections occur annually. The clinical spectrum of coccidioidomycosis ranges from an asymptomatic insult to a severe pulmonary disease in which the pathogen may spread from the lungs to the skin, bones, brain and other body organs. Escalation of symptomatic infections and increased cost of long-term antifungal treatment warrant a concerted effort to develop a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. This review examines recently reported strategies used to generate such a vaccine and summarizes current understanding of the nature of protective immunity to this formidable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry T Cole
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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22
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Construction and evaluation of a novel recombinant T cell epitope-based vaccine against Coccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3960-74. [PMID: 22949556 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00566-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies of coccidioidomycosis have demonstrated that activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes are essential for protection against this fungal respiratory disease. We previously reported a vaccine against Coccidioides infection which contained three recombinant CD4(+) T cell-reactive proteins and induced a robust, protective immune response in mice. Due to the anticipated high cost of production and clinical assessment of this multivalent vaccine, we generated a single protein which contained immunodominant T cell epitopes of the three polypeptides. Epitopes were initially identified by computational prediction of their ability to bind promiscuously to human major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules. Cellular immunoassays confirmed the immunogenicity of the synthesized epitope peptides, while in vitro binding assays revealed a range of peptide affinity for MHC II. A DNA construct was synthesized for bacterial expression of a recombinant protein vaccine which contained five epitopes with the highest affinity for human MHC II, each fused with leader and spacer peptides proposed to optimize epitope processing and presentation to T cell receptors. Recall assays of immune T lymphocytes obtained from human MHC II-expressing HLA-DR4 transgenic mice confirmed that 4 of the 5 epitope peptides were processed. Mice immunized with the epitope-based vaccine admixed with a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant or loaded into yeast glucan particles and then challenged intranasally with Coccidioides showed early lung infiltration of activated T helper-1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells, elevated gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-17 production, significant reduction of fungal burden, and prolongation of survival compared to nonvaccinated mice. This is the first report of an epitope-based vaccine against coccidioidomycosis.
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Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Barger JL, Ragheb S, Fan B, Ouamara N, Johnson TA, Rajasekharan S, Bar-Or A. Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Steinitz KN, van Helden PM, Binder B, Wraith DC, Unterthurner S, Hermann C, Schuster M, Ahmad RU, Weiller M, Lubich C, de la Rosa M, Schwarz HP, Reipert BM. CD4+ T-cell epitopes associated with antibody responses after intravenously and subcutaneously applied human FVIII in humanized hemophilic E17 HLA-DRB1*1501 mice. Blood 2012; 119:4073-82. [PMID: 22394599 PMCID: PMC3986681 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Today it is generally accepted that B cells require cognate interactions with CD4(+) T cells to develop high-affinity antibodies against proteins. CD4(+) T cells recognize peptides (epitopes) presented by MHC class II molecules that are expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Structural features of both the MHC class II molecule and the peptide determine the specificity of CD4(+) T cells that can bind to the MHC class II-peptide complex. We used a new humanized hemophilic mouse model to identify FVIII peptides presented by HLA-DRB1*1501. This model carries a knockout of all murine MHC class II molecules and expresses a chimeric murine-human MHC class II complex that contains the peptide-binding sites of the human HLA-DRB1*1501. When mice were treated with human FVIII, the proportion of mice that developed antibodies depended on the application route of FVIII and the activation state of the innate immune system. We identified 8 FVIII peptide regions that contained CD4(+) T-cell epitopes presented by HLA-DRB1*1501 to CD4(+) T cells during immune responses against FVIII. CD4(+) T-cell responses after intravenous and subcutaneous application of FVIII involved the same immunodominant FVIII epitopes. Interestingly, most of the 8 peptide regions contained promiscuous epitopes that bound to several different HLA-DR proteins in in vitro binding assays.
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25
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Liu G, Muili KA, Agashe VV, Lyons JA. Unique B cell responses in B cell-dependent and B cell-independent EAE. Autoimmunity 2011; 45:199-209. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.616558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Raddassi K, Kent SC, Yang J, Bourcier K, Bradshaw EM, Seyfert-Margolis V, Nepom GT, Kwok WW, Hafler DA. Increased frequencies of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein/MHC class II-binding CD4 cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1039-46. [PMID: 21653833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by infiltration of pathogenic immune cells in the CNS resulting in destruction of the myelin sheath and surrounding axons. We and others have previously measured the frequency of human myelin-reactive T cells in peripheral blood. Using T cell cloning techniques, a modest increase in the frequency of myelin-reactive T cells in patients as compared with control subjects was observed. In this study, we investigated whether myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific T cells could be detected and their frequency was measured using DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109(107E-S)) tetramers in MS subjects and healthy controls expressing HLA class II DRB1*0401. We defined the optimal culture conditions for expansion of MOG-reactive T cells upon MOG peptide stimulation of PMBCs. MOG(97-109)-reactive CD4(+) T cells, isolated with DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109) tetramers, and after a short-term culture of PMBCs with MOG(97-109) peptides, were detected more frequently from patients with MS as compared with healthy controls. T cell clones from single cell cloning of DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109(107E-S)) tetramer(+) cells confirmed that these T cell clones were responsive to both the native and the substituted MOG peptide. These data indicate that autoantigen-specific T cells can be detected and enumerated from the blood of subjects using class II tetramers, and the frequency of MOG(97-109)-reactive T cells is greater in patients with MS as compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8018, USA
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de Almeida DE, Ling S, Holoshitz J. New insights into the functional role of the rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3619-26. [PMID: 21420962 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The shared epitope (SE) - an HLA-DRB1-encoded 5-amino acid sequence motif carried by the vast majority of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients - is a risk factor for severe disease. The mechanistic basis of RA-SE association is unknown. This group has previously demonstrated that the SE acts as a signal transduction ligand that activates nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production. SE-activated signaling depends on cell surface calreticulin, a known innate immunity receptor previously implicated in immune regulation, autoimmunity and angiogenesis. Recent evidence that the SE enhances the polarization of Th17 cells, which is a key mechanism in autoimmunity, is discussed highlighting one of several potential functional effects of the SE in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E de Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, USA
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de Almeida DE, Holoshitz J. MHC molecules in health and disease: At the cusp of a paradigm shift. SELF NONSELF 2011; 2:43-48. [PMID: 21776334 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.1.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Half a century after the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was discovered, its functional roles in health and disease remain poorly understood. Many hallmarks of the MHC, including its unusual evolution, structurefunction properties of its gene products and allele-specific associations with dozens of diseases and health traits cannot be convincingly explained by the tenets of existing paradigms. It is therefore becoming increasingly apparent that in order to better understand MHC-health/disease association-a phenomenon that impacts the health of millions-heterodox ideas are critically needed. Here we propose a testable, novel theory concerning the functional role of MHC molecules in health and disease. At the focus of this theory is an evolutionarily-conserved, tri-dimensional cusp-like prominence ('kink'), found in the midst of one of the two α helices that form the perimeter of the groove of all MHC molecules. Based on structural, functional and evolutionary considerations, as well as our recent experimental data, it is proposed here that the MHC cusp region is enriched in allele-specific signal transduction ligands that interact with non-MHC cell surface receptors and trigger signaling events. Aberrations in these pathways could lead to disease development, or affect the severity of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E de Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical Center; Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Holoshitz J, De Almeida DE, Ling S. A role for calreticulin in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1209:91-8. [PMID: 20958321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) plays a role in the clearance of dying cells and has been implicated in autoimmunity. Recent evidence indicates that cell surface CRT (csCRT) acts as a signal transducing receptor for the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shared epitope (SE). The SE binding site on CRT has been mapped to amino acid residues 217-223 in the P-domain. Upon interaction with dendritic cells (DCs), the SE activates potent immune regulatory events. In CD8α(+) DCs, which express higher abundance of csCRT, the SE inhibits the tolerogenic enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase with resultant inhibition of regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation. In CD8α(-) DCs, the SE ligand increases secretion of IL-6 and IL-23 and facilitates generation of Th17 cells, a T cell subset known to play a role in autoimmunity. On the basis of these recent findings, we discuss the possibility that the csCRT may play a pathogenic role in RA by transducing SE-activated Th17-polarizing signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Holoshitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Strandberg LS, Ambrosi A, Jagodic M, Dzikaite V, Janson P, Khademi M, Salomonsson S, Ottosson L, Klauninger R, Adén U, Sonesson SE, Sunnerhagen M, de Graaf KL, Kuchroo VK, Achour A, Winqvist O, Olsson T, Wahren-Herlenius M. Maternal MHC regulates generation of pathogenic antibodies and fetal MHC-encoded genes determine susceptibility in congenital heart block. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3574-82. [PMID: 20696861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart block develops in fetuses of anti-Ro52 Ab-positive women. A recurrence rate of 20%, despite the persistence of maternal autoantibodies, indicates that there are additional, yet unidentified, factors critical for development of congenital heart block. In this study, we demonstrate that besides the maternal MHC controlling Ab specificity, fetal MHC-encoded genes influence fetal susceptibility to congenital heart block. Using MHC congenic rat strains, we show that heart block develops in rat pups of three strains carrying MHC haplotype RT1(av1) (DA, PVG.AV1, and LEW.AV1) after maternal Ro52 immunization, but not in LEW rats (RT1(l)). Different anti-Ro52 Ab fine specificities were generated in RT1(av1) versus RT1(l) animals. Maternal and fetal influence was determined in an F(2) cross between LEW.AV1 and LEW strains, which revealed higher susceptibility in RT1(l) than RT1(av1) pups once pathogenic Ro52 Abs were present. This was further confirmed in that RT1(l) pups more frequently developed heart block than RT1(av1) pups after passive transfer of RT1(av1) anti-Ro52 sera. Our findings show that generation of pathogenic Ro52 Abs is restricted by maternal MHC, whereas the fetal MHC locus regulates susceptibility and determines the fetal disease outcome in anti-Ro52-positive pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn S Strandberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update progress made between December 2008 and November 2009 on the role of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-shared epitope in the cause and pathogenesis of RA. RECENT FINDINGS New evidence has been recently presented to suggest that noninherited human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) originating through pregnancy or exposure to maternal antigens in utero could contribute to RA development in shared epitope-negative women. An interaction between smoking and shared epitope-coding non-*04 HLA-DRB1 alleles (particularly HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DRB1*10) was formally established for the first time. Progress has been made in determining the relative contributions and the interaction of the shared epitope, PTPN22 and smoking in conferring the risk of anticitrullinated protein antibodies-positive and negative RA. The autoantigen that anticitrullinated protein antibodies recognize in a significant number of RA patients has been identified as citrullinated alpha-enolase and the importance of genetic factors in anticitrullinated protein antibodies-negative RA has been highlighted. Additionally, associations of RA risk with several new genetic markers have been reported. Among them: two new major histocompatibility complex, non-DRB1 loci, a polymorphism marker in major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A, an allele of the Fcgamma receptor, a polymorphism marker in the beta2-adrenergic receptor and a low-inducible allele of the cytochrome P450 subtype 1A2. SUMMARY Although the mechanistic basis of shared epitope-RA association remains an enigma, observations made during the last year shed new light on the conditions in which the shared epitope - alone or in combination with other genes or environmental factors - affects the risk of RA and the phenotype of the disease.
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Francisella tularensis T-cell antigen identification using humanized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:215-22. [PMID: 20016043 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00361-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is no licensed vaccine against the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis. The use of conventional mouse strains to screen protective vaccine antigens may be problematic, given the differences in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding properties between murine and human antigen-presenting cells. We used engineered humanized mice that lack endogenous MHC class II alleles but that express a human HLA allele (HLA-DR4 transgenic [tg] mice) to identify potential subunit vaccine candidates. Specifically, we applied a biochemical and immunological screening approach with bioinformatics to select putative F. tularensis subsp. novicida T-cell-reactive antigens using humanized HLA-DR4 tg mice. Cell wall- and membrane-associated proteins were extracted with Triton X-114 detergent and were separated by fractionation with a Rotofor apparatus and whole-gel elution. A series of proteins were identified from fractions that stimulated antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, and these were further downselected by the use of bioinformatics and HLA-DR4 binding algorithms. We further examined the validity of this combinatorial approach with one of the identified proteins, a 19-kDa Francisella tularensis outer membrane protein (designated Francisella outer membrane protein B [FopB]; FTN_0119). FopB was shown to be a T-cell antigen by a specific IFN-gamma recall assay with purified CD4(+) T cells from F. tularensis subsp. novicida DeltaiglC-primed HLA-DR4 tg mice and cells of a human B-cell line expressing HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) functioning as antigen-presenting cells. Intranasal immunization of HLA-DR4 tg mice with the single antigen FopB conferred significant protection against lethal pulmonary challenge with an F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain. These results demonstrate the value of combining functional biochemical and immunological screening with humanized HLA-DR4 tg mice to map HLA-DR4-restricted Francisella CD4(+) T-cell epitopes.
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Kawamura K, Yao K, Shukaliak-Quandt JA, Huh J, Baig M, Quigley L, Ito N, Necker A, McFarland HF, Muraro PA, Martin R, Ito K. Different development of myelin basic protein agonist- and antagonist-specific human TCR transgenic T cells in the thymus and periphery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5462-72. [PMID: 18832703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells are thought to play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. MBP residues 111-129 compose an immunodominant epitope cluster restricted by HLA-DRB1*0401. The sequence of residues 111-129 of MBP (MBP(111-129)) differs in humans (MBP122:Arg) and mice (MBP122:Lys) at aa 122. We previously found that approximately 50% of human MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Arg)-specific T cell clones, including MS2-3C8 can proliferate in response to mouse MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). However, the other half of T cell clones, including HD4-1C2, cannot proliferate in response to MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). We found that MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys) is an antagonist for HD4-1C2 TCR, therefore, MS2-3C8 and HD4-1C2 TCRs are agonist- and antagonist-specific TCRs in mice, respectively. Therefore, we examined the development of HD4-1C2 TCR and MS2-3C8 TCR transgenic (Tg) T cells in the thymus and periphery. We found that dual TCR expression exclusively facilitates the development of MBP(111-129) TCR Tg T cells in the periphery of HD4-1C2 TCR/HLA-DRB1*0401 Tg mice although it is not required for their development in the thymus. We also found that MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD8(+) T cells develop along with MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) T cells, and that dual TCR expression was crucial for the development of MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. These results suggest that thymic and peripheral development of MBP-specific T cells are different; however, dual TCR expression can facilitate their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kawamura
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kawamura K, McLaughlin KA, Weissert R, Forsthuber TG. Myelin-reactive type B T cells and T cells specific for low-affinity MHC-binding myelin peptides escape tolerance in HLA-DR transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3202-11. [PMID: 18713991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the MHC show the strongest genetic association with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanisms have remained unresolved. In this study, we asked whether the MS-associated MHC class II molecules, HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DRB5*0101, and HLA-DRB1*0401, contribute to autoimmune CNS demyelination by promoting pathogenic T cell responses to human myelin basic protein (hMBP), using three transgenic (Tg) mouse lines expressing these MHC molecules. Unexpectedly, profound T cell tolerance to the high-affinity MHC-binding hMBP82-100 epitope was observed in all Tg mouse lines. T cell tolerance to hMBP82-100 was abolished upon back-crossing the HLA-DR Tg mice to MBP-deficient mice. In contrast, T cell tolerance was incomplete for low-affinity MHC-binding hMBP epitopes. Furthermore, hMBP82-100-specific type B T cells escaped tolerance in HLA-DRB5*0101 Tg mice. Importantly, T cells specific for low-affinity MHC-binding hMBP epitopes and hMBP82-100-specific type B T cells were highly encephalitogenic. Collectively, the results show that MS-associated MHC class II molecules are highly efficient at inducing T cell tolerance to high-affinity MHC-binding epitope, whereas autoreactive T cells specific for the low-affinity MHC-binding epitopes and type B T cells can escape the induction of T cell tolerance and may promote MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kawamura
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
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Greidinger EL, Zang YJ, Jaimes K, Martinez L, Nassiri M, Hoffman RW. CD4+ T cells target epitopes residing within the RNA-binding domain of the U1-70-kDa small nuclear ribonucleoprotein autoantigen and have restricted TCR diversity in an HLA-DR4-transgenic murine model of mixed connective tissue disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8444-54. [PMID: 18523312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic autoimmune disease with significant morbidity and premature mortality of unknown pathogenesis. In the present study, we characterized U1-70-kDa small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (70-kDa) autoantigen-specific T cells in a new murine model of MCTD. These studies defined 70-kDa-reactive T cell Ag fine specificities and TCR gene usage in this model. Similar to patients with MCTD, CD4(+) T cells can be readily identified from 70-kDa/U1-RNA-immunized HLA-DR4-transgenic mice. Using both freshly isolated CD4(+) T cells from spleen and lung, and T cell lines, we found that the majority of these T cells were directed against antigenic peptides residing within the RNA-binding domain of 70 kDa. We also found that TCR-beta (TRB) V usage was highly restricted among 70-kDa-reactive T cells, which selectively used TRBV subgroups 1, 2, 6, 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3, and that the TRB CDR3 had conserved sequence motifs which were shared across different TRBV subgroups. Finally, we found that the TRBV and CDR3 regions used by both murine and human 70-kDa-specific CD4(+) T cells were homologous. Thus, T cell recognition of the 70-kDa autoantigen by HLA-DR4-transgenic mice is focused on a limited number of T cell epitopes residing primarily within the RBD of the molecule, using a restricted number of TRBV and CDR3 motifs that are homologous to T cells isolated from MCTD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Greidinger
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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de Graaf KL, Barth S, Herrmann MM, Storch MK, Wiesmüller KH, Weissert R. Characterization of the encephalitogenic immune response in a model of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:299-308. [PMID: 18050272 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be actively induced with the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG 1-125). MOG-EAE closely mimics multiple sclerosis (MS) especially as far as demyelination, lesion formation and axonal pathology are concerned. MOG 91-108 is the encephalitogenic stretch within MOG 1-125 in two EAE-susceptible MHC congenic LEW rat strains [LEW.1AV1 (RT1(av1)) and LEW.1N (RT1(n))] and DA (RT1(av1)) rats. In LEW.1AV1 rats, disease could be induced with MOG 96-104 and to a lesser extent with MOG 98-106, whereas in LEW.1N rats, only MOG 98-106 was pathogenic. Both peptides bound well to their restricting MHC class II molecules, i.e., RT1.D(n) in the LEW.1N rat and RT1.B(a) in the LEW.1AV1 rat. TCR spectratyping of MOG 91-108 immunized LEW.1N, LEW.1AV1 and DA rats revealed that MHC class II determined the TCRBV preference of CNS infiltrating T cells. The data demonstrate that the most critical factor in inducing MS like pathology is presentation of autoantigenic peptides on MHC class II molecules resulting in demyelination and axonal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien L de Graaf
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of General Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Population studies have shown that among all the genetic factors linked with autoimmune disease development, MHC class II genes on chromosome 6 accounts for majority of familial clustering in the common autoimmune diseases. Despite the highly polymorphic nature of HLA class II genes, majority of autoimmune diseases are linked to a limited set of class II-DR or -DQ alleles. Thus a more detailed study of these HLA-DR and -DQ alleles were needed to understand their role in genetic predisposition and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although in vitro studies using class-II restricted CD4 T cells and purified class II molecules have helped us in understanding some aspects of HLA class-II association with disease, it is difficult to study the role of class II genes in vivo because of heterogeneity of human population, complexity of MHC, and strong linkage disequilibrium among different class II genes. To overcome this problem, we pioneered the generation of HLA-class II transgenic mice to study role of these molecule in inflammatory disease. These HLA class II transgenic mice were used to develop novel in vivo disease model for common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, myasthenia gravis, celiac disease, autoimmune relapsing polychondritis, autoimmune myocarditis, thyroiditis, uveitis, as well as other inflammatory disease such as allergy, tuberculosis and toxic shock syndrome. As the T-cell repertoire in these humanized HLA transgenic mice are shaped by human class II molecules, they show the same HLA restriction as humans, implicate potential triggering mechanism and autoantigens, and identify similar antigenic epitopes seen in human. This review describes the value of these humanized transgenic mice in deciphering role of HLA class II molecules in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Holoshitz J, Ling S. Nitric Oxide Signaling Triggered by the Rheumatoid Arthritis Shared Epitope: A New Paradigm for MHC Disease Association? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:73-83. [PMID: 17911422 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many immune-mediated diseases are associated with particular MHC class I or class II alleles. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA-shared), the vast majority of patients possess HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding a shared epitope, which is a five-amino acid sequence motif in positions 70-74 of the HLA-DRbeta chain. The mechanistic basis for this association is unknown. Here we discuss recent evidence suggesting that the shared epitope may act as an allele-specific ligand that triggers increased nitric oxide (NO) production in opposite cells with resultant immune dysregulation. We propose that by doing that, the RA-shared shared epitope may form an unintended bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, thereby allowing aberrant signaling events that could trigger disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Holoshitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 5520 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0680, USA.
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Ling S, Li Z, Borschukova O, Xiao L, Pumpens P, Holoshitz J. The rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress by antagonizing an adenosine-mediated anti-oxidative pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R5. [PMID: 17254342 PMCID: PMC1865041 DOI: 10.1186/ar2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shared epitope (SE) acts as a ligand that triggers nitric oxide (NO) signaling in opposite cells. Given the known pro-oxidative effect of NO and the proposed role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of RA, this study explores whether SE-triggered signaling can increase cellular oxidative stress. cAMP levels, adenylyl cyclase activity, and protein kinase A activity were measured using commercial kits. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified using the fluorochrome dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Oxidative DNA damage was quantified using the single-cell electrophoresis technique. Here, we report that cells exposed to cell surface SE-positive HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen-DR) molecules, to cell-free recombinant proteins genetically engineered to express the SE motif, or to SE-positive synthetic peptide showed diminished cAMP-dependent signaling, increased ROS levels, and higher vulnerability to oxidative DNA damage. Introduction of single amino acid substitutions into SE-positive peptides revealed a consensus five-amino acid sequence motif of Q/R-K/R-X-X-A that is necessary and sufficient for SE-triggered signaling. The pro-oxidative effect of the SE could be reversed by inhibiting NO production. We conclude that the SE acts as a signaling ligand that activates an NO-mediated pro-oxidative pathway. The potential contribution of this signaling aberration to RA pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 5520 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 5520 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, 11 S. Xizhimen Blvd, Beijing, 100044, The People's Republic of China
| | - Olga Borschukova
- Biomedical Research and Study Center, University of Latvia, Ratsupites 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Liqun Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 5520 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
| | - Paul Pumpens
- Biomedical Research and Study Center, University of Latvia, Ratsupites 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Joseph Holoshitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 5520 MSRB I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
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Greenstein JI. Current concepts of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1248-65. [PMID: 17514718 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease. It poses many challenges both clinically and scientifically. Progress made in understanding the genetics, immunology, and neurobiology of MS to date has positioned the field for further breakthroughs both in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis as well as the development of rationally based therapeutics. This review will cover fundamental aspects of the clinical and pathologic features of MS. Identified genetic markers will be considered as well as the evolving understanding of immunologic and neurobiological aspects of the disease. The development of immune therapy based on this knowledge is already apparent and it is likely that neuroprotective therapies will evolve to complement immune modulation in treating the disease.
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Murthy AK, Cong Y, Murphey C, Guentzel MN, Forsthuber TG, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Chlamydial protease-like activity factor induces protective immunity against genital chlamydial infection in transgenic mice that express the human HLA-DR4 allele. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6722-9. [PMID: 17015458 PMCID: PMC1698050 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01119-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no licensed vaccine available against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease. We have found that intranasal immunization with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) induces CD4(+) T-cell- and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-dependent protective immunity against murine genital chlamydial infection, thus making CPAF a viable vaccine candidate for further characterization. HLA-DR4 is the predominant allele involved in chlamydial antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells in humans. We used engineered mice that lack endogenous major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) alleles but express a human HLA allele (HLA-DR4 transgenic [tg] mice) to examine primary immune and CPAF-mediated responses against genital Chlamydia muridarum challenge. Upon primary bacterial exposure, HLA-DR4 tg mice developed Chlamydia-specific IFN-gamma and antibody production and resolved the infection within 30 days, similar to challenged conventional C57BL/6 animals. Moreover, C. muridarum-challenged HLA-DR4 tg mice exhibited CPAF-specific antibody and IFN-gamma production. Upon CPAF-plus-interleukin-12 (IL-12) vaccination, HLA-DR4 tg animals exhibited robust CPAF-specific IFN-gamma production and elevated titers of anti-CPAF total antibody and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and lower titers of IgG2b and IgG1 antibodies. HLA-DR4 tg and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with CPAF plus IL-12 resolved the primary genital chlamydial infection significantly earlier than mock-immunized animals, whereas similarly vaccinated MHC class II-deficient mice displayed minimal antigen-specific immune responses and failed to resolve the infection even at 30 days postchallenge. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of human HLA-DR4 molecules in the recognition and presentation of CPAF epitopes, leading to the generation of protective antichlamydial immunity and making these mice a valuable model for mapping HLA-DR4-restricted chlamydial epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Herrero-González JE, Brauns O, Egner R, Rönspeck W, Mascaró JM, Jonkman MF, Zillikens D, Sitaru C. Immunoadsorption against two distinct epitopes on human type XVII collagen abolishes dermal-epidermal separation induced in vitro by autoantibodies from pemphigoid gestationis patients. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1039-48. [PMID: 16552711 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by self-reactive T and B cells specific for the transmembrane hemidesmosomal protein type XVII collagen/BP180. Major T and B cell epitopes are located within the immunodominant 16th non-collagenous domain A (NC16A) of type XVII collagen. The aim of the present study was to map the pathogenically relevant epitopes targeted by blister-inducing patients' autoantibodies. For this purpose, we used an in vitro model of autoantibody-induced leukocyte-dependent dermal-epidermal separation. Pre-adsorption against a recombinant form of the NC16A region abolished the blister-inducing potential of autoantibodies from all PG patients. Using overlapping synthetic peptides, we demonstrated that PG autoantibodies bind to two defined epitopes within the NC16A region (aa 500-514 and aa 511-523). Importantly, pre-adsorption using an affinity matrix containing these epitopes completely abolished dermal-epidermal separation induced by PG autoantibodies. This study identifies the epitopes relevant for blister induction in PG and should facilitate the development of an antigen-specific immunoadsorption therapy for this disease.
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Khalil M, Reindl M, Lutterotti A, Kuenz B, Ehling R, Gneiss C, Lackner P, Deisenhammer F, Berger T. Epitope specificity of serum antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: Influence of relapses and immunomodulatory treatments. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 174:147-56. [PMID: 16516980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Only few reports are available on the epitope specificity of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study we provide a precise characterization of the epitope specificity of serum antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of MOG, including IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulin isotypes in 28 relapsing remitting MS patients and report that linear epitopes amino-acid (aa) 37-48 and aa42-53 are immunodominant. Recently experienced relapses intensified the anti-MOG peptide antibody response. Immunomodulatory treatment with interferon-beta or glatiramer-acetate had no major impact on the anti-MOG peptide immunoreactivity after 1 year of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Khalil
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kort JJ, Kawamura K, Fugger L, Weissert R, Forsthuber TG. Efficient presentation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides but not protein by astrocytes from HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 173:23-34. [PMID: 16386804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood. Astrocytes may modulate the activity of pathogenic T cells by presenting myelin antigens in combination with pro- or anti-inflammatory signals. Astrocytes have been shown to present myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) to T cells, but it has remained unresolved whether astrocytes present myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which has been implicated as an important autoantigen in MS. Here, we asked whether astrocytes presented MOG to T cells. To closer model presentation of human MOG by astrocytes in MS patients, we generated astrocytes from transgenic mice expressing the MS-associated MHC class II alleles HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501) and HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401). The results show that IFN-gamma-activated HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR4 expressing astrocytes efficiently presented immunodominant and subdominant MOG peptides to T cells. The hierarchy of the presented MOG epitopes was comparable to that of professional APCs, including dendritic cells and microglia. Importantly, astrocytes were poor at processing and presenting native MOG protein. Furthermore, astrocytes induced a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response in MOG-specific T cells, whereas dendritic cells induced a predominantly Th1 cell response. Collectively, the results suggest that astrocytes may modulate anti-MOG T cell responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Kort
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Ling S, Lai A, Borschukova O, Pumpens P, Holoshitz J. Activation of nitric oxide signaling by the rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3423-32. [PMID: 17075829 DOI: 10.1002/art.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is closely associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding a shared epitope (SE) in positions 70-74 of the HLA-DRbeta chain. The mechanistic basis for this association is unknown. Given the proposed pathogenic role of nitric oxide (NO) in RA, this study was undertaken to examine whether the SE can trigger NO signaling events. METHODS The intracellular levels of NO were measured with the fluorescent NO probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and by the 2,3-diaminonaphthalene method. NO synthase activity was determined by measuring the rate of conversion of radioactive arginine to citrulline. Levels of cGMP were measured with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cytolytic activity of T cells was measured using a standard (51)Cr release assay. RESULTS Lymphoblastoid B cell lines carrying SE-positive HLA-DR alleles displayed a higher rate of spontaneous NO production compared with SE-negative cells. L cell transfectants expressing SE-positive DR molecules on their surface also generated higher levels of NO. Tetrameric HLA-DR molecules containing a DRbeta-chain encoded by the SE-positive DRB1*0401 allele stimulated fibroblast cells to produce higher levels of NO compared with cells stimulated with a control HLA-DR tetramer. Multimeric hepatitis B core proteins engineered to express region 65-79 encoded by the DRB1*0401 allele, but not the same region encoded by the control allele DRB1*0402, stimulated NO production in fibroblasts. Similarly, synthetic 15-mer peptides corresponding to the region 65-79 encoded by SE-positive alleles triggered increased NO levels when incubated with class II major histocompatibility complex-negative cells. The signaling pathway was found to involve NO synthase activation, followed by increased production of cGMP. SE-triggered increased NO levels inhibited cytolytic elimination of target cells. CONCLUSION The SE can trigger NO-mediated signaling events in opposite cells, and may thereby contribute to RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0680, USA
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Burster T, Beck A, Tolosa E, Schnorrer P, Weissert R, Reich M, Kraus M, Kalbacher H, Häring HU, Weber E, Overkleeft H, Driessen C. Differential Processing of Autoantigens in Lysosomes from Human Monocyte-Derived and Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5940-9. [PMID: 16237087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) initiate immunity and maintain tolerance. Although in vitro-generated DC, usually derived from peripheral blood monocytes (MO-DC), serve as prototype DC to analyze the biology and biochemistry of DC, phenotypically distinct primary types of DC, including CD1c-DC, are present in peripheral blood (PB-DC). The composition of lysosomal proteases in PB-DC and the way their MHC class II-associated Ag-processing machinery handles a clinically relevant Ag are unknown. We show that CD1c-DC lack significant amounts of active cathepsins (Cat) S, L, and B as well as the asparagine-specific endopeptidase, the major enzymes believed to mediate MHC class II-associated Ag processing. However, at a functional level, lysosomal extracts from CD1c-DC processed the multiple sclerosis-associated autoantigens myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in vitro more effectively than MO-DC. Although processing was dominated by CatS, CatD, and asparagine-specific endopeptidase in MO-DC, it was dominated by CatG in CD1c-DC. Thus, human MO-DC and PB-DC significantly differ with respect to their repertoire of active endocytic proteases, so that both proteolytic machineries process a given autoantigen via different proteolytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Khare M, Mangalam A, Rodriguez M, David CS. HLA DR and DQ interaction in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA class II transgenic mice. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:1-12. [PMID: 16194572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is shown to be associated with the HLA class II genes. The presence of strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA DR and DQ molecules in humans makes it difficult to identify the individual roles of HLA DR and HLA DQ molecule in MS pathogenesis. To address this problem, we used HLA class II transgenic mice and the experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model. Administration of recombinant MOG (rMOG) induced severe inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of HLA DRB1*1502 mice (60%), whereas no disease was observed in HLA DQB1*0601(0%) and mild disease was observed in DQB1*0302 mice (13%). Lymphocyte proliferation was blocked by anti HLA antibodies, confirming that the rMOG was functionally presented by the HLA molecules. Introduction of DQB1*0302 into DRB1*1502 mice resulted in the development of chronic progressive clinical disease characterized by severe inflammation and demyelination (90%) in response to immunization with rMOG, whereas mild disease was observed when DQB1*0601 was introduced in DRB1*1502 mice (30%). This would suggest that the presence of more than one susceptible allele, namely HLA DRB1*1502 and DQB1*0302 resulted in enhanced severity of disease in the DRB1*1502/DQB1*0302 mice, possibly due to the additional selection and expansion of potential autoreactive T cells. The use of defined single and double HLA transgenic mice may reveal the intricate interactions between class II molecules in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Khare
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Willers J, Lucchese A, Mittelman A, Dummer R, Kanduc D. Definition of anti-tyrosinase MAb T311 linear determinant by proteome-based similarity analysis. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:543-50. [PMID: 15946243 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using non-self discrimination as a driving force in generating peptide immunogenicity, we have developed a computer-assisted proteomic analysis in order to identify the protein antigenic regions that have evoked humoral response. The purpose of this study was to further validate the computational analysis for melanoma-associated antigens and, at the same time, to assess the efficacy of the methodology in defining antigenic regions of autoantigens associated to autoimmune diseases. To achieve this two-fold objective, we have examined the enzyme tyrosinase, a protein that represents an important autoantigen in patients with vitiligo or melanoma. Here, we report that the antigenic linear determinant of the monoclonal antibody (Mab) T311 raised against the melanoma/vitiligo tyrosinase autoantigen is located in the low similarity 15-mer amino acid sequence tyrosinase 233-247 IPYWDWRDAEKCDIC, within the fragment 237-247. These data confirm non-similarity to the host proteome as a factor that participates in shaping peptide immune reactivity and may be a first step towards designing tyrosinase antigenic peptides to be used for (i) direct neutralization of harmful melanocytes-attacking autoantibodies in vitiligo, or (ii) production of antibodies against tyrosinase-positive melanomas. Moreover tyrosinase peptide antigens might be used as key tools in studying the boundaries between self-tolerance and autoimmunity phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Willers
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1400, USA.
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Mangalam AK, Khare M, Krco CJ, Rodriguez M, David CS. Delineation of the minimal encephalitogenic epitope of proteolipid protein peptide(91-110) and critical residues required for induction of EAE in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161:40-8. [PMID: 15748942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide 91-110 can induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in HLA-DR3 transgenic (tg) mice. Here we, report that residues spanning 97-108 are the minimal epitope required for induction of EAE in DR3 mice. Utilizing a series of alanine-substituted peptides, positions 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 106 are identified as residues necessary for an immune response. Further analysis indicated that amino acid isoleucine (99), aspartate (102) and lysine (104) are anchor residues facilitating binding to HLA-DR3 molecules. These results may have applications in the future design of peptide based immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/immunology
- Animals
- Apoproteins/chemistry
- Apoproteins/toxicity
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/toxicity
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1st Street SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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