1
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Möbs C, Jung AL. Extracellular vesicles: Messengers of allergic immune responses and novel therapeutic strategy. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350392. [PMID: 38361213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles released by nearly every cell type across all kingdoms of life. As a result, EVs are ubiquitously present in various human body fluids. Composed of a lipid bilayer, EVs encapsulate proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, thus playing a crucial role in immunity, for example, by enabling intercellular communication. More recently, there has been increasing evidence that EVs can also act as key regulators of allergic immune responses. Their ability to facilitate cell-to-cell contact and to transport a variety of different biomolecules enables active modulation of both innate and adaptive immune processes associated with allergic reactions. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying the interactions among allergens, immune cells, and EVs is imperative to develop innovative strategies for controlling allergic responses. This review highlights the recent roles of host cell- and bacteria-derived EVs in allergic diseases, presenting experimental and clinical evidence that underscores their significance. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of EVs in allergy management is outlined, along with the challenges associated with targeted delivery and cargo stability for clinical use. Optimization of EV composition and targeting strategies holds promise for advancing translational applications and establishing EVs as biomarkers or safe therapeutics for assessing allergic reactions. For these reasons, EVs represent a promising avenue for advancing both our understanding and management of allergic immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Wei J, Zhang L, Xu H, Luo Q. Preterm birth, a consequence of immune deviation mediated hyperinflammation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28483. [PMID: 38689990 PMCID: PMC11059518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth represents a multifaceted syndrome with intricacies still present in our comprehension of its etiology. In the context of a semi-allograft, the prosperity from implantation to pregnancy to delivery hinges on the establishment of a favorable maternal-fetal immune microenvironment and a successful trilogy of immune activation, immune tolerance and then immune activation transitions. The occurrence of spontaneous preterm birth could be related to abnormalities within the immune trilogy, stemming from deviation in maternal and fetal immunity. These immune deviations, characterized by insufficient immune tolerance and early immune activation, ultimately culminated in an unsustainable pregnancy. In this review, we accentuated the role of both innate and adaptive immune reason in promoting spontaneous preterm birth, reviewed the risk of preterm birth from vaginal microbiome mediated by immune changes and the potential of vaginal microbiomes and metabolites as a new predictive marker, and discuss the changes in the role of progesterone and its interaction with immune cells in a preterm birth population. Our objective was to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field, shedding light on the immunologic reason of spontaneous preterm birth and effective biomarkers for early prediction, providing a roadmap for forthcoming investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, China
| | - LiYuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, China
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3
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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4
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Bhilare KD, Jawalagatti V, Alam MJ, Chen B, Kim B, Lee JH, Kim JH. Immune response following safer administration of recombinant Salmonella Typhimurium harboring ASFV antigens in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110596. [PMID: 37119725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a contagious epizootic pathogen adversely affecting porcine industry in Asian and European countries. Till date, 8 serotypes and 24 genotypes of the virus have been reported. Few live attenuated virus vaccine studies have reported to provide complete protection against ASFV infection but biohazard concern still remain. Recombinant subunit antigens are capable of providing cellular and humoral immunity in porcine, but not a single vaccine has hit the market yet. In the present study, we attempted to use recombinant Salmonella Typhimurium JOL912 strain harboring ASFV antigens (rSal-ASFV) to investigate its immunostimulant effect in porcine. Post intramuscular administration, we observed significant increment in the levels of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and immunoglobulin (i.e. IgG, IgA, and IgM) levels in rSal-ASFV treated groups. Further RT-PCR analysis indicated the increased expression of MHC-I, MHC-II, CD80/86, NK cell receptors (NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46) and cytokines while ELIspot analysis revealed significant production of IFN-γ in rSal-ASFV treated groups. Taken together, we are able to demonstrate that rSal-ASFV could elicit a non-specific cellular as well as humoral immune response. However, additional antigen specific immunity data is needed to evaluate its efficacy. Intramuscular administration of rSal-ASFV was found to be safe and immunostimulant in nature without any side-effects and may serve as an excellent option for in-vivo antigen delivery in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran D Bhilare
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Jawalagatti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Baicheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city Pincode-54596, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Ghorbani A, Khataeipour SJ, Solbakken MH, Huebert DNG, Khoddami M, Eslamloo K, Collins C, Hori T, Jentoft S, Rise ML, Larijani M. Ancestral reconstruction reveals catalytic inactivation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase concomitant with cold water adaption in the Gadiformes bony fish. BMC Biol 2022; 20:293. [PMID: 36575514 PMCID: PMC9795746 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody affinity maturation in vertebrates requires the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) which initiates secondary antibody diversification by mutating the immunoglobulin loci. AID-driven antibody diversification is conserved across jawed vertebrates since bony and cartilaginous fish. Two exceptions have recently been reported, the Pipefish and Anglerfish, in which the AID-encoding aicda gene has been lost. Both cases are associated with unusual reproductive behavior, including male pregnancy and sexual parasitism. Several cold water fish in the Atlantic cod (Gadinae) family carry an aicda gene that encodes for a full-length enzyme but lack affinity-matured antibodies and rely on antibodies of broad antigenic specificity. Hence, we examined the functionality of their AID. RESULTS By combining genomics, transcriptomics, immune responsiveness, and functional enzymology of AID from 36 extant species, we demonstrate that AID of that Atlantic cod and related fish have extremely lethargic or no catalytic activity. Through ancestral reconstruction and functional enzymology of 71 AID enzymes, we show that this enzymatic inactivation likely took place relatively recently at the emergence of the true cod family (Gadidae) from their ancestral Gadiformes order. We show that this AID inactivation is not only concordant with the previously shown loss of key adaptive immune genes and expansion of innate and cell-based immune genes in the Gadiformes but is further reflected in the genomes of these fish in the form of loss of AID-favored sequence motifs in their immunoglobulin variable region genes. CONCLUSIONS Recent demonstrations of the loss of the aicda gene in two fish species challenge the paradigm that AID-driven secondary antibody diversification is absolutely conserved in jawed vertebrates. These species have unusual reproductive behaviors forming an evolutionary pressure for a certain loss of immunity to avoid tissue rejection. We report here an instance of catalytic inactivation and functional loss of AID rather than gene loss in a conventionally reproducing vertebrate. Our data suggest that an expanded innate immunity, in addition to lower pathogenic pressures in a cold environment relieved the pressure to maintain robust secondary antibody diversification. We suggest that in this unique scenario, the AID-mediated collateral genome-wide damage would form an evolutionary pressure to lose AID function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada ,grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - S. Javad Khataeipour
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Monica H. Solbakken
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David N. G. Huebert
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada ,grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Minasadat Khoddami
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Cassandra Collins
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Tiago Hori
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada ,grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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6
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Shiraki K, Sato N, Sakai K, Matsumoto S, Kaszynski RH, Takemoto M. Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108121. [PMID: 35121001 PMCID: PMC8806403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at significantly lower concentrations than the plasma trough levels achieved by the dosage adopted for influenza treatment and exhibits efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Although high doses of favipiravir are required due to the molecule being a purine analog, its conversion into the active form in infected cells with active viral RNA synthesis enhances the antiviral specificity and selectivity as a chain terminator with lethal mutagenesis. Another characteristic feature is the lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant virus. COVID-19 pneumonia is caused by strong cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells, and the inflammatory response induced by adaptive immunity continues to peak for 3 to 5 days despite antiviral treatment. This has also been observed in herpes zoster (HZ) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Inflammation due to an immune response may mask the effectiveness of favipiravir against COVID-19 pneumonia. Favipiravir significantly shortened the recovery time in patients with mild COVID-19 pneumonia by 3 days with the start of treatment by the 5th day of symptom onset. Since both CMV and COVID-19 pneumonia are caused by adaptive immunity and prevention of cytomegalovirus pneumonia is the standard treatment due to difficulties in treating refractory CMV pneumonia, COVID-19 pneumonia should be prevented with early treatment as well. In the present study, we have comprehensively reviewed the optimal antiviral therapy for COVID-19 based on clinical trials of favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia and the concurrently established therapies for other viral infections, particularly HZ and CMV pneumonia. Optimally, antivirals should be administered immediately after COVID-19 diagnosis, similar to that after influenza diagnosis, to prevent COVID-19 pneumonia and complications resulting from microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Sato
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Richard H Kaszynski
- Stanford Solutions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength and longevity of immune responses but may also influence the type of response. In this chapter, we review the adjuvants that are available for use in human vaccines, such as alum, MF59, AS03, and AS01. We extensively discuss their composition, characteristics, mechanism of action, and effects on the immune system. Additionally, we summarize recent trends in adjuvant discovery, providing a brief overview of saponins, TLRs agonists, polysaccharides, nanoparticles, cytokines, and mucosal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrhana Ziana Firdaus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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8
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Rahabi M, Salon M, Bruno-Bonnet C, Prat M, Jacquemin G, Benmoussa K, Alaeddine M, Parny M, Bernad J, Bertrand B, Auffret Y, Robert-Jolimaître P, Alric L, Authier H, Coste A. Bioactive fish collagen peptides weaken intestinal inflammation by orienting colonic macrophages phenotype through mannose receptor activation. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2051-2066. [PMID: 34999930 PMCID: PMC9106617 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Particular interest is now given to the potential of dietary supplements as alternative non-pharmacological approaches in intestinal inflammation handling. In this aim, this study evaluates the efficiency of fish collagen peptides, Naticol®Gut, on colonic inflammation. METHODS Wild type and Mannose receptor-deficient in the myeloid lineage C57BL/6 mice were administered with Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS), Naticol®Gut, DSS, and Naticol®Gut or only water for 4 or 8 days. Inflammatory status was evaluated by establishing macroscopic and microscopic scores, by measuring cytokine and calprotectin production by ELISA and the myeloperoxidase activity by chemiluminescence. Colonic macrophages were phenotyped by measuring mRNA levels of specific markers of inflammation and oxidative status. Colonic immune populations and T-cell activation profiles were determined by flow cytometry. Mucosa-associated gut microbiota assessment was undertaken by qPCR. The phenotype of human blood monocytes from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subjects was characterized by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry and their oxidative activity by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Naticol®Gut-treated DSS mice showed attenuated colonic inflammation compared to mice that were only exposed to DSS. Naticol®Gut activity was displayed through its ability to orient the polarization of colonic macrophage towards an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant phenotype after its recognition by the mannose receptor. Subsequently, Naticol®Gut delivery modulated CD4 T cells in favor of a Th2 response and dampened CD8 T-cell activation. This immunomodulation resulted in an intestinal eubiosis. In human monocytes from IBD subjects, the treatment with Naticol®Gut also restored an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant phenotype. CONCLUSION Naticol®Gut acts as a protective agent against colitis appearing as a new functional food and an innovative and complementary approach in gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Rahabi
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Weishardt International, Rond-Point Georges Jolimaître, BP 259, 81305, Graulhet, France
| | - Marie Salon
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Weishardt International, Rond-Point Georges Jolimaître, BP 259, 81305, Graulhet, France
| | | | - Mélissa Prat
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Godefroy Jacquemin
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Khaddouj Benmoussa
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamad Alaeddine
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélissa Parny
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - José Bernad
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bénédicte Bertrand
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Auffret
- Weishardt International, Rond-Point Georges Jolimaître, BP 259, 81305, Graulhet, France
| | | | - Laurent Alric
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Pôle Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Authier
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Coste
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France. .,RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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9
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Lai V, Neshat SY, Rakoski A, Pitingolo J, Doloff JC. Drug delivery strategies in maximizing anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113920. [PMID: 34384826 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to elicit anti-tumor immune response and block tumor angiogenesis distinct from that observed with maximal tolerated dose (MTD) therapy. This review delves into the mechanisms behind anti-tumor immunity and seeks to identify the differential effect of dosing regimens, including daily low-dose and medium-dose intermittent chemotherapy (MEDIC), on both innate and adaptive immune populations involved in observed anti-tumor immune response. Given reports of VEGF/VEGFR blockade antagonizing anti-tumor immunity, drug choice, dose, and selective delivery determined by advanced formulations/vehicles are highlighted as potential sources of innovation for identifying anti-angiogenic modalities that may be combined with metronomic regimens without interrupting key immune players in the anti-tumor response. Engineered drug delivery mechanisms that exhibit extended and local release of anti-angiogenic agents both alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic treatments have also been demonstrated to elicit a potent and potentially systemic anti-tumor immune response, favoring tumor regression and stasis over progression. This review examines this interplay between various cancer models, the host immune response, and select anti-cancer agents depending on drug dosing, scheduling/regimen, and delivery modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Y Neshat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amanda Rakoski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Pitingolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joshua C Doloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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10
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Human genetic polymorphisms and risk of viral infection after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2021; 36:100669. [PMID: 34688126 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2021.100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the host defense against viral pathogens. A signaling cascade is activated upon infection involving a variety of molecules such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), interleukins or antiviral interferons. Long-term immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation (SOT) mainly abrogates adaptive T-cell-mediated responses, thus highlighting the relative contribution of innate immunity. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes coding for PRRs or soluble mediators have been associated with differential susceptibility to viral infections among SOT recipients. A protective effect against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or disease has been attributed to certain SNPs in TLR9 or IFNL3 genes, whereas the opposite effect has been attributed to genetic polymorphisms in TLR2, MBL2, DC-SIGN, IL10 or IFNG. The presence of SNPs in other molecules not directly involved in innate or adaptive immune responses such as aquaporins or pregnane X appear to modulate the risk of CMV or BK polyomavirus infection, respectively. Little information is available on the genetic determinants of the post-transplant susceptibility to herpesviruses causing clinical infection (herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus) or the replication kinetics of components of the human blood virome used as immune surrogates (Torque teno virus). The present review critically summarizes the current knowledge on how SNP genotyping would be useful to stratify SOT recipients according to the individual risk of viral infection and proposes next research steps. Genetic susceptibility testing may improve personalized medicine and contribute to minimize the risk of viral infection after SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical students find immunology difficult to understand and relate to clinically and are often frustrated by the amount of detailed material. We created PRIME Immunology: Preview or Review of Important Material for Everyone: (i) video modules, (ii) Instagram site, and (iii) vocabulary files called Immunology Language. METHODS The self-paced modules introduced key topics in immunology for students to complete prior to their instructional block. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Use of PRIME Immunology during a 3-year period suggested that providing students with an overview of key topics before the start of their course may (i) reduce student angst about immunology and (ii) improve retention of immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra G. Tomasi
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Mayo Clinic General Internal Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Thomas Belhorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, NC Chapel Hill, 27599 USA
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12
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Bates FA, Duncan EH, Simmons M, Robinson T, Samineni S, Strbo N, Villasante E, Bergmann-Leitner E, Wijayalath W. Exposure-related, global alterations in innate and adaptive immunity; a consideration for re-use of non-human primates in research. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10955. [PMID: 33732548 PMCID: PMC7950202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-human primates (NHPs) play an important role in biomedical research, where they are often being re-used in multiple research studies over the course of their life-time. Researchers employ various study-specific screening criteria to reduce potential variables associated with subsequent re-use of NHPs. However, criteria set for NHP re-assignments largely neglect the impact of previous exposures on overall biology. Since the immune system is a key determinant of overall biological outcome, an altered biological state could be predicted by monitoring global changes in the immune profile. We postulate that every different exposure or a condition can generate a unique global immune profile in NHPs. Methods Changes in the global immune profile were evaluated in three different groups of rhesus macaques previously enrolled in dengue or malaria vaccine studies over six months after their last exposure. Naïve animals served as the baseline. Fresh blood samples were stained with various immune cell surface markers and analyzed by multi-color flow-cytometry to study immune cell dynamics in the peripheral blood. Serum cytokine profile in the pre-exposed animals were analyzed by mesoscale assay using a customized U-PLEX NHP biomarker panel of 12 cytokines/chemokines. Results Pre-exposed macaques showed altered dynamics in circulating cytokines and certain innate and adaptive immune cell subsets such as monocytes, HLA-DR+NKT cells, B cells and T cells. Some of these changes were transient, while some lasted for more than six months. Each group seemed to develop a global immune profile unique to their particular exposure. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that re-used NHPs should be evaluated for long-term, overall immunological changes and randomly assigned to new studies to avoid study bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- François A Bates
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H Duncan
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Monika Simmons
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Tanisha Robinson
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Samineni
- Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America.,SoBran, Inc, Falls Church, VA, United States of America
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Wathsala Wijayalath
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America.,CAMRIS International, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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13
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Abstract
The cancer tissue exists not as a single entity, but as a combination of different cellular phenotypes which, taken together, dramatically contribute to the entirety of their ecosystem, collectively termed as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is composed of both immune and nonimmune cell types, stromal components, and vasculature-all of which cooperate to promote cancer progression. Not all immune cells, however, are immune-suppressive; some of them can promote the immune microenvironment to fight the invading and uncontrollably dividing cell populations at the initial stages of tumor growth. Yet, many of these processes and cellular phenotypes fall short, and the immune ecosystem more often than not ends up stabilizing in favor of the "resistant" resident cells that begin clonal expansion and may progress to metastatic forms. Stromal components, making up the extracellular matrix and basement membrane, are also not the most innocuous: CAFs embedded throughout secrete proteases that allow the onset of one of the most invasive processes-angiogenesis-through destruction of the ECM and the basement membrane. Vasculature formation, because of angiogenesis, is the largest invader of the TME and the reason metastasis happens. Vasculature is so sporadic and omnipresent in the TME that most drug therapies are mainly focused on stopping this uncontrollable process. As the tumor continues to grow, different processes are constantly supplying it with the ingredients favorable for tumor progression and eventual metastasis. For example, angiogenesis promotes blood vessel formation that will allow the bona fide escape of tumor cells to take place. Another process like hypoxia will present itself in several forms throughout the tumor (mild or acute, cycling or permanent), starting mechanisms such as epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) of resident cells and inadvertently placing the cells in such a stressful condition that production of ROS and DNA damage is unavoidable. DNA damage can induce mutagenicity while allowing resistant cells to survive. This is where drugs and treatments can subsequently suffer in effectiveness. Finally, another molecule has just surfaced as being a very important player in the TME: nitric oxide. Often overlooked and equated with ROS and initially assigned in the category of pathogenic molecules, nitric oxide can definitely do some damage by causing metabolic reprogramming and promotion of immunosuppressive phenotypes at low concentrations. However, its actions seem to be extremely dose-dependent, and this issue has become a hot target of current treatment goals. Shockingly, nitric oxide, although omnipresent in the TME, can have a positive effect on targeting the TME broadly. Thus, while the TME is a myriad of cellular phenotypes and a combination of different tumor-promoting processes, each process is interconnected into one whole: the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vedenko
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kush Panara
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella Goldstein
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Himanshu Arora
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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14
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Mohammad S, Aziz R, Al Mahri S, Malik SS, Haji E, Khan AH, Khatlani TS, Bouchama A. Obesity and COVID-19: what makes obese host so vulnerable? Immun Ageing 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33390183 PMCID: PMC7779330 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease (COVID-19) novel coronavirus pandemic has so far infected millions resulting in the death of over a million people as of Oct 2020. More than 90% of those infected with COVID-19 show mild or no symptoms but the rest of the infected cases show severe symptoms resulting in significant mortality. Age has emerged as a major factor to predict the severity of the disease and mortality rates are significantly higher in elderly patients. Besides, patients with underlying conditions like Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer have an increased risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19 infection. Obesity has emerged as a novel risk factor for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19. Several independent studies have observed that people with obesity are at a greater risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Here we review the published data related to obesity and overweight to assess the possible risk and outcome in Covid-19 patients based on their body weight. Besides, we explore how the obese host provides a unique microenvironment for disease pathogenesis, resulting in increased severity of the disease and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Mohammad
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rafia Aziz
- Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Kashmir, India
| | - Saeed Al Mahri
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuja Shafi Malik
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa Haji
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Husain Khan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Saleem Khatlani
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Stem Cells Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences--MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences-MNGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Abstract
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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16
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Huertas A, Tu L, Humbert M, Guignabert C. Chronic inflammation within the vascular wall in pulmonary arterial hypertension: more than a spectator. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:885-893. [PMID: 31813986 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review seeks to provide an update of preclinical findings and available clinical data on the chronic persistent inflammation and its direct role on the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progression. We reviewed the different mechanisms by which the inflammatory and immune pathways contribute to the structural and functional changes occurring in the three vascular compartments: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. We also discussed how these inflammatory mediator changes may serve as a biomarker of the PAH progression and summarize unanswered questions and opportunities for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Huertas
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133, Avenue de la Résistance; 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133, Avenue de la Résistance; 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133, Avenue de la Résistance; 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133, Avenue de la Résistance; 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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17
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Bahari A, Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi I, Koolivand D. Kefiran ameliorates malfunctions in primary and functional immune cells caused by lipopolysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:619-624. [PMID: 33007323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kefiran is a water-soluble polysaccharide well recognized as a bioactive ingredient to enhance nutritional and health-promoting features. Also, some therapeutic properties have made this macromolecule an active ingredient in ointments and oral anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the details of the molecular and cellular aspects of these effects have not been addressed. In this study, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced monocytes, lymphocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) as representative cells for both innate and adaptive immunity were treated with kefiran for 2 h. Kefiran had an anti-inflammatory effect on monocytes to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) & tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kb). However, it did not affect lymphocytes. Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in LPS-induced cells was not reduced after kefiran treatment. Kefiran balanced MDDCs secretion of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines by reducing and enhancing the expression of IL-1β and interleukin 10 (IL-10), respectively. Also, kefiran decreased the number of apoptotic immature MDDCs and promoted dose-dependent phagocytosis capacity of MDDCs. According to the results of the current study, it may be concluded that the immunomodulatory effects of kefiran are due to antagonist against innate immune receptors especially TLR4. The results of this study can be used as a guide to developing kefiran-based non-aggressive anti-inflammatory drugs. Furthermore, understanding the immunobiological effects of kefiran on monocytes and lymphocytes was another outcome of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Bahari
- Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Iman Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Davoud Koolivand
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
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18
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Steele EJ, Gorczynski RM, Lindley RA, Liu Y, Temple R, Tokoro G, Wickramasinghe DT, Wickramasinghe NC. The efficient Lamarckian spread of life in the cosmos. Adv Genet 2020; 106:21-43. [PMID: 33081924 PMCID: PMC7340397 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this Chapter we discuss the various mechanisms that are available for the possible transfer of cosmic microbial living systems from one cosmic habitat to another. With the 100 or so habitable planets that are now known to exist in our galaxy alone transfers of cometary dust carrying life including fragments of icy planetoids/asteroids would be expected to occur on a routine basis. It is thus easy to view the galaxy as a single connected "biosphere" of which our planet Earth is a minor component. The Hoyle-Wickramasinghe Panspermia paradigm provides a cogent biological rationale for the actual widespread existence of Lamarckian modes of inheritance in terrestrial systems (which we review here). Thus the Panspermia paradigm provides the raison d'etre for Lamarckian Inheritance. Under a terrestrially confined neoDarwinian viewpoint such an association may have been thought spurious in the past. Our aim here is to outline the main evidence for rapid terrestrial-based Lamarckian-based evolutionary hypermutation processes dependent on reverse transcription-coupled mechanisms among others. Such rapid adaptation mechanisms would be consistent with the effective cosmic spread of living systems. For example, a viable, or cryo-preserved, living system traveling through space in a protective matrix will of necessity need to adapt rapidly and proliferate on landing in a new cosmic niche. Lamarckian mechanisms thus come to the fore and supersede the slow (blind and random) genetic processes expected under neoDarwinian Earth centred theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Steele
- C.Y.O'Connor ERADE Village Foundation, Piara Waters, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Astrobiology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka; Melville Analytics Pty Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Robyn A Lindley
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; GMDx Group Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Robert Temple
- The History of Chinese Science and Culture Foundation, Conway Hall, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gensuke Tokoro
- Institute for the Study of Panspermia and Astroeconomics, Gifu, Japan
| | - Dayal T Wickramasinghe
- College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - N Chandra Wickramasinghe
- Centre for Astrobiology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka; Institute for the Study of Panspermia and Astroeconomics, Gifu, Japan; University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
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19
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Baganha F, de Jong A, Jukema JW, Quax PHA, de Vries MR. The Role of Immunomodulation in Vein Graft Remodeling and Failure. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:100-109. [PMID: 32542547 PMCID: PMC7892738 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive arterial disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Venous bypass graft surgery is one of the most frequently used revascularization strategies despite its considerable short and long time failure rate. Due to vessel wall remodeling, inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and accelerated atherosclerosis, vein grafts may (ultimately) fail to revascularize tissues downstream to occlusive atherosclerotic lesions. In the past decades, little has changed in the prevention of vein graft failure (VGF) although new insights in the role of innate and adaptive immunity in VGF have emerged. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of VGF, emphasizing the role of immune response and associated factors related to VG remodeling and failure. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic options that can improve patency based on data from both preclinical studies and the latest clinical trials. This review contributes to the insights in the role of immunomodulation in vein graft failure in humans. We describe the effects of immune cells and related factors in early (thrombosis), intermediate (inward remodeling and intimal hyperplasia), and late (intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis) failure based on both preclinical (mouse) models and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Baganha
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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20
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Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Ghimire S, Han Y, Schrock J, Dhakal S, Patil V, Krakowka S, Renukaradhya GJ. Poly(I:C) augments inactivated influenza virus-chitosan nanovaccine induced cell mediated immune response in pigs vaccinated intranasally. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108611. [PMID: 32122615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To improve the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by a killed/inactivated swine influenza virus antigen (KAg)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs-KAg), we used the adjuvant, poly(I:C). The formulated CS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-poly(I:C) had a net surface charge of +30.7 mV and +25.1 mV, respectively. The CS NPs-KAg was coadministered with CS NPs-poly(I:C) (chitosan nanovaccine) as intranasal mist. Vaccinations enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10) and heterologous (H1N1-OH7) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in both vaccinated and virus-challenged animals compared to the control soluble poly(I:C) vaccinated pigs. In addition, the chitosan nanovaccine induced the proliferation of antigen-specific IFNγ secreting T-helper/memory and γδ T cells compared to control poly(I:C) group; and an increased Th1 (IFNγ, IL-6 and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines mRNA expression in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes compared to lymphoid tissues obtained from pigs given commercial influenza vaccine. The virus load in nasal passages and microscopic lung lesions were partially reduced by both chitosan nanovaccine and commercial vaccine. The HA gene homology between the vaccine and challenge viruses indicated that the chitosan nanovaccine induced a cross-protective immune response. In conclusion, coadministration of CS NPs-poly(I:C) with CS NPs-KAg augmented the cross-reactive specific HI titers and the cell-mediated immune responses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Steven Krakowka
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Hoseinifar SH, Gokul E. Study the immunomodulation of anthracenedione in striped dwarf catfish, Mystus vittatus against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 95:117-127. [PMID: 31629810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracenedione is a derivative of anthraquinone aromatic organic natural pigments found in senna, aloe latex, rhubarb, cascara, lichens, and fungi having broad range of bioactivity, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-viral activities suggesting potential for clinical purpose of many diseases. The effect of anthracenedione enriched diet on growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune parameters as well as protection from Aeromonas hydrophila in Mystus vittatus was reported. The weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly increased in uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. The red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) count and the percentage of lymphocytes were significantly augmented in both infected and uninfected groups feeding with any diet. The percentage of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and the biochemical profile such as total protein, albumin, and globulin also were significantly increased in the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 enriched diet. The innate and adaptive immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, immunoglobulin M (IgM), respiratory burst activity, complement activity, and lysozyme activity were significantly increased in uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 or 10 mg kg-1 diets but not with 1 mg kg-1 diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is significantly increased in the uninfected and infected fish fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet but the increase was not significantly observed in 1 or 10 mg kg-1 diets. The nitric oxide (NO) production is significantly elevated in both uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. On the other hand, the lymphocyte proliferation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly increased the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 diets. The cumulative mortality was found 5% with 1 and 5 mg kg-1 diet groups while it was observed 10% mortality with 10 mg kg-1 diet group. Based on the results, it is observed that feeding the uninfected and infected groups with 5 mg kg-1 anthracenedione diet resulted in better improvement of growth, hematological, biochemical, and innate as well as adaptive immune parameters in M. vittatus against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Elumalai Gokul
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Lourou N, Gavriilidis M, Kontoyiannis DL. Lessons from studying the AU-rich elements in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102334. [PMID: 31604649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AU-rich elements (AREs) comprise one of the most widely studied families of regulatory RNA structures met in RNAs engaged in complex immunological reactions. A multitude of genetic, molecular, holistic and functional studies have been utilized for the analyses of the AREs and their interactions to proteins that bind to them. Data stemming from these studies brought forth a world of RNA-related check-points against infection, chronic inflammation, tumor associated immunity, and autoimmunity; and the interest to capitalize the interactions of AREs for clinical management and therapy. They also provided lessons on the cellular capabilities of post-transcriptional control. Originally thought as transcript-restricted regulators of turnover and translation, ARE-binding proteins do in fact harbor great versatility and interactivity across nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments; and act as functional coordinators of immune-cellular programs. Harnessing these deterministic functions requires extensive knowledge of their synergies or antagonisms at a cell-specific level; but holds great promise since it can provide the efficacy of combinatorial therapies with single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Lourou
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maxim Gavriilidis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece
| | - Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece.
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23
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Marzagalli M, Ebelt ND, Manuel ER. Unraveling the crosstalk between melanoma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:236-50. [PMID: 31404607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most common skin cancer with an incidence that has been rapidly increasing in the past decades. Melanomas are among the most immunogenic tumors and, as such, have the greatest potential to respond favorably to immunotherapy. However, like many cancers, melanomas acquire various suppressive mechanisms, which generally act in concert, to escape innate and adaptive immune detection and destruction. Intense research into the cellular and molecular events associated with melanomagenesis, which ultimately lead to immune suppression, has resulted in the discovery of new therapeutic targets and synergistic combinations of immunotherapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. Tremendous effort to determine efficacy of single and combination therapies in pre-clinical and clinical phase I-III trials has led to FDA-approval of several immunotherapeutic agents that could potentially be beneficial for aggressive, highly refractory, advanced and metastatic melanomas. The increasing availability of approved combination therapies for melanoma and more rapid assessment of patient tumors has increased the feasibility of personalized treatment to overcome patient and tumor heterogeneity and to achieve greater clinical benefit. Here, we review the evolution of the immune system during melanomagenesis, mechanisms exploited by melanoma to suppress anti-tumor immunity and methods that have been developed to restore immunity. We emphasize that an effective therapeutic strategy will require coordinate activation of tumor-specific immunity as well as increased recognition and accessibility of melanoma cells in primary tumors and distal metastases. This review integrates available knowledge on melanoma-specific immunity, molecular signaling pathways and molecular targeting strategies that could be utilized to envision therapeutics with broader application and greater efficacy for early stage and advanced metastatic melanoma.
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Prenen H, Mazzone M. Tumor-associated macrophages: a short compendium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1447-1458. [PMID: 30747250 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in tissue development and homeostasis. They serve as a nexus between adaptive and innate immunity, and employ considerable plasticity. In cancer, they play a pivotal role in chronic inflammation and tumor growth either by directly stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells or by producing angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Although numerous immune cells play an important role in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are by far the most extensively studied. A better understanding of the role of TAMs in mediating chemo- and radiotherapy resistance and suppressing immunosurveillance has led to numerous strategies targeting TAMs as an anticancer therapy either by targeting them directly or by polarizing TAMs toward a tumoricidal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Prenen
- Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. .,Center for Oncological Research, Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) including brain and spinal cord remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the secondary and persistent injury versus the primary and transient injury has been drawing extensive attention for study during the past few decades. The sterile neuroinflammation during the secondary phase of injury has been frequently identified substrate underlying CNS injury, but as of now, no conclusive studies have determined whether this is a beneficial or detrimental role in the context of repair. Recent pioneering studies have demonstrated the key roles for the innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and CNS repair. Some promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been recently developed for the treatment of CNS injury. This review updates the recent progress on elucidating the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of CNS injury, the development and characterization of potential immunotherapeutics, as well as outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
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Papin J, Brennand A, Arbore G, Hohenstein B, Kamvissi V, Kemper C, Bornstein SR. Dysregulation of the CD4 + T cells lineage differentiation in dyslipidemic patients and impact of lipoprotein-apheresis treatment: A case study. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2017; 30:238-245. [PMID: 29096844 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lipoprotein-apheresis (LA) is a therapeutic approach used against severe forms of dyslipidemia in patients who are non-responders or intolerant to pharmacological treatments. However, little is known about the potential pleiotropic effects of LA, particularly regarding the immune system and its regulation. Thus, in an attempt to analyse the potential effects of dyslipidemia and LA on the regulation of CD4+ T cells activation and lineage differentiation, we compared the CD4+ T cells cytokines secretion profiles of dyslipidemic patients before and after LA with the profiles observed in healthy donors. METHODS CD4+ T cells were isolated from 5 LA patients and 5 healthy donors and activated with anti-CD3 or anti-CD3 + anti-CD46 antibodies. The supernatants were collected after 36 h incubation and levels of secreted cytokines analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results revealed a deep remodelling of CD4+ T cells cytokines secretion patterns in dyslipidemic patients compared to healthy donors, as reflected by a 15 times higher IFN-γ secretion rate after CD3 + CD46 co-activation in dyslipidemic patients after LA compared to healthy subjects and 8 times higher after CD3 activation alone (p = 0.0187 and p = 0.0118 respectively). Moreover, we demonstrated that LA itself also modifies the phenotype and activation pattern of CD4+ T-cells in dyslipidemic patients. CONCLUSION These observations could be of fundamental importance in the improvement of LA columns/systems engineering and in developing new therapeutic approaches regarding dyslipidemia and associated pathologies such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Papin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - A Brennand
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Arbore
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - B Hohenstein
- Nephrological Center Villingen-Schwenningen, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 6, 78052, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Kamvissi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Kemper
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
For decades, immunologists have considered the complement system as a paradigm of a proteolytic cascade that, acting cooperatively with the immune system, enhances host defense against infectious organisms. In recent years, advances made in thrombosis research disclosed a functional link between activated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelet-driven thrombogenesis. Forging a physical barrier, the fibrin scaffolds generated by synergism between the extrinsic and intrinsic (contact) pathways of coagulation entrap microbes within microvessels, limiting the systemic spread of infection while enhancing the clearance of pathogens by activated leukocytes. Insight from mice models of thrombosis linked fibrin formation via the intrinsic pathway to the autoactivation of factor XII (FXII) by negatively charged "contact" substances, such as platelet-derived polyphosphates and DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Following cleavage by FXIIa, activated plasma kallikrein (PK) initiates inflammation by liberating the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) from an internal domain of high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Acting as a paracrine mediator, BK induces vasodilation and increases microvascular permeability via activation of endothelial B2R, a constitutively expressed subtype of kinin receptor. During infection, neutrophil-driven extravasation of plasma fuels inflammation via extravascular activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Whether liberated by plasma-borne PK, tissue kallikrein, and/or microbial-derived proteases, the short-lived kinins activate immature dendritic cells via B2R, thus linking the infection-associated innate immunity/inflammation to the adaptive arm of immunity. As inflammation persists, a GPI-linked carboxypeptidase M removes the C-terminal arginine from the primary kinin, converting the B2R agonist into a high-affinity ligand for B1R, a GPCR subtype that is transcriptionally upregulated in injured/inflamed tissues. As reviewed here, lessons taken from studies of kinin receptor function in experimental infections have shed light on the complex proteolytic circuits that, acting at the endothelial interface, reciprocally couple immunity to the proinflammatory KKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pablo I P Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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Schall KA, Thornton ME, Isani M, Holoyda KA, Hou X, Lien CL, Grubbs BH, Grikscheit TC. Short bowel syndrome results in increased gene expression associated with proliferation, inflammation, bile acid synthesis and immune system activation: RNA sequencing a zebrafish SBS model. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28118819 PMCID: PMC5264326 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Much of the morbidity associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS) is attributed to effects of decreased enteral nutrition and administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We hypothesized that acute SBS alone has significant effects on gene expression beyond epithelial proliferation, and tested this in a zebrafish SBS model. Methods In a model of SBS in zebrafish (laparotomy, proximal stoma, distal ligation, n = 29) or sham (laparotomy alone, n = 28) surgery, RNA-Seq was performed after 2 weeks. The proximal intestine was harvested and RNA isolated. The three samples from each group with the highest amount of RNA were spiked with external RNA controls consortium (ERCC) controls, sequenced and aligned to reference genome with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis performed. Gene expression of ctnnb1, ccnb1, ccnd1, cyp7a1a, dkk3, ifng1-2, igf2a, il1b, lef1, nos2b, saa1, stat3, tnfa and wnt5a were confirmed to be elevated in SBS by RT-qPCR. Results RNA-seq analysis identified 1346 significantly upregulated genes and 678 significantly downregulated genes in SBS zebrafish intestine compared to sham with Ingenuity analysis. The upregulated genes were involved in cell proliferation, acute phase response signaling, innate and adaptive immunity, bile acid regulation, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, cellular barrier and coagulation. The downregulated genes were involved in folate synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty-acid oxidation and activation and drug and steroid metabolism. RT-qPCR confirmed gene expression differences from RNA-Sequencing. Conclusion Changes of gene expression after 2 weeks of SBS indicate complex and extensive alterations of multiple pathways, some previously implicated as effects of TPN. The systemic sequelae of SBS alone are significant and indicate multiple targets for investigating future therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A Schall
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Mubina Isani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Kathleen A Holoyda
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop 100, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Assessment of Immune Responses to Fungal Infections: Identification and Characterization of Immune Cells in the Infected Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1508:167-182. [PMID: 27837503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is important to protect the host from fungal infections. Diverse cell types belonging to the innate or adaptive branch of the immune system act in a tightly coordinated and tissue-specific manner. Experimental mouse models of fungal infections have proved essential for assessing the protective principles against different fungal pathogens. Besides pathological, histological, biochemical and molecular parameters, the analysis of phenotypic and functional aspects of immune cells in infected tissues is key for understanding the mechanisms of antifungal defense. In this chapter, we describe a method based on flow cytometry to assess innate and adaptive immune cells isolated from an in vivo context in a qualitative and quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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30
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Eftimie R, Gillard JJ, Cantrell DA. Mathematical Models for Immunology: Current State of the Art and Future Research Directions. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:2091-134. [PMID: 27714570 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The advances in genetics and biochemistry that have taken place over the last 10 years led to significant advances in experimental and clinical immunology. In turn, this has led to the development of new mathematical models to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively various open questions in immunology. In this study we present a review of some research areas in mathematical immunology that evolved over the last 10 years. To this end, we take a step-by-step approach in discussing a range of models derived to study the dynamics of both the innate and immune responses at the molecular, cellular and tissue scales. To emphasise the use of mathematics in modelling in this area, we also review some of the mathematical tools used to investigate these models. Finally, we discuss some future trends in both experimental immunology and mathematical immunology for the upcoming years.
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Abstract
The spectrum of Clostridium difficile infections is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to fatal colitis depending on the strain virulence and on the host, its gut microbiota and its immune response. After disruption of the gut microbiota, C. difficile pathogenesis can be divided into three steps: 1) contamination by spores and their germination; 2) multiplication of vegetative cells and intestinal colonization using colonization factors; 3) production of the toxins TcdA and TcdB, and for some strains, the binary toxin, which are responsible for the clinical signs. Three lines of defense counteract C. difficile. The first line is the epithelial barrier, which is breached by the toxins. Then, a rapid innate immune response follows, which forms the second line of defense. It provides very quick defense reactions against C. difficile but is non-specific and does not confer memory. C. difficile and its virulence factors, the toxins and colonization factors, induce a highly pro-inflammatory response, which can be either beneficial or harmful, but triggers the adaptive immunity as the third line of defense required to control the infectious process. Adaptive immunity provides a highly specific immune response against C. difficile with memory and long lasting immunity. The innate and adaptive immune responses against the toxins and surface components are analyzed as well as their role in disease susceptibility, severity and recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Péchiné
- Faculté de pharmacie, EA 4043 "Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé", Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Anne Collignon
- Faculté de pharmacie, EA 4043 "Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé", Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
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32
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Hurtgen BJ, Castro-Lopez N, Jiménez-Alzate MDP, Cole GT, Hung CY. Preclinical identification of vaccine induced protective correlates in human leukocyte antigen expressing transgenic mice infected with Coccidioides posadasii. Vaccine 2016; 34:5336-5343. [PMID: 27622300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging interest to develop human vaccines against medically-important fungal pathogens and a need for a preclinical animal model to assess vaccine efficacies and protective correlates. HLA-DR4 (DRB1∗0401 allele) transgenic mice express a human major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) receptor in such a way that CD4+ T-cell response is solely restricted by this human molecule. In this study HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine (ΔT) and challenged by the intranasal route with 50-70 Coccidioides posadasii spores, a potentially lethal dose. The same vaccination regimen offers 100% survival for C57BL/6 mice. Conversely, ΔT-vaccinated HLA-DR4 mice displayed 3 distinct manifestations of Coccidioides infection including 40% fatal acute (FAD), 30% disseminated (DD) and 30% pulmonary disease (PD). The latter 2 groups of mice had reduced loss of body weight and survived to at least 50days postchallenge (dpc). These results suggest that ΔT vaccinated HLA-DR4 mice activated heterogeneous immunity against pulmonary Coccidioides infection. Vaccinated HLA-DR4 mice displayed early expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells and recruitment of inflammatory innate cells into Coccidioides-infected lungs during the first 9dpc. While contraction rates of Th cells and the inflammatory response during 14-35dpc significantly differed among the 3 groups of vaccinated HLA-DR4 mice. The FAD group displayed a sharply reduced Th1 and Th17 response, while overwhelmingly recruiting neutrophils into lungs during 9-14days. The FAD group approached moribund by 14dpc. In contrast, vaccinated HLA-DR4 survivors gradually contracted Th cells and inflammatory response with the greatest rate in the PD group. While vaccinated HLA-DR4 mice are susceptible to Coccidioides infection, they are useful for evaluation of vaccine efficacy and identification of immunological correlates against this mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady J Hurtgen
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Castro-Lopez
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar Jiménez-Alzate
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA; Grupo de Micología Médica, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Garry T Cole
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA; Immune Defense Core, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Stuhlmüller B, Mans K, Tandon N, Bonin MO, Smiljanovic B, Sörensen TA, Schendel P, Martus P, Listing J, Detert J, Backhaus M, Neumann T, Winchester RJ, Burmester GR, Häupl T. Genomic stratification by expression of HLA-DRB4 alleles identifies differential innate and adaptive immune transcriptional patterns - A strategy to detect predictors of methotrexate response in early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 171:50-61. [PMID: 27570220 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective drug selection is the current challenge in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Treatment failure may follow different pathomechanisms and therefore require investigation of molecularly defined subgroups. In this exploratory study, whole blood transcriptomes of 68 treatment-naïve early RA patients were analyzed before initiating MTX. Subgroups were defined by serologic and genetic markers. Response related signatures were interpreted using reference transcriptomes of various cell types, cytokine stimulated conditions and bone marrow precursors. HLA-DRB4-negative patients exhibited most distinctive transcriptional differences. Preponderance of transcripts associated with phagocytes and bone marrow activation indicated response and transcripts of T- and B-lymphocytes non-response. HLA-DRB4-positive patients were more heterogeneous, but also linked failure to increased adaptive immune response. RT-qPCR confirmed reliable candidate selection and independent samples of responders and non-responders the functional patterning. In summary, genomic stratification identified different molecular pathomechanisms in early RA and preponderance of innate but not adaptive immune activation suggested response to MTX therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stuhlmüller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karsten Mans
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc O Bonin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Biljana Smiljanovic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till A Sörensen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schendel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jacqueline Detert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Backhaus
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medicine Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerd-R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Maguire JJ, Tyurina YY, Mohammadyani D, Kapralov AA, Anthonymuthu TS, Qu F, Amoscato AA, Sparvero LJ, Tyurin VA, Planas-Iglesias J, He RR, Klein-Seetharaman J, Bayır H, Kagan VE. Known unknowns of cardiolipin signaling: The best is yet to come. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:8-24. [PMID: 27498292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 75years ago, a wealth of knowledge has accumulated on the role of cardiolipin, the hallmark phospholipid of mitochondria, in bioenergetics and particularly on the structural organization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A surge of interest in this anionic doubly-charged tetra-acylated lipid found in both prokaryotes and mitochondria has emerged based on its newly discovered signaling functions. Cardiolipin displays organ, tissue, cellular and transmembrane distribution asymmetries. A collapse of the membrane asymmetry represents a pro-mitophageal mechanism whereby externalized cardiolipin acts as an "eat-me" signal. Oxidation of cardiolipin's polyunsaturated acyl chains - catalyzed by cardiolipin complexes with cytochrome c. - is a pro-apoptotic signal. The messaging functions of myriads of cardiolipin species and their oxidation products are now being recognized as important intracellular and extracellular signals for innate and adaptive immune systems. This newly developing field of research exploring cardiolipin signaling is the main subject of this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Heimesaat MM, Karadas G, Alutis M, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Breithaupt A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G. Survey of small intestinal and systemic immune responses following murine Arcobacter butzleri infection. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:28. [PMID: 26483849 PMCID: PMC4610047 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arcobacter (A.) butzleri has been described as causative agent for sporadic cases of human gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea. In vitro studies revealed distinct adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic properties of A. butzleri. Information about the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of infection in vivo, however, are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathological properties of two different A. butzleri strains in a well-established murine infection model. RESULTS Gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice, in which the intestinal microbiota was depleted by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, were perorally infected with two different A. butzleri strains isolated from a diseased patient (CCUG 30485) or fresh chicken meat (C1), respectively. Eventhough bacteria of either strain could stably colonize the intestinal tract at day 6 and day 16 postinfection (p.i.), mice did not exert infection induced symptoms such as diarrhea or wasting. In small intestines of infected mice, however, increased numbers of apoptotic cells could be detected at day 16, but not day 6 following infection with either strain. A strain-dependent influx of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells as well as of regulatory T cells could be observed upon A. butzleri infection which was accompanied by increased small intestinal concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-6. Remarkably, inflammatory responses following A. butzleri infection were not restricted to the intestinal tract, given that the CCUG 30485 strain induced systemic immune responses as indicated by increased IFN-γ concentrations in spleens at day 6, but not day 16 following infection. CONCLUSION Upon peroral infection A. butzleri stably colonized the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice. The dynamics of distinct local and systemic inflammatory responses could be observed in a strain-dependent fashion pointing towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vivo. These results indicate that gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice are well suited to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying arcobacteriosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Yonker LM, Cigana C, Hurley BP, Bragonzi A. Host-pathogen interplay in the respiratory environment of cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 14:431-439. [PMID: 25800687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the understanding of disease progression in cystic fibrosis (CF), revealing a complex interplay between host and pathogenic organisms. The diverse CF microbiota within the airway activates an aberrant immune response that is ineffective in clearing infection. An appreciation of how the CF host immune system interacts with these organisms is crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of CF pulmonary disease. Here we discuss the microbial complexity present in the lungs of individuals with CF, review emerging concepts of innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens that chronically inhabit the CF lung, and discuss therapies that target the aberrant inflammatory response that characterizes CF. A greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms will shed light on pathogenesis and guide more targeted therapies in the future that serve to reduce infection, minimize lung pathology, and improve the quality of life for patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael M Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children , Charlestown, MA, U.S.A
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Bryan P Hurley
- Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children , Charlestown, MA, U.S.A
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Sirimanapong W, Thompson KD, Kledmanee K, Thaijongrak P, Collet B, Ooi EL, Adams A. Optimisation and standardisation of functional immune assays for striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) to compare their immune response to live and heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila as models of infection and vaccination. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 40:374-383. [PMID: 25064539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture production of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is growing rapidly in South East Asia, especially in Vietnam. As it is a relatively new aquaculture species there are few reports evaluating its immune response to pathogens. Thus, functional assays for P. hypophthalmus were optimised to evaluate both innate and adaptive immune responses, and were then used to examine immune response following stimulation with live and heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. These were used as models of infection and vaccination, respectively. Four treatment groups were used, including a control group, a group injected intraperitonally (IP) with adjuvant only, a group injected with heat-killed A. hydrophila (1 × 10(9) cfu ml(-1) mixed with adjuvant), and a group injected with a subclinical dose of live A. hydrophila. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post-injection (d.p.i.) to assess their immune response. The results indicated that challenge with live or dead bacteria stimulated the immune response in P. hypophthalmus significantly above the levels observed in control groups with respect to specific antibody titre, plasma lysozyme and peroxidase activity, and phagocytosis by head kidney macrophages at 7 or/and 14 d.p.i. At 21 d.p.i., total and specific antibody (IgM) levels and plasma lysozyme activity in fish injected with either live or dead A. hydrophila were significantly different to the control groups. Differential immune responses were observed between fish injected with either live or dead bacteria, with live A. hydrophila significantly stimulating an increase in WBC counts and plasma peroxidase activity at 3 d.p.i., with the greatest increase in WBC counts noted at 21 d.p.i. and in phagocytosis at 14 d.p.i. By 21 d.p.i. only the macrophages from fish injected with dead A. hydrophila showed significantly stimulation in their respiratory burst activity. This study provides basic information on the immune response in pangasius catfish that can be useful in the health control of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Sirimanapong
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kan Kledmanee
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Prawporn Thaijongrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ei Lin Ooi
- Novus International, Novus Aqua Research Center, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Filiano AJ, Gadani SP, Kipnis J. Interactions of innate and adaptive immunity in brain development and function. Brain Res 2015; 1617:18-27. [PMID: 25110235 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that the immune system has a tremendous impact on behavior. Most work has described the negative role of immune cells on the central nervous system. However, we and others have demonstrated over the last decade that a well-regulated immune system is needed for proper brain function. Here we discuss several neuro-immune interactions, using examples from brain homeostasis and disease states. We will highlight our understanding of the consequences of malfunctioning immunity on neurodevelopment and will discuss the roles of the innate and adaptive immune system in neurodevelopment and how T cells maintain a proper innate immune balance in the brain surroundings and within its parenchyma. Also, we describe how immune imbalance impairs higher order brain functioning, possibly leading to behavioral and cognitive impairment. Lastly, we propose our hypothesis that some behavioral deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as in autism spectrum disorder, are the consequence of malfunctioning immunity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease.
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Abstract
Low grade inflammation exerts a crucial pathogenic role in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. A large body of evidence indicates that innate and adaptive immune systems, and in particular T cells, are involved. A balance between T-effector lymphocytes and Treg lymphocytes represents a crucial regulatory mechanism that, when altered, favours blood pressure elevation and organ damage development. Of note, Treg lymphocytes exert important anti-inflammatory properties, whose activities guarantees vascular homeostasis and protects the vessel wall from the development of atherosclerosis. In humans, most of evidence ascertaining essential hypertension as a condition of chronic low-grade inflammatory status revealed a strict and independent association between CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 or adhesion molecules and vascular changes in essential hypertensive patients. Evidence of involvement of the immune system in vasculature from patients with hypertension or cardiovascular disease starts to appear in literature. Further investigation on immunity, including the role of T-lymphocytes, will help develop of new therapeutic targets that may improve outcomes in hypertension and cardiovascular disease and discover novel approaches in the treatment of hypertension and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Umberto Dell'Agnello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Heylen M, Ruyssers NE, Gielis EM, Vanhomwegen E, Pelckmans PA, Moreels TG, De Man JG, De Winter BY. Of worms, mice and man: an overview of experimental and clinical helminth-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:153-67. [PMID: 24603369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders is highest in well-developed countries which is directly related to their higher hygienic standards: it is suggested that the lack of exposure to helminths contributes to the susceptibility for immune-related diseases. Epidemiological, experimental and clinical data support the idea that helminths provide protection against immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most likely mechanism for the suppression of immune responses by helminths is the release of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules. This article reviews the experimental and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of helminth-based therapy in IBD and also focuses on the current knowledge of its immunomodulatory mechanisms of action highlighting innate as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. Identifying the mechanisms by which these helminths and helminth-derived molecules modulate the immune system will help in creating novel drugs for the treatment of IBD and other disorders that result from an overactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Heylen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie E Ruyssers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els M Gielis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Vanhomwegen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul A Pelckmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom G Moreels
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system (IS) are two integrative systems that work together to detect threats and provide host defense, and to maintain/restore homeostasis. Cross-talk between the nervous system and the IS is vital for health and well-being. One of the major neural pathways responsible for regulating host defense against injury and foreign antigens and pathogens is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Stimulation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) on immune cells regulates immune cell development, survival, proliferative capacity, circulation, trafficking for immune surveillance and recruitment, and directs the cell surface expression of molecules and cytokine production important for cell-to-cell interactions necessary for a coordinated immune response. Finally, AR stimulation of effector immune cells regulates the activational state of immune cells and modulates their functional capacity. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of the SNS in regulating host defense and immune homeostasis. SNS regulation of IS functioning is a critical link to the development and exacerbation of chronic immune-mediated diseases. However, there are many mechanisms that need to be further unraveled in order to develop sound treatment strategies that act on neural-immune interaction to resolve or prevent chronic inflammatory diseases, and to improve health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University and the Kent Summa Initiative for Clinical and Translational Research, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44304, USA
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Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is a human respiratory disease caused by a soil-borne mold, and is recognized as an intransigent microbial infection by physicians who treat patients with the potentially life-threatening, disseminated form of this mycosis. Epidemiological studies based on surveys of skin-test reactivity of people who reside in the endemic regions of the Southwestern US have shown that at least 150,000 new infections occur annually. The clinical spectrum of coccidioidomycosis ranges from an asymptomatic insult to a severe pulmonary disease in which the pathogen may spread from the lungs to the skin, bones, brain and other body organs. Escalation of symptomatic infections and increased cost of long-term antifungal treatment warrant a concerted effort to develop a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. This review examines recently reported strategies used to generate such a vaccine and summarizes current understanding of the nature of protective immunity to this formidable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry T Cole
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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