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Meng Z, Zhang S, Li W, Wang Y, Wang M, Liu X, Liu CL, Liao S, Liu T, Yang C, Lindholt JS, Rasmussen LM, Obel LM, Stubbe J, Diederichsen AC, Sun Y, Chen Y, Yu PB, Libby P, Shi GP, Guo J. Cationic proteins from eosinophils bind bone morphogenetic protein receptors promoting vascular calcification and atherogenesis. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2763-2783. [PMID: 37279475 PMCID: PMC10393071 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Blood eosinophil count and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) concentration are risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. This study tested whether and how eosinophils and ECP contribute to vascular calcification and atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining revealed eosinophil accumulation in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Eosinophil deficiency in ΔdblGATA mice slowed atherogenesis with increased lesion smooth muscle cell (SMC) content and reduced calcification. This protection in ΔdblGATA mice was muted when mice received donor eosinophils from wild-type (WT), Il4-/-, and Il13-/- mice or mouse eosinophil-associated-ribonuclease-1 (mEar1), a murine homologue of ECP. Eosinophils or mEar1 but not interleukin (IL) 4 or IL13 increased the calcification of SMC from WT mice but not those from Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) knockout mice. Immunoblot analyses showed that eosinophils and mEar1 activated Smad-1/5/8 but did not affect Smad-2/3 activation or expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR-1A/1B/2) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptors (TGFBR1/2) in SMC from WT and Runx2 knockout mice. Immunoprecipitation showed that mEar1 formed immune complexes with BMPR-1A/1B but not TGFBR1/2. Immunofluorescence double-staining, ligand binding, and Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated that mEar1 bound to BMPR-1A and BMPR-1B with similar affinity. Likewise, human ECP and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) also bound to BMPR-1A/1B on human vascular SMC and promoted SMC osteogenic differentiation. In a cohort of 5864 men from the Danish Cardiovascular Screening trial and its subpopulation of 394 participants, blood eosinophil counts and ECP levels correlated with the calcification scores of different arterial segments from coronary arteries to iliac arteries. CONCLUSION Eosinophils release cationic proteins that can promote SMC calcification and atherogenesis using the BMPR-1A/1B-Smad-1/5/8-Runx2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research & Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sha Liao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chongzhe Yang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Elite Research Centre of Individualized Treatment for Arterial Disease, University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Elite Research Centre of Individualized Treatment for Arterial Disease, University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lasse M Obel
- Elite Research Centre of Individualized Treatment for Arterial Disease, University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel C Diederichsen
- Elite Research Centre of Individualized Treatment for Arterial Disease, University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Research Department, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Research Department, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research & Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
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2
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Cook-Mills JM, Averill SH, Lajiness JD. Asthma, allergy and vitamin E: Current and future perspectives. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:388-402. [PMID: 34785320 PMCID: PMC9109636 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic disease result from interactions of environmental exposures and genetics. Vitamin E is one environmental factor that can modify development of allergy early in life and modify responses to allergen after allergen sensitization. Seemingly varied outcomes from vitamin E are consistent with the differential functions of the isoforms of vitamin E. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite functions in regulation of allergic inflammation and development of allergic disease, with α-tocopherol having anti-inflammatory functions and γ-tocopherol having pro-inflammatory functions in allergy and asthma. Moreover, global differences in prevalence of asthma by country may be a result, at least in part, of differences in consumption of these two isoforms of tocopherols. It is critical in clinical and animal studies that measurements of the isoforms of tocopherols be determined in vehicles for the treatments, and in the plasma and/or tissues before and after intervention. As allergic inflammation is modifiable by tocopherol isoforms, differential regulation by tocopherol isoforms provide a foundation for development of interventions to improve lung function in disease and raise the possibility of early life dietary interventions to limit the development of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Samantha H Averill
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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3
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Structural Basis for Human PECAM-1-Mediated Trans-homophilic Cell Adhesion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38655. [PMID: 27958302 PMCID: PMC5153848 DOI: 10.1038/srep38655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion involved in signal transduction, tissue integrity and pathogen infection is mainly mediated by cell adhesion molecules (CAM). One CAM member, platelet–endothelial-cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), plays an important role in tight junction among endothelia cells, leukocyte trafficking, and immune response through its homophilic and heterophilic binding patterns. Both kinds of interactions, which lead to endogenous and exogenous signal transmission, are derived from extracellular immunoglobulin-like (IgL) domains and cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) of PECAM-1. To date, the mechanism of trans-homophilic interaction of PECAM-1 remains unclear. Here, we present the crystal structure of PECAM-1 IgL1-2 trans-homo dimer. Both IgL 1 and 2 adopt the classical Ig domain conformation comprised of two layers of β-sheets possessing antiparallel β-strands with each being anchored by a pair of cysteines forming a disulfide bond. The dimer interface includes hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. The Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) envelope of PECAM-1 IgL1-6 supported such a dimer formation in solution. Cell adhesion assays on wildtype and mutant PECAM-1 further characterized the structural determinants in cell junction and communication.
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4
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Marelli-Berg FM, Clement M, Mauro C, Caligiuri G. An immunologist's guide to CD31 function in T-cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2343-52. [PMID: 23761922 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is expressed by all leukocytes, including T-, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, the immunoglobulin-like receptor CD31 is generally regarded by immunologists as a marker of endothelial cell lineage that lacks an established functional role in adaptive immunity. This perception has recently been challenged by studies that reveal a key role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell homeostasis, effector function and trafficking. The complexity of the biological functions of CD31 results from the integration of its adhesive and signaling functions in both the immune and vascular systems. Signaling by means of CD31 is induced by homophilic engagement during the interactions of immune cells and is mediated by phosphatase recruitment or activation through immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are located in its cytoplasmic tail. Loss of CD31 function is associated with excessive immunoreactivity and susceptibility to cytotoxic killing. Here, we discuss recent findings that have brought to light a non-redundant, complex role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, with large impact on our understanding of immunity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts' and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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6
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Ma L, Cheung KCP, Kishore M, Nourshargh S, Mauro C, Marelli-Berg FM. CD31 exhibits multiple roles in regulating T lymphocyte trafficking in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:4104-11. [PMID: 22966083 PMCID: PMC3496211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD31, an Ig-like molecule expressed by leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs), in the regulation of T lymphocyte trafficking remains contentious. Using CD31-deficient mice, we show that CD31 regulates both constitutive and inflammation-induced T cell migration in vivo. Specifically, T cell:EC interactions mediated by CD31 molecules are required for efficient localization of naive T lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid tissue and constitutive recirculation of primed T cells to nonlymphoid tissues. In inflammatory conditions, T cell:EC CD31-mediated interactions facilitate T cell recruitment to Ag-rich sites. However, endothelial CD31 also provides a gate-keeping mechanism to limit the rate of Ag-driven T cell extravasation. This event contributes to the formation of Ag-specific effector T cell infiltrates and is induced by recognition of Ag on the endothelium. In this context, CD31 engagement is required for restoring endothelial continuity, which is temporarily lost upon MHC molecule ligation by migrating cognate T cells. We propose that integrated adhesive and signaling functions of CD31 molecules exert a complex regulation of T cell trafficking, a process that is differentially adapted depending on cell-specific expression, the presence of inflammatory conditions and the molecular mechanism facilitating T cell extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Division of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth C. P. Cheung
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Madhav Kishore
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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7
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Bahaie NS, Kang BN, Frenzel EM, Hosseinkhani MR, Ge XN, Greenberg Y, Ha SG, Demetriou M, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. N-Glycans differentially regulate eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38231-38241. [PMID: 21911487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation, including asthma, is usually characterized by the predominant recruitment of eosinophils. However, neutrophilia is also prominent during severe exacerbations. Cell surface-expressed glycans play a role in leukocyte trafficking and recruitment during inflammation. Here, the involvement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:α-6-D-mannoside β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5)-modified N-glycans in eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation was investigated. Allergen-challenged Mgat5-deficient (Mgat5(-/-)) mice exhibited significantly attenuated airway eosinophilia and inflammation (decreased Th2 cytokines, mucus production) compared with WT counterparts, attributable to decreased rolling, adhesion, and survival of Mgat5(-/-) eosinophils. Interestingly, allergen-challenged Mgat5(-/-) mice developed airway neutrophilia and increased airway reactivity with persistent elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, TNFα, IFNγ)). This increased neutrophil recruitment was also observed in LPS- and thioglycollate (TG)-induced inflammation in Mgat5(-/-) mice. Furthermore, there was significantly increased recruitment of infused Mgat5(-/-) neutrophils compared with WT neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity of TG-exposed WT mice. Mgat5(-/-) neutrophils demonstrated enhanced adhesion to P-selectin as well as increased migration toward keratinocyte-derived chemokine compared with WT neutrophils in vitro along with increased calcium mobilization upon activation and expression of elevated levels of CXCR2, which may contribute to the increased neutrophil recruitment. These data indicate an important role for MGAT5-modified N-glycans in differential regulation of eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment during allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin S Bahaie
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Bit Na Kang
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Elizabeth M Frenzel
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - M Reza Hosseinkhani
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Yana Greenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Savita P Rao
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - P Sriramarao
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases and Inflammation, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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8
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Delayed asthmatic response: a new phenotype of bronchial response to allergen challenge and soluble adhesion molecules in the serum. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:119-30. [PMID: 21277513 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bronchial asthma develop various types of asthmatic response to bronchial challenge with allergen, such as immediate asthmatic response, late asthmatic response, or delayed asthmatic response (DYAR), due to different immunologic mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To investigate the appearance and possible changes in the concentrations of soluble cell adhesion molecules during the DYAR, to explore the involvement of particular cell types in the mechanism(s) leading to DYAR, and to contribute to a fuller understanding of this clinical phenomenon. METHODS The DYAR recorded in 28 patients (P < .001), appearing within 26 to 32 hours, reaching maximum within 32 to 48 hours, and resolving within 56 hours after the allergen challenge, was repeated 2 to 6 weeks later. The repeated DYAR (P < .001) was supplemented with blood cell counts and measurement of serum concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS The prechallenge concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (sPECAM-1), soluble E-selectin, soluble L-selectin, soluble P-selectin, and soluble E-cadherin did not differ significantly from healthy controls. The DYAR was associated with the following changes in the serum: an increase of sICAM-1 at 6 and 12 hours and a decrease at 24 hours; an increase of sVCAM-1 at 24 and 36 hours; an increase of sPECAM-1 at 36 and 48 hours and a decrease at 56 and 72 hours; an increase of soluble E-selectin at 56 hours; an increase of soluble L-selectin at 56 and 72 hours; a decrease of soluble E-cadherin at 48 and 56 hours; and increased counts of blood leukocytes at 36, 48, and 56 hours, neutrophils at 24, 36, 48, and 56 hours, lymphocytes at 24, 36, and 48 hours, and monocytes at 6, 12, and 24 hours. The Th1/Th2 ratio in blood increased at 24, 36, 48, and 56 hours. The intracellular concentration of interferon γ, but not of interleukin 4, increased at 24, 36, 48, and 56 hours. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of the involvement of neutrophils, Th1 lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, upon participation of various adhesion molecules, in mechanisms(s) underlying the clinical DYAR.
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9
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Bochner BS, Gleich GJ. What targeting eosinophils has taught us about their role in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:16-25; quiz 26-7. [PMID: 20434203 PMCID: PMC2902581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated disease is a term used to encompass a range of disorders from hypereosinophilic syndrome to asthma. Despite the longstanding belief that eosinophils can be primary contributors to disease pathophysiology, it is only in recent years that direct and selective reduction or elimination of eosinophils can be achieved in animals or human subjects. These developments have been made possible in mice through clever targeting of eosinophil production. Antibodies and other agents that target soluble eosinophil-related molecules, such as IL-5, or cell-surface structures, such as CCR3, have also proved useful in reducing blood and tissue eosinophil counts. In human subjects the only eosinophil-selective agents tested in clinical trials thus far are neutralizing antibodies to IL-5, with promising but mixed results. At the very least, such forms of pharmacologic hypothesis testing of the role of eosinophils in certain airway, gastrointestinal, and hematologic diseases has finally provided us with new insights into disease pathogenesis. At its optimistic best, these and other targeted agents might someday become available for those afflicted with eosinophil-associated disorders. This review summarizes what has been learned in vivo in both preclinical and clinical studies of eosinophil-directed therapies, with an emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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DiScipio RG, Schraufstatter IU. The role of the complement anaphylatoxins in the recruitment of eosinophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1909-23. [PMID: 18039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are blood and tissue immune cells that participate in a diverse range of activities normally beneficial for the host defense, but in circumstances of untoward inflammatory conditions these cells can be responsible for pathological responses. Accordingly the transit of eosinophils from the blood to tissues is a subject of considerable importance in immunology. In this article we review how the complement anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a bring about eosinophil extravasation. These mediators do not merely provide a chemotactic or haptotactic gradient but are responsible for orchestrating innumerable responses by other cells types, including of endothelial cells, mast cells, and basophils in order to create an environment that is conducive for eosinophil infiltration. C5a has the capacity to prime the endothelium directly to present P-selectin, and C5a stimulated generation of eosinophil hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants can cause additional upregulation of endothelial P-selectin and ICAM-1. Moreover, the anaphylatoxins have the ability to recruit mast cells and basophils and can stimulate these cells to release IL-4 and IL-13, which by augmenting endothelial VCAM-1, convey some selectivity for eosinophils. The anaphylatoxins also have the capability to evoke the release and activation of eosinophil MMP-9, which is employed by this cell type to digest its way past the subendothelial matrix. Finally, because C3a and C5a can stimulate the generation of nitric oxide along with the secretion of histamine and LTC4 from several cell types, the anaphylatoxins can bring about an increase in vascular permeability that facilitates eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, 4570 Executive Dr. #100, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
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11
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Abstract
This article focuses on the importance of cell-adhesion molecules in the process of allergic inflammation. After reviewing the contribution of different families of adhesion molecules to the cellular recruitment cascade, phenotypic characteristics of leukocyte subtypes are discussed to illustrate how expression of differing patterns of adhesion molecules and their counterligands within tissues influence the type of inflammatory response that occurs. The involvement of adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation in animal models and human studies is described. Examples of specific adhesion-molecule antagonists are provided, and results of their use in human studies of allergic and other inflammatory conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B71, Baltimore, MD 21224-6801, USA.
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12
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Ikeda RK, Miller M, Nayar J, Walker L, Cho JY, McElwain K, McElwain S, Raz E, Broide DH. Accumulation of Peribronchial Mast Cells in a Mouse Model of Ovalbumin Allergen Induced Chronic Airway Inflammation: Modulation by Immunostimulatory DNA Sequences. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:4860-7. [PMID: 14568966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Few peribronchial mast cells are noted either in the lungs of naive mice or in the lungs of OVA-sensitized mice challenged acutely with OVA by inhalation. In this study, we demonstrate that OVA-sensitized mice exposed to repetitive OVA inhalation for 1-6 mo have a significant accumulation of peribronchial mast cells. This accumulation of peribronchial mast cells is associated with increased expression of the Th2 cell-derived mast cell growth factors, including IL-4 and IL-9, but not with the non-Th2 cell-derived mast cell growth factor, stem cell factor. Pretreating mice with immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) of DNA containing a CpG motif significantly inhibited the accumulation of peribronchial mast cells and the expression of IL-4 and IL-9. To determine whether mast cells express Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9; the receptor for ISS), TLR-9 expression by mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (MBMMCs) was assessed by RT-PCR. MBMMCs strongly expressed TLR-9 and bound rhodamine-labeled ISS. However, incubation of MBMMCs with ISS in vitro neither inhibited MBMMC proliferation nor inhibited Ag/IgE-mediated MBMMC degranulation, but they did induce IL-6. Overall these studies demonstrate that mice exposed to repetitive OVA challenge, but not acute OVA challenge, have an accumulation of peribronchial mast cells and express increased levels of mast cell growth factors in the lung. Although mast cells express TLR-9, ISS does not directly inhibit mast cell proliferation in vitro, suggesting that ISS inhibits accumulation of peribronchial mast cells in vivo by indirect mechanism(s), which include inhibiting the lung expression of Th2 cell-derived mast cell growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid K Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Muller WA. Leukocyte-endothelial-cell interactions in leukocyte transmigration and the inflammatory response. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:327-34. [PMID: 12810109 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are dependent on the migration of leukocytes across endothelial cells. The process of diapedesis, in which the leukocyte crawls between tightly apposed endothelial cells, is a unique and complex process. Several molecules concentrated at the junctions of endothelial cells, originally described as having a role in holding the endothelial monolayer together, have also been shown to have a role in the emigration of leukocytes. Several mechanisms have been proposed for 'loosening' the junctions between endothelial cells to enable leukocyte passage. These leukocyte-endothelial-cell adhesion molecules are probably involved in regulating the signaling as well as the adhesion events of diapedesis. In addition, this Review introduces a new and unified nomenclature for the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Broide D. Fast flowing eosinophils: signals for stopping and stepping out of blood vessels. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:637-40. [PMID: 12034560 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.6.f240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0635, USA.
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