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Gagelmann N, Merz M. Reply to Z. Yin et al. J Clin Oncol 2024:JCO2400863. [PMID: 38913972 DOI: 10.1200/jco.24.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Gagelmann
- Nico Gagelmann, MD, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Maximilian Merz, MD, Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Merz
- Nico Gagelmann, MD, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Maximilian Merz, MD, Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy, Hemostaseology and Infectiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Li H, Wang Y, Liu R, Li X, Zhang P, Chen P, Zhao N, Li B, Wang J, Tang Y. Unraveling resistance mechanisms in anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T therapy for B-ALL: a novel in vitro model and insights into target antigen dynamics. J Transl Med 2024; 22:482. [PMID: 38773607 PMCID: PMC11110321 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular immunotherapy, represented by the chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T), has exhibited high response rates, durable remission, and safety in vitro and in clinical trials. Unfortunately, anti-CD19 CAR-T (CART-19) treatment alone is prone to relapse and has a particularly poor prognosis in relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-ALL patients. To date, addressing or reducing relapse remains one of the research priorities to achieve broad clinical application. METHODS We manufactured second generation CART-19 cells and validated their efficacy and safety in vitro and in vivo. Through co-culture of Nalm-6 cells with short-term cultured CART-19 cells, CD19-negative Nalm-6 cells were detected by flow cytometry, and further investigation of the relapsed cells and their resistance mechanisms was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that CART-19 cells had enhanced and specific antileukemic activities, and the survival of B-ALL mouse models after CART-19 treatment was significantly prolonged. We then shortened the culture time and applied the serum-free culture to expand CAR-T cells, followed by co-culturing CART-19 cells with Nalm-6 cells. Surprisingly, we observed the proliferation of CD19-negative Nalm-6 cells around 28 days. Identification of potential resistance mechanisms showed that the relapsed cells express truncated CD19 proteins with decreased levels and, more importantly, CAR expression was detected on the relapsed cell surface, which may ultimately keep them antigen-negative. Furthermore, it was validated that CART-22 and tandem CART-22/19 cells could effectively kill the relapsed cells, but neither could completely eradicate them. CONCLUSIONS We successfully generated CART-19 cells and obtained a CD19-negative refractory relapsed B-ALL cell line, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of resistance and a new in vitro model for the treatment of r/r B-ALL patients with low antigen density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Li
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongmin Tang
- Department/Center of Hematology-oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Pediatric Leukemia Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Research Center of Zhejiang Province, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Saunthararajah Y. Oncotherapy resistance explained by Darwinian and Lamarckian models. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179788. [PMID: 38618954 PMCID: PMC11014649 DOI: 10.1172/jci179788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell and antibody therapies directed against surface molecules on B cells, e.g., CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CD19 CAR-T), are now standard for patients with chemorefractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and other B cell malignancies. However, early relapse rates remain high. In this issue of the JCI, Aminov, Giricz, and colleagues revealed that leukemia cells resisting CD19-targeted therapy had reduced CD19 but also low CD22 expression and were sensitive to Bruton's tyrosine kinase and/or MEK inhibition. Overall, their observations support the evolution of resistance following a Lamarckian model: the oncotherapy directly elicits adaptive, resistance-conferring reconfigurations, which are then inherited by daughter cells as epigenetic changes. The findings prompt reflection also on the broader role of epigenetics in decoupling of replication from lineage differentiation activation by the B cell lineage master transcription factor hub. Such oncogenesis and resistance mechanisms, being predictable and epigenetic, offer practical opportunities for intervention, potentially non-cross-resistant and safe vis-à-vis present cytotoxic and CAR-T treatments.
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4
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Delgado SR, Faissner S, Linker RA, Rammohan K. Key characteristics of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and clinical implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. J Neurol 2024; 271:1515-1535. [PMID: 37906325 PMCID: PMC10973056 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has highlighted the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. In people with MS, the inflammatory characteristics of B-cell activity are elevated, leading to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, diminished anti-inflammatory cytokine production and an accumulation of pathogenic B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab and BCD-132 are anti-CD20 therapies that are either undergoing clinical development, or have been approved, for the treatment of MS. Despite CD20 being a common target for these therapies, differences have been reported in their mechanistic, pharmacological and clinical characteristics, which may have substantial clinical implications. This narrative review explores key characteristics of these therapies. By using clinical trial data and real-world evidence, we discuss their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, efficacy (in relation to B-cell kinetics), safety, tolerability and convenience of use. Clinicians, alongside patients and their families, should consider the aspects discussed in this review as part of shared decision-making discussions to improve outcomes and health-related quality of life for people living with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R Delgado
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kottil Rammohan
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Alghamdi B, Jeon HH, Ni J, Qiu D, Liu A, Hong JJ, Ali M, Wang A, Troka M, Graves DT. Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:128-146. [PMID: 36862360 PMCID: PMC10696608 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the role of the immune cells and their interaction with cells found in gingiva, periodontal ligament, and bone that leads to net bone loss in periodontitis or bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement. RECENT FINDINGS Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases causing inflammation in the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and is initiated by bacteria that induce a host response. Although the innate and adaptive immune response function cooperatively to prevent bacterial dissemination, they also play a major role in gingival inflammation and destruction of the connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone characteristic of periodontitis. The inflammatory response is triggered by bacteria or their products that bind to pattern recognition receptors that induce transcription factor activity to stimulate cytokine and chemokine expression. Epithelial, fibroblast/stromal, and resident leukocytes play a key role in initiating the host response and contribute to periodontal disease. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments have added new insight into the roles of various cell types in the response to bacterial challenge. This response is modified by systemic conditions such as diabetes and smoking. In contrast to periodontitis, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a sterile inflammatory response induced by mechanical force. Orthodontic force application stimulates acute inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone stimulated by cytokines and chemokines that produce bone resorption on the compression side. On the tension side, orthodontic forces induce the production of osteogenic factors, stimulating new bone formation. A number of different cell types, cytokines, and signaling/pathways are involved in this complex process. Inflammatory and mechanical force-induced bone remodeling involves bone resorption and bone formation. The interaction of leukocytes with host stromal cells and osteoblastic cells plays a key role in both initiating the inflammatory events as well as inducing a cellular cascade that results in remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement or in tissue destruction in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alghamdi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyeran Helen Jeon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alyssia Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Julie J Hong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mamoon Ali
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Troka
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA.
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Aparicio-Pérez C, Carmona MD, Benabdellah K, Herrera C. Failure of ALL recognition by CAR T cells: a review of CD 19-negative relapses after anti-CD 19 CAR-T treatment in B-ALL. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165870. [PMID: 37122700 PMCID: PMC10140490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T lymphocytes in the treatment of refractory or relapsed (R/R) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has meant a radical change in the prognosis of these patients, whose chances of survival with conventional treatment are very low. The current probability of event-free survival by R/R B-ALL patients treated using anti-CD 19 CART cell therapy is as high as 50-60% at 1.5 years, which is a very important advance for this group of very ill patients. Although most patients (70 to 94%) achieve complete remission (CR), the main problem continues to be relapse of the disease. Most relapses, both in clinical trials and real-world evidence, are due to failure of CAR-T cell expansion or limited CAR-T persistence. However, despite the adequate functioning of infused CART lymphocytes, the tumor cells of an important group of patients manage to evade CAR-T attack, resulting in a CD 19-negative relapse. Several mechanisms have been described that may be able to produce the escape of leukemic cells, such as acquired mutations and alternative splicing of the CD19 antigen, CD19 epitope loss or masking, leukemia lineage switching, and trogocytosis. In the present review, we comprehensively analyze the leukemic cell escape mechanisms, the incidence of CD19-negative relapse reported in clinical trials and real-world evidence (outside clinical trials), and provide an update on the main lines of current research into the prevention of leukemia evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MDolores Carmona
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research in Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cell Therapy, Cordoba, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud-Terapias Avanzadas (RICORS-TERAV), Carlos III Health Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud-Terapias Avanzadas (RICORS-TERAV), Carlos III Health Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Concha Herrera
- Department of Hematology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research in Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cell Therapy, Cordoba, Spain
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud-Terapias Avanzadas (RICORS-TERAV), Carlos III Health Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Concha Herrera,
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McMillan JKP, O’Donnell P, Chang SP. Pattern recognition receptor ligand-induced differentiation of human transitional B cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273810. [PMID: 36040923 PMCID: PMC9426890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells represent a critical component of the adaptive immune response whose development and differentiation are determined by antigen-dependent and antigen-independent interactions. In this study, we explored the effects of IL-4 and pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) ligands on B cell development and differentiation by investigating their capacity to drive the in vitro maturation of human transitional B cells. In the presence of IL-4, ligands for TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD1 were effective in driving the in vitro maturation of cord blood transitional B cells into mature, naïve B cells as measured by CD23 expression, ABCB1 transporter activation and upregulation of sIgM and sIgD. In addition, several stimulation conditions, including TLR9 ligand alone, favored an expansion of CD27+ IgM memory B cells. Transitional B cells stimulated with TLR7/8 ligand + IL-4 or TLR9 ligand, with or without IL-4, induced a significant subpopulation of CD23+CD27+ B cells expressing high levels of sIgM and sIgD, a minor B cell subpopulation found in human peripheral blood. These studies illustrate the heterogeneity of the B cell populations induced by cytokine and PRR ligand stimulation. A comparison of transitional and mature, naïve B cells transcriptomes to identify novel genes involved in B cell maturation revealed that mature, naïve B cells were less transcriptionally active than transitional B cells. Nevertheless, a subset of differentially expressed genes in mature, naïve B cells was identified including genes associated with the IL-4 signaling pathway, PI3K signaling in B lymphocytes, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the TNFR superfamily. When transitional B cells were stimulated in vitro with IL-4 and PRR ligands, gene expression was found to be dependent on the nature of the stimulants, suggesting that exposure to these stimulants may alter the developmental fate of transitional B cells. The influence of IL-4 and PRR signaling on transitional B cell maturation illustrates the potential synergy that may be achieved when certain PRR ligands are incorporated as adjuvants in vaccine formulations and presented to developing B cells in the context of an inflammatory cytokine environment. These studies demonstrate the potential of the PRR ligands to drive transitional B cell differentiation in the periphery during infection or vaccination independently of antigen mediated BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdan K. P. McMillan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick O’Donnell
- Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Hawaii Pacific Health, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Sandra P. Chang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
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8
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Cross-platform validation of a mouse blood gene signature for quantitative reconstruction of radiation dose. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14124. [PMID: 35986207 PMCID: PMC9391341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for biological markers after a large-scale exposure of the human population to radiation, gene expression is a sensitive endpoint easily translatable to in-field high throughput applications. Primarily, the ex-vivo irradiated healthy human blood model has been used to generate available gene expression datasets. This model has limitations i.e., lack of signaling from other irradiated tissues and deterioration of blood cells cultures over time. In vivo models are needed; therefore, we present our novel approach to define a gene signature in mouse blood cells that quantitatively correlates with radiation dose (at 1 Gy/min). Starting with available microarray datasets, we selected 30 radiation-responsive genes and performed cross-validation/training–testing data splits to downselect 16 radiation-responsive genes. We then tested these genes in an independent cohort of irradiated adult C57BL/6 mice (50:50 both sexes) and measured mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR in whole blood at 24 h. Dose reconstruction using net signal (difference between geometric means of top 3 positively correlated and top 4 negatively correlated genes with dose), was highly improved over the microarrays, with a root mean square error of ± 1.1 Gy in male and female mice combined. There were no significant sex-specific differences in mRNA or cell counts after irradiation.
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Fekrvand S, Khanmohammadi S, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R. B- and T-Cell Subset Abnormalities in Monogenic Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912826. [PMID: 35784324 PMCID: PMC9241517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of inborn errors of immunity characterized by reduced serum concentrations of different immunoglobulin isotypes. CVID is the most prevalent symptomatic antibody deficiency with a broad range of infectious and non-infectious clinical manifestations. Various genetic and immunological defects are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. Monogenic defects account for the pathogenesis of about 20-50% of CVID patients, while a variety of cases do not have a defined genetic background. Deficiencies in molecules of B cell receptor signaling or other pathways involving B-cell development, activation, and proliferation could be associated with monogenetic defects of CVID. Genetic defects damping different B cell developmental stages can alter B- and even other lymphocytes’ differentiation and might be involved in the clinical and immunologic presentations of the disorder. Reports concerning T and B cell abnormalities have been published in CVID patients, but such comprehensive data on monogenic CVID patients is few and no review article exists to describe the abrogation of lymphocyte subsets in these disorders. Hence, we aimed to review the role of altered B- and T-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of CVID patients with monogenic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Reza Yazdani, ;
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Lebel E, Nachmias B, Pick M, Gross Even-Zohar N, Gatt ME. Understanding the Bioactivity and Prognostic Implication of Commonly Used Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071809. [PMID: 35407416 PMCID: PMC9000075 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression. Here, we review selected surface antigens that are commonly used in the flow cytometry analysis of MM for identification of plasma cells (PC) and the discrimination between normal and malignant PC as well as prognostication. These include the markers: CD38, CD138, CD45, CD19, CD117, CD56, CD81, CD27, and CD28. Furthermore, we will discuss the novel marker CD24 and its involvement in MM. The bioactivity of each antigen is reviewed, as well as its expression on normal vs. malignant PC, prognostic implications, and therapeutic utility. Understanding the role of these specific surface antigens, as well as complex co-expressions of combinations of antigens, may allow for a more personalized prognostic monitoring and treatment of MM patients.
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhao S, Qin XY, He TT, Hu MM, Gong Z, Wang HM, Gong FY, Gao XM, Wang J. Altered Phenotype and Enhanced Antibody-Producing Ability of Peripheral B Cells in Mice with Cd19-Driven Cre Expression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040700. [PMID: 35203346 PMCID: PMC8870415 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of B lymphocytes in inflammation and immune defense against pathogens, mice transgenic for Cre under the control of Cd19 promoter (Cd19Cre/+ mice) have been widely used to specifically investigate the role of loxP-flanked genes in B cell development/function. However, impacts of expression/insertion of the Cre transgene on the phenotype and function of B cells have not been carefully studied. Here, we show that the number of marginal zone B and B1a cells was selectively reduced in Cd19Cre/+ mice, while B cell development in the bone marrow and total numbers of peripheral B cells were comparable between Cd19Cre/+ and wild type C57BL/6 mice. Notably, humoral responses to both T cell-dependent and independent antigens were significantly increased in Cd19Cre/+ mice. We speculate that these differences are mainly attributable to reduced surface CD19 levels caused by integration of the Cre-expressing cassette that inactivates one Cd19 allele. Moreover, our literature survey showed that expression of Cd19Cre/+ alone may affect the development/progression of inflammatory and anti-infectious responses. Thus, our results have important implications for the design and interpretation of results on gene functions specifically targeted in B cells in the Cd19Cre/+ mouse strain, for instance, in the context of (auto) inflammatory/infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Sai Zhao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Xiao-Yuan Qin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Miao-Miao Hu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Hong-Min Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.-M.G.); (J.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-512-65882135 (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (S.Z.); (X.-Y.Q.); (T.-T.H.); (M.-M.H.); (Z.G.); (H.-M.W.); (F.-Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.-M.G.); (J.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-512-65882135 (J.W.)
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12
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Patel AM, Liu YS, Davies SP, Brown RM, Kelly DA, Scheel-Toellner D, Reynolds GM, Stamataki Z. The Role of B Cells in Adult and Paediatric Liver Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729143. [PMID: 34630404 PMCID: PMC8495195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are multitasking cells that direct the immune response by producing pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, by presenting processed antigen for T cell activation and co-stimulation, and by turning into antibody-secreting cells. These functions are important to control infection in the liver but can also exacerbate tissue damage and fibrosis as part of persistent inflammation that can lead to end stage disease requiring a transplant. In transplantation, immunosuppression increases the incidence of lymphoma and often this is of B cell origin. In this review we bring together information on liver B cell biology from different liver diseases, including alcohol-related and metabolic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary and primary sclerosing cholangitis, viral hepatitis and, in infants, biliary atresia. We also discuss the impact of B cell depletion therapy in the liver setting. Taken together, our analysis shows that B cells are important in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and that further research is necessary to fully characterise the human liver B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo M. Patel
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxin S. Liu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Davies
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Brown
- Department of Histopathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre A. Kelly
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M. Reynolds
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Kimble EL, Cassaday RD. Antibody and cellular immunotherapies for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:3333-3347. [PMID: 34402732 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1964022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in the outcomes of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), traditional therapies (including hematopoietic stem cell transplant) often still fail. Antigen-specific immunotherapies for the treatment of ALL such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy and are rapidly evolving. With indisputable activity in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL, efforts now hope to integrate these agents into earlier phases of treatment. In this review, we will discuss the available antibody and cellular-based immunotherapies for the treatment of patients with ALL and provide a clinical and biologic framework with which to inform treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Kimble
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan D Cassaday
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Cui C, Wang S, Lu W, Wang Y, Li J, Qu K, Yang M, Wang L, Yu Y. The adjuvanticity of manganese for microbial vaccines via activating the IRF5 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114720. [PMID: 34363796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn2+) has been reported to activate macrophages and NK cells, and to induce the production of type-I interferons (IFNs) by activating the cGAS-STING pathway. Few studies have been conducted on its adjuvanticity to microbial vaccines, and on the involvement of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5 signaling pathway in the adjuvanticity. In this study, we demonstrated that Mn2+ could facilitate various microbial vaccines to induce enhanced antibody responses, and facilitate the influenza virus vaccine to induce protective immunity against the influenza virus challenge. When formulated in vaccines, Mn2+ could activate murine CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and DCs, and induce the expression and phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IRF5 in the splenocytes of the immunized mice, resulting in the increased expression of type-I IFNs, TNF-α, B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). The induced TBK1 could recruit and bind the IRF5. Furthermore, the Mn2+ induced expression of IRF5 and Blimp-1 was prohibited by a IRF5 interfering oligonucleotide. The data suggest the Mn2+ could be used as a novel type of adjuvants for microbial vaccines, and the activation of IRF5 signaling pathway might involve in the adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kuo Qu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130021, China.
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15
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Cacciaguerra L, Tortorella P, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Targeting Neuromyelitis Optica Pathogenesis: Results from Randomized Controlled Trials of Biologics. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1623-1636. [PMID: 33909234 PMCID: PMC8608970 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder pathogenesis have allowed the development of targeted drugs. These treatments act on core elements of the disease, including the pro-inflammatory IL-6 pathway (tocilizumab and satralizumab), B cells (rituximab and inebilizumab), and complement (eculizumab). According to recent phase II-III trials, biologics significantly reduced the risk of relapses in aquaporin-4-seropositive patients, whereas results were less striking in the small cohorts of aquaporin-4-seronegative patients. Most adverse events were mild to moderate, with systemic symptoms (headache, arthralgia) or infections (upper respiratory and urinary tracts) being most commonly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Sayama Y, Asano T, Sano M, Yanaka M, Nakamura T, Okamoto S, Handa S, Komatsu Y, Nakamura Y, Furusawa Y, Takei J, Kato Y. Development of Novel Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human CD19. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 39:45-50. [PMID: 32271687 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2020.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is expressed in normal and neoplastic B cells, and it modulates the threshold of B cell activation for amplifying B cell receptor signaling. Blinatumomab (a CD3-CD19-bispecific T cell-engaging antibody) and tisagenlecleucel (genetically modified T cells that express a CD19 chimeric antigen receptor [CART-19]) provide significant benefits for patients with CD19-positive relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies. In this study, we first employed the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method to produce anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies using CD19-overexpressing cells for both immunization and screening. One established clone-C19Mab-1-proved to be useful in flow cytometry assays against lymphoma cell lines, such as BALL-1, P30/OHK, and Raji. Second, the extracellular domain of CD19 was immunized into mice, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed for the first screening. One established clone-C19Mab-3-was determined to be useful for Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. Due to their complementary utility, a combination of C19Mab-1 (established using CBIS) and C19Mab-3 (established using conventional method) could be useful for the pathological analysis of CD19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saki Okamoto
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saori Handa
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Komatsu
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakamura
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furusawa
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Takei
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Xie Q, Sun M, Sun J, Zheng T, Wang M. New progress in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with monoclonal antibodies (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:148. [PMID: 33456515 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a group of immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating diseases mainly affecting the central nervous system. It is characterized by high risk of relapse and progression to disability. The frequent recurrences of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder often exacerbate the neurological dysfunction and severely affect the patient's quality of life. Conventional treatments for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, including acute treatment and sequential therapy, aim to decrease the degree of disability and recurrences. In recent years, new monoclonal antibodies have yielded encouraging results. The present review discusses the research status and recent progress in the treatment of NMOSD with monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Mengjiao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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18
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Li N, Jiang P, Chen A, Luo X, Jing Y, Yang L, Kang D, Chen Q, Liu J, Chang J, Jellusova J, Miller H, Westerberg L, Wang CY, Gong Q, Liu C. CX3CR1 positively regulates BCR signaling coupled with cell metabolism via negatively controlling actin remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4379-4395. [PMID: 32016488 PMCID: PMC11105092 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As an important chemokine receptor, the role of CX3CR1 has been studied extensively on the migration of lymphocytes including T and B cells. Although CX3CR1+ B cells have immune suppressor properties, little is known about its role on the regulation of BCR signaling and B cell differentiation as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. We have used CX3CR1 KO mice to study the effect of CX3CR1 deficiency on BCR signaling and B cell differentiation. Interestingly, we found that proximal BCR signaling, such as the activation of CD19, BTK and SHIP was reduced in CX3CR1 KO B cells upon antigenic stimulation. However, the activation of mTORC signaling was enhanced. Mechanistically, we found that the reduced BCR signaling in CX3CR1 KO B cells was due to reduced BCR clustering, which is caused by the enhanced actin accumulation by the plasma membrane via increased activation of WASP. This caused an increased differentiation of MZ B cells in CX3CR1 KO mice and an enhanced generation of plasma cells (PC) and antibodies. Our study shows that CX3CR1 regulates BCR signaling via actin remodeling and affects B cell differentiation and the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anwei Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xi Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Julia Jellusova
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Lisa Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, KarolinskaInstitutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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19
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Li M, Li W, Yang X, Wang H, Peng Y, Yin J, Lu Y, Liu L, Shang J, Zhao Q. An immune landscape based prognostic signature predicts the immune status and immunotherapeutic responses of patients with colorectal cancer. Life Sci 2020; 261:118368. [PMID: 32888940 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers with poor prognosis worldwide. The advent of immunotherapy has greatly improved survival in refractory patients of CRC. In this study, we aimed to identify reliable immune classification and biomarkers that predict immunotherapeutic responses in CRC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on transcriptome profiles of two publicly available CRC datasets, we performed single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to calculate the relative abundance of 29 immune-related items of each sample. Unsupervised clustering was used to classify CRC patients. Furthermore, an immune prognostic signature was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. KEY FINDINGS The CRC patients were clustered into high, medium, low immune infiltration subtypes based on the immune landscape. There was significant heterogeneity among the three subtypes. The high immune infiltration group showed higher expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 and better prognosis than the median and low immune infiltration groups. Furthermore, we constructed a 7-immune-related prognostic gene signature and found that the signature had high predictive value and was superior to other clinicopathological parameters. Finally, the correlation analysis of the signature with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint molecules suggested that the signature had the potential to assess the immunotherapeutic responses of CRC patients. SIGNIFICANCE The immune landscape and prognostic signature of CRC contribute to a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment and guide accurate immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Department of Medical Records, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinwen Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Wang B, Sun S, Liu M, Chen H, Liu N, Wu Z, Wu G, Dai Z. Dietary L-Tryptophan Regulates Colonic Serotonin Homeostasis in Mice with Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. J Nutr 2020; 150:1966-1976. [PMID: 32386234 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-tryptophan (Trp) has been reported to regulate gut immune responses during inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of Trp supplementation on the serotonin receptor (HTR)-mediated immune response in the colon of mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS In Experiment 1, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: Control (Con) or L-Trp supplementation [0.1 mg/(g body weight·d) in drinking water] (Trp) with (+DSS) or without 2% DSS in drinking water from days 8 to 14 of the 17-d study. In Experiments 2 and 3, Trp + DSS (Expt. 2) or DSS (Expt. 3) mice were treated as described above and subcutaneously administered with HTR1A or HTR4 antagonists (or their combination) or an HTR2 agonist from days 8 to 14 of the 15-d study. Changes in immune cell phenotypes, inflammatory mediators, and related cell signaling molecules were assessed by flow cytometry, real-time PCR, or Western blot. The mRNA abundances of Trp hydroxylase (Tph1), serotonin reuptake transporter (Slc6a4), and Htr in the colon were also assessed. RESULTS Trp supplementation before DSS treatment upregulated the expression of colonic Slc6a4 (0.49 compared with 0.30), Htr1a (1.14 compared with 0.65), and Htr4 (1.08 compared with 0.70), downregulated the expression of Htr2a (1.54 compared with 1.89), and decreased the colonic serotonin concentration (11.5 compared with 14.8 nmol/g tissue) (P < 0.01). Trp regulated the DSS-induced immune response partly through attenuating the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-STAT3 signaling and nucleus p-65. Either an HTR2 agonist or HTR1A and HTR4 antagonists reversed the effects of Trp. CONCLUSIONS In mice treated with DSS, Trp supplementation before DSS administration improved colonic immune responses partly by reducing colonic serotonin and subsequent interactions with HTR1A and HTR4, which are known to be present on neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shiqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Moyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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21
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Yin W, Han H, Miller H, Li J, Herrada AA, Kubo M, Sui Z, Gong Q, Liu C. The regulation of DOCK family proteins on T and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:383-394. [PMID: 32542827 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0520-221rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family proteins consist of 11 members, each of which contains 2 domains, DOCK homology region (DHR)-1 and DHR-2, and as guanine nucleotide exchange factors, they mediate activation of small GTPases. Both DOCK2 and DOCK8 deficiencies in humans can cause severe combined immunodeficiency, but they have different characteristics. DOCK8 defect mainly causes high IgE, allergic disease, refractory skin virus infection, and increased incidence of malignant tumor, whereas DOCK2 defect mainly causes early-onset, invasive infection with less atopy and increased IgE. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms causing the disease remain unclear. This paper discusses the role of DOCK family proteins in regulating B and T cells, including development, survival, migration, activation, immune tolerance, and immune functions. Moreover, related signal pathways or molecule mechanisms are also described in this review. A greater understanding of DOCK family proteins and their regulation of lymphocyte functions may facilitate the development of new therapeutics for immunodeficient patients and improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Hematology of Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andres A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurement, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Titov A, Valiullina A, Zmievskaya E, Zaikova E, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Bulatov E, Rizvanov A. Advancing CAR T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Lessons Learned from Lymphoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010125. [PMID: 31947775 PMCID: PMC7016531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy is one of the most promising modern approaches for the treatment of cancer. To date only two CAR T-cell products, Kymriah® and Yescarta®, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphoma. Administration of CAR T-cells to control solid tumors has long been envisaged as one of the most difficult therapeutic tasks. The first two clinical trials conducted in sarcoma and neuroblastoma patients showed clinical benefits of CAR T-cells, yet multiple obstacles still hold us back from having accessible and efficient therapy. Why did such an effective treatment for relapsed and refractory hematological malignancies demonstrate only relatively modest efficiency in the context of solid tumors? Is it due to the lucky selection of the “magic” CD19 antigen, which might be one of a kind? Or do lymphomas lack the immunosuppressive features of solid tumors? Here we review the existing knowledge in the field of CAR T-cell therapy and address the heterogeneity of solid tumors and their diverse strategies of immunoevasion. We also provide an insight into prospective developments of CAR T-cell technologies against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Hematology Research Centre, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Zaikova
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.R.)
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23
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Xu X, Sun Q, Liang X, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Li M, Tu H, Liu Y, Tu S, Li Y. Mechanisms of Relapse After CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2664. [PMID: 31798590 PMCID: PMC6863137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is highly effective in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or B-cell lymphoma, providing alternative therapeutic options for patients who failed to respond to conventional treatment or relapse. Moreover, it can bridge other therapeutic strategies and greatly improve patient prognosis, with broad applicable prospects. Even so, 30–60% patients relapse after treatment, probably due to persistence of CAR T-cells and escape or downregulation of CD19 antigen, which is a great challenge for disease control. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that underlie post-CAR relapse and establishing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies is important. Herein, we discuss post-CAR relapse from the aspects of CD19-positive and CD19-negative and provide some reasonable prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihang Sun
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Tu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanfang Tu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Resistance Mechanisms to CAR T-Cell Therapy and Overcoming Strategy in B-Cell Hematologic Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205010. [PMID: 31658644 PMCID: PMC6834308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promising clinical impact against hematologic malignancies. CD19 is a marker on the surface of normal B cells as well as most B-cell malignancies, and thus has a role as an effective target for CAR T-cell therapy. In numerous clinical data, successes with cell therapy have provided anticancer therapy as a potential therapeutic option for patients who are resistant to standard chemotherapies. However, recent growing evidence showed the limitations of the treatment such as antigen-positive relapse due to poor CAR T-cell persistence and antigen-negative relapses associated with CAR-driven mutations, alternative splicing, epitope masking, low antigen density, and lineage switching. The understanding of the resistance mechanisms to the cell therapy has developed novel potential treatment strategies, including dual-targeting therapy (dual and tandem CAR), and armored and universal CAR T-cell therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of resistance mechanisms to CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in B-cell malignancies and also review therapeutic strategies to overcome these resistances.
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25
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Vanhee S, Åkerstrand H, Kristiansen TA, Datta S, Montano G, Vergani S, Lang S, Ungerbäck J, Doyle A, Olsson K, Beneventi G, Jensen CT, Bellodi C, Soneji S, Sigvardsson M, Gyllenbäck EJ, Yuan J. Lin28b controls a neonatal to adult switch in B cell positive selection. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:4/39/eaax4453. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of B-1 cells to become positively selected into the mature B cell pool, despite being weakly self-reactive, has puzzled the field since its initial discovery. Here, we explore changes in B cell positive selection as a function of developmental time by exploiting a link between CD5 surface levels and the natural occurrence of self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) in BCR wild-type mice. We show that the heterochronic RNA binding protein Lin28b potentiates a neonatal mode of B cell selection characterized by enhanced overall positive selection in general and the developmental progression of CD5+immature B cells in particular. Lin28b achieves this by amplifying the CD19/PI3K/c-Myc positive feedback loop, and ectopic Lin28b expression restores both positive selection and mature B cell numbers in CD19−/−adult mice. Thus, the temporally restricted expression ofLin28brelaxes the rules for B cell selection during ontogeny by modulating tonic signaling. We propose that this neonatal mode of B cell selection represents a cell-intrinsic cue to accelerate the de novo establishment of the adaptive immune system and incorporate a layer of natural antibody-mediated immunity throughout life.
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26
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Haines RR, Scharer CD, Lobby JL, Boss JM. LSD1 Cooperates with Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling to Regulate Marginal Zone B Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1867-1881. [PMID: 31492745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone B cells (MZB) are a mature B cell subset that rapidly respond to blood-borne pathogens. Although the transcriptional changes that occur throughout MZB development are known, the corresponding epigenetic changes and epigenetic modifying proteins that facilitate these changes are poorly understood. The histone demethylase LSD1 is an epigenetic modifier that promotes plasmablast formation, but its role in B cell development has not been explored. In this study, a role for LSD1 in the development of B cell subsets was examined. B cell-conditional deletion of LSD1 in mice resulted in a decrease in MZB whereas follicular B cells and bone marrow B cell populations were minimally affected. LSD1 repressed genes in MZB that were normally upregulated in the myeloid and follicular B cell lineages. Correspondingly, LSD1 regulated chromatin accessibility at the motifs of transcription factors known to regulate splenic B cell development, including NF-κB motifs. The importance of NF-κB signaling was examined through an ex vivo MZB development assay, which showed that both LSD1-deficient and NF-κB-inhibited transitional B cells failed to undergo full MZB development. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility analyses of in vivo- and ex vivo-generated LSD1-deficient MZB indicated that LSD1 regulated the downstream target genes of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Additionally LSD1 was found to interact with the noncanonical NF-κB transcription factor p52. Together, these data reveal that the epigenetic modulation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by LSD1 is an essential process during the development of MZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Haines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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27
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Jing Y, Kang D, Liu L, Huang H, Chen A, Yang L, Jiang P, Li N, Miller H, Liu Z, Zhu X, Yang J, Wang X, Sun J, Liu Z, Liu W, Zhou X, Liu C. Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2 couples with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 to regulate expression of CD21 and B-cell differentiation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1377-1390.e4. [PMID: 31405607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, combined with CD19 and CD21 signals, imparts specific control of B-cell responses. Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2 (DOCK2) is critical for the migration and motility of lymphocytes. Although absence of DOCK2 leads to lymphopenia, little is known about the signaling mechanisms and physiologic functions of DOCK2 in B cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the underlying molecular mechanism of how DOCK2 regulates BCR signaling and peripheral B-cell differentiation. METHODS In this study we used genetic models for DOCK2, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 deficiency to study their interplay in BCR signaling and B-cell differentiation. RESULTS We found that the absence of DOCK2 led to downregulation of proximal and distal BCR signaling molecules, including CD19, but upregulation of SH2-containing inositol 5 phosphatase 1, a negative signaling molecule. Interestingly, DOCK2 deficiency reduced CD19 and CD21 expression at the mRNA and/or protein levels and was associated with reduced numbers of marginal zone B cells. Additionally, loss of DOCK2 reduced activation of WASP and accelerated degradation of WASP, resulting into reduced actin accumulation and early activation of B cells. Mechanistically, the absence of DOCK2 upregulates the expression of lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1. These differences were associated with altered humoral responses in the absence of DOCK2. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study has provided a novel underlying molecular mechanism of how DOCK2 deficiency regulates surface expression of CD21, which leads to downregulation of CD19-mediated BCR signaling and marginal zone B-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Jing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anwei Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mont
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Clinical immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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28
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Singh K, Lin J, Zhong Y, Burčul A, Mohan P, Jiang M, Sun L, Yong-Gonzalez V, Viale A, Cross JR, Hendrickson RC, Rätsch G, Ouyang Z, Wendel HG. c-MYC regulates mRNA translation efficiency and start-site selection in lymphoma. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1509-1524. [PMID: 31142587 PMCID: PMC6605752 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic c-MYC (MYC) transcription factor has broad effects on gene expression and cell behavior. We show that MYC alters the efficiency and quality of mRNA translation into functional proteins. Specifically, MYC drives the translation of most protein components of the electron transport chain in lymphoma cells, and many of these effects are independent from proliferation. Specific interactions of MYC-sensitive RNA-binding proteins (e.g., SRSF1/RBM42) with 5'UTR sequence motifs mediate many of these changes. Moreover, we observe a striking shift in translation initiation site usage. For example, in low-MYC conditions, lymphoma cells initiate translation of the CD19 mRNA from a site in exon 5. This results in the truncation of all extracellular CD19 domains and facilitates escape from CD19-directed CAR-T cell therapy. Together, our findings reveal MYC effects on the translation of key metabolic enzymes and immune receptors in lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Singh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jianan Lin
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Yi Zhong
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Antonija Burčul
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Prathibha Mohan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Man Jiang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Liping Sun
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vladimir Yong-Gonzalez
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Agnes Viale
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Proteomics and Microchemistry, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Computational Biology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhengqing Ouyang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Hans-Guido Wendel
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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29
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Chu Y, Gardenswartz A, Termuhlen AM, Cairo MS. Advances in cellular and humoral immunotherapy - implications for the treatment of poor risk childhood, adolescent, and young adult B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:1055-1070. [PMID: 30613939 PMCID: PMC6555680 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with relapsed, refractory or advanced stage B non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) continue to have a dismal prognosis. This review summarises current and novel cellular and immunotherapy for these high-risk populations, including haematopoietic stem cell transplant, bispecific antibodies, viral-derived cytotoxic T cells, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and natural killer (NK) cell therapy, as discussed at the 6th International Symposium on Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma on September 26th-29th 2018 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and explores the future of NK/CAR NK therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Amanda M. Termuhlen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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30
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Prognostic role of immune infiltrates in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:17-27. [PMID: 31134489 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is often regarded as a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast carcinoma but current diagnostic tools are unable to accurately predict the invasive potential of DCIS. Infiltration of immune cells into the tumour and its microenvironment is often an early event at the site of tumourigenesis. These immune infiltrates may be potential predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers for DCIS. This review aims to discuss recent findings pertaining to the potential prognostic significance of immune infiltrates as well as their evaluation in DCIS. METHODS A literature search on PubMed was conducted up to 28th January 2019. Search terms used were "DCIS", "ductal carcinoma in situ", "immune", "immunology", "TIL", "TIL assessment", and "tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte". Search filters for "Most Recent" and "English" were applied. Information from published papers related to the research topic were synthesised and summarised for this review. RESULTS Studies have revealed that immune infiltrates play a role in the biology and microenvironment of DCIS, as well as treatment response. There is currently no consensus on the evaluation of TILs in DCIS for clinical application. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the recent findings on the potential influence and prognostic value of immunological processes on DCIS progression, as well as the evaluation of TILs in DCIS. Further characterisation of the immune milieu of DCIS is recommended to better understand the immune response in DCIS progression and recurrence.
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31
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Greaves SA, Peterson JN, Strauch P, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Active PI3K abrogates central tolerance in high-avidity autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1135-1153. [PMID: 30948496 PMCID: PMC6504226 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-avidity autoreactive B cells are typically removed by central tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow. Greaves et al. demonstrate that B cell–intrinsic expression of active PI3Kα prevents central tolerance and effectively promotes differentiation and activation of high-avidity autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Autoreactive B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity in the bone marrow undergo mechanisms of central tolerance that prevent their entry into the peripheral B cell population. These mechanisms are breached in many autoimmune patients, increasing their risk of B cell–mediated autoimmune diseases. Resolving the molecular pathways that can break central B cell tolerance could therefore provide avenues to diminish autoimmunity. Here, we show that B cell–intrinsic expression of a constitutively active form of PI3K-P110α by high-avidity autoreactive B cells of mice completely abrogates central B cell tolerance and further promotes these cells to escape from the bone marrow, differentiate in peripheral tissue, and undergo activation in response to self-antigen. Upon stimulation with T cell help factors, these B cells secrete antibodies in vitro but remain unable to secrete autoantibodies in vivo. Overall, our data demonstrate that activation of the PI3K pathway leads high-avidity autoreactive B cells to breach central, but not late, stages of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jacob N Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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32
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Metzger ML, Mauz-Körholz C. Epidemiology, outcome, targeted agents and immunotherapy in adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:1142-1157. [PMID: 30729493 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology, outcome and targeted immunotherapy in adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma were discussed during the 6th International Symposium on Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma September 26th-29th 2018 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. This review summarizes some of those presentations, as well as other current and novel antibody therapy, immune check-point inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, cancer vaccines and cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika L Metzger
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christine Mauz-Körholz
- Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen and Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther University of Halle, Germany
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Hatterer E, Barba L, Noraz N, Daubeuf B, Aubry-Lachainaye JP, von der Weid B, Richard F, Kosco-Vilbois M, Ferlin W, Shang L, Buatois V. Co-engaging CD47 and CD19 with a bispecific antibody abrogates B-cell receptor/CD19 association leading to impaired B-cell proliferation. MAbs 2019; 11:322-334. [PMID: 30569825 PMCID: PMC6380423 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1558698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19 is a B cell-specific receptor that regulates the threshold of B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated cell proliferation. A CD47xCD19 bispecific antibody (biAb) was generated to target and deplete B cells via multiple antibody-mediated mechanisms. Interestingly, the biAb, constructed of a CD19 binding arm and a CD47 binding arm, inhibited BCR-mediated B-cell proliferation with an effect even more potent than a CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The inhibitory effect of the biAb was not attributable to CD47 binding because a monovalent or bivalent anti-CD47 mAb had no effect on B cell proliferation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrated that co-engaging CD19 and CD47 prevented CD19 clustering and its migration to BCR clusters, while only engaging CD19 (with a mAb) showed no impact on either CD19 clustering or migration. The lack of association between CD19 and the BCR resulted in decreased phosphorylation of CD19 upon BCR activation. Furthermore, the biAb differentially modulated BCR-induced gene expression compared to a CD19 mAb. Taken together, this unexpected role of CD47xCD19 co-ligation in inhibiting B cell proliferation illuminates a novel approach in which two B cell surface molecules can be tethered, to one another in order, which may provide a therapeutic benefit in settings of autoimmunity and B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hatterer
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | - Leticia Barba
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | - Nelly Noraz
- b INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon , University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Lyon , France
| | - Bruno Daubeuf
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Françoise Richard
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Ferlin
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | - Limin Shang
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Buatois
- a Exploratory Sciences , NovImmune SA , Plan les Ouates , Switzerland
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Schroeder HW, Imboden JB, Torres RM. Antigen Receptor Genes, Gene Products, and Coreceptors. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hwang IY, Boularan C, Harrison K, Kehrl JH. Gα i Signaling Promotes Marginal Zone B Cell Development by Enabling Transitional B Cell ADAM10 Expression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:687. [PMID: 29696016 PMCID: PMC5904254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicular (FO) versus marginal zone (MZ) B cell fate decision in the spleen depends upon BCR, BAFF, and Notch2 signaling. Whether or how Gi signaling affects this fate decision is unknown. Here, we show that direct contact with Notch ligand expressing stromal cells (OP9-Delta-like 1) cannot promote normal MZ B cell development when progenitor B cells lack Gαi proteins, or if Gi signaling is disabled. Consistent with faulty ADAM10-dependent Notch2 processing, Gαi-deficient transitional B cells had low ADAM10 membrane expression levels and reduced Notch2 target gene expression. Immunoblotting Gαi-deficient B cell lysates revealed a reduction in mature, processed ADAM10. Suggesting that Gαi signaling promotes ADAM10 membrane expression, stimulating normal transitional B cells with CXCL12 raised it, while inhibiting Gαi nucleotide exchange blocked its upregulation. Surprisingly, inhibiting Gαi nucleotide exchange in transitional B cells also impaired the upregulation of ADAM10 that occurs following antigen receptor crosslinking. These results indicate that Gαi signaling supports ADAM10 maturation and activity in transitional B cells, and ultimately Notch2 signaling to promote MZ B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Hwang
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cedric Boularan
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,InvivoGen, Toulouse, France
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John H Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Forsthuber TG, Cimbora DM, Ratchford JN, Katz E, Stüve O. B cell-based therapies in CNS autoimmunity: differentiating CD19 and CD20 as therapeutic targets. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418761697. [PMID: 29593838 PMCID: PMC5865455 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418761697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing recognition of the role of B cells in the adaptive immune response makes B cells an important therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Numerous current and developmental immunotherapies target B cells for elimination through recognition of cell-surface proteins expressed specifically on B cells, in particular CD19 and CD20. Similarities and differences in the function and expression of these two molecules predict some shared, and some distinct, pharmacological effects of agents targeting CD19 versus CD20, potentially leading to differences in the clinical safety and efficacy of such agents. Here, we review current knowledge of CD19 and CD20 function and biology, survey current and developmental therapies that target these molecules, and discuss potential differences in elimination of B cells by drugs that target CD19 versus CD20, with particular focus on the central nervous system autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The principles and mechanisms herein discussed might also be relevant to a variety of other nervous system autoimmune disorders, including NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis, transverse myelitis and myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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CD19 Isoforms Enabling Resistance to CART-19 Immunotherapy Are Expressed in B-ALL Patients at Initial Diagnosis. J Immunother 2018; 40:187-195. [PMID: 28441264 PMCID: PMC5424577 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the commonest childhood cancer and the prognosis of children with relapsed or therapy refractory disease remains a challenge. Treatment with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells targeting the CD19 antigen (CART-19 therapy) has been presented as a promising approach toward improving the outcome of relapsed or refractory disease. However, 10%-20% of the patients suffer another relapse. Epitope-loss under therapy pressure has been suggested as a mechanism of tumor cells to escape the recognition from CART-19 therapy. In this work, we analyzed the expression of CD19 isoforms in a cohort of 14 children with CD19 B-ALL and 6 nonleukemia donors. We showed that an alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA isoform lacking exon 2, and therefore the CART-19 epitope, but not isoforms lacking the transmembrane and cytosolic domains are expressed in leukemic blasts at diagnosis in children and in the bone marrow of nonleukemia donors. Furthermore, we clarified the sequence of a further isoform lacking the epitope recognized by CART-19 therapy and disclosed the presence of new isoforms. In comparison with the children, we showed that alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA isoforms affecting exon 2 are also expressed in 6 adult patients with CD19 B-ALL. On top of that, one of the adults expressed an isoform lacking the CD19 transmembrane and cytosolic domains. In conclusion, we proved that some of the CD19 isoforms contributing to CART-19 escape already preexist at diagnosis and could evolve as a dominant clone during CART-19 therapy suggesting the application of combined treatment approaches.
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Agius MA, Klodowska-Duda G, Maciejowski M, Potemkowski A, Li J, Patra K, Wesley J, Madani S, Barron G, Katz E, Flor A. Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI-551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: Results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study. Mult Scler 2017; 25:235-245. [PMID: 29143550 PMCID: PMC6360486 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517740641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: B cells may be involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inebilizumab (formerly MEDI-551) binds to and depletes CD19+ B cells. Objectives: To assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity of inebilizumab in adults with relapsing MS. Methods: This phase 1 trial randomised 28 patients 3:1 (21, inebilizumab; 7, placebo) to inebilizumab (2 intravenous (IV) doses, days 1 and 15: 30, 100 or 600 mg; or single subcutaneous (SC) dose on day 1: 60 or 300 mg) or matching placebo, with follow-up until at least week 24 or return of CD19+ B-cell count to ⩾80 cells/µL. Results: Complete B-cell depletion was observed across all doses. Infusion/injection (grade 1/2) reactions occurred in 6/15 patients receiving inebilizumab IV, 2/5 placebo IV and 1/6 inebilizumab SC. Serious adverse events occurred in three patients receiving inebilizumab: pyrexia, mixed-drug intoxication (unrelated to inebilizumab; resulted in death) and urinary tract infection. Mean number of cumulative new gadolinium-enhancing lesions over 24 weeks was 0.1 with inebilizumab versus 1.3 with placebo; mean numbers of new/newly enlarging T2 lesions were 0.4 and 2.4, respectively. Conclusion: Inebilizumab had an acceptable safety profile in relapsing MS patients and showed a trend in reductions in new/newly enlarging and gadolinium-enhancing lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Agius
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA/VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA; Multiple Sclerosis Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Andrzej Potemkowski
- Osrodek Badan Klinicznych Indywidualnej Specjalistycznej Praktyki Lekarskiej, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jing Li
- MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Kaushik Patra
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA/Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA
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Cummins KD, Gill S. Anti-CD123 chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CART): an evolving treatment strategy for hematological malignancies, and a potential ace-in-the-hole against antigen-negative relapse. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1539-1553. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1375107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Cummins
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Schneider D, Xiong Y, Wu D, Nӧlle V, Schmitz S, Haso W, Kaiser A, Dropulic B, Orentas RJ. A tandem CD19/CD20 CAR lentiviral vector drives on-target and off-target antigen modulation in leukemia cell lines. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:42. [PMID: 28515942 PMCID: PMC5433150 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical success with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- based immunotherapy for leukemia has been accompanied by the associated finding that antigen-escape variants of the disease are responsible for relapse. To target hematologic malignancies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets two antigens with a single vector, and thus potentially lessen the chance of leukemic escape mutations, a tandem-CAR approach was investigated. Methods Antigen binding domains from the FMC63 (anti-CD19) and Leu16 (anti-CD20) antibodies were linked in differing configurations to transmembrane and T cell signaling domains to create tandem-CARs. Expression on the surface of primary human T cells was induced by transduction with a single lentiviral vector (LV) encoding the tandem-CAR. Tandem-CARs were compared to single antigen targeting CARs in vitro and in vivo, and to an admixture of transduced cells expressing each CAR in vivo in immunodeficient (NSG) disease-bearing mice. Results Tandem constructs efficient killed the Raji leukemia cell line both in vitro and in vivo. Tandem CARs generated less cytokine than the CD20 CAR, but similar to CD19 CARs, on their own. In co-culture experiments at low effector to target ratios with both single- and tandem- CAR-T cells, a rapid down-modulation of full-length CD19 expression was seen on leukemia targets. There also was a partial down-modulation of CD22, and to a lesser degree, of CD20. Our data also highlight the extreme sensitivity of the NALM-6 cell line to general lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. While single and tandem constructs were effective in vivo in a standard setting, in a high-disease burden setting, the tandem CAR proved both effective and less toxic than an admixture of transduced T cell populations expressing single CARs. Conclusion Tandem CARs are equally effective in standard disease models to single antigen specificity CARs, and may be both more effective and less toxic in a higher disease burden setting. This may be due to optimized cell killing with more moderate cytokine production. The rapid co-modulation of CD19, CD20, and CD22 may account for the ability to rapidly evolve escape mutants by selecting for leukemic clones that not require these target antigens for continued expansion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0246-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schneider
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Darong Wu
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Volker Nӧlle
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Waleed Haso
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Boro Dropulic
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
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41
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Zah E, Lin MY, Silva-Benedict A, Jensen MC, Chen YY. T Cells Expressing CD19/CD20 Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptors Prevent Antigen Escape by Malignant B Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:498-508. [PMID: 27059623 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown remarkable curative potential against advanced B-cell malignancies, but multiple trials have also reported patient relapses due to the emergence of CD19-negative leukemic cells. Here, we report the design and optimization of single-chain, bispecific CARs that trigger robust cytotoxicity against target cells expressing either CD19 or CD20, two clinically validated targets for B-cell malignancies. We determined the structural parameters required for efficient dual-antigen recognition, and we demonstrate that optimized bispecific CARs can control both wild-type B-cell lymphoma and CD19(-) mutants with equal efficiency in vivo To our knowledge, this is the first bispecific CAR capable of preventing antigen escape by performing true OR-gate signal computation on a clinically relevant pair of tumor-associated antigens. The CD19-OR-CD20 CAR is fully compatible with existing T-cell manufacturing procedures and implementable by current clinical protocols. These results present an effective solution to the challenge of antigen escape in CD19 CAR T-cell therapy, and they highlight the utility of structure-based rational design in the development of receptors with higher-level complexity. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 498-508. ©2016 AACR
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Zah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meng-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anne Silva-Benedict
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. Department of Oncology and Hematology, St. Luke's Regional Cancer Center, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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42
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Sotillo E, Barrett DM, Black KL, Bagashev A, Oldridge D, Wu G, Sussman R, Lanauze C, Ruella M, Gazzara MR, Martinez NM, Harrington CT, Chung EY, Perazzelli J, Hofmann TJ, Maude SL, Raman P, Barrera A, Gill S, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Allman D, Jacoby E, Fry T, Mackall C, Barash Y, Lynch KW, Maris JM, Grupp SA, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Convergence of Acquired Mutations and Alternative Splicing of CD19 Enables Resistance to CART-19 Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1282-95. [PMID: 26516065 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The CD19 antigen, expressed on most B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL), can be targeted with chimeric antigen receptor-armed T cells (CART-19), but relapses with epitope loss occur in 10% to 20% of pediatric responders. We detected hemizygous deletions spanning the CD19 locus and de novo frameshift and missense mutations in exon 2 of CD19 in some relapse samples. However, we also discovered alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA species, including one lacking exon 2. Pull-down/siRNA experiments identified SRSF3 as a splicing factor involved in exon 2 retention, and its levels were lower in relapsed B-ALL. Using genome editing, we demonstrated that exon 2 skipping bypasses exon 2 mutations in B-ALL cells and allows expression of the N-terminally truncated CD19 variant, which fails to trigger killing by CART-19 but partly rescues defects associated with CD19 loss. Thus, this mechanism of resistance is based on a combination of deleterious mutations and ensuing selection for alternatively spliced RNA isoforms. SIGNIFICANCE CART-19 yield 70% response rates in patients with B-ALL, but also produce escape variants. We discovered that the underlying mechanism is the selection for preexisting alternatively spliced CD19 isoforms with the compromised CART-19 epitope. This mechanism suggests a possibility of targeting alternative CD19 ectodomains, which could improve survival of patients with B-cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sotillo
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn L Black
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Derek Oldridge
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glendon Wu
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robyn Sussman
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lanauze
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Gazzara
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole M Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen T Harrington
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Y Chung
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Perazzelli
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ted J Hofmann
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L Maude
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pichai Raman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro Barrera
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan J Melenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Terry Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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43
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BAFF-driven autoimmunity requires CD19 expression. J Autoimmun 2015; 62:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Filipova J, Rihova L, Vsianska P, Kufova Z, Kryukova E, Kryukov F, Hajek R. Flow cytometry in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: Short review. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30345-3. [PMID: 26422558 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has found its application in clinical diagnosis and evaluation of monoclonal gammopathies (MG). Although, research has been mainly focused on multiple myeloma (MM), nowadays FCM becomes to be potential tool in the field of AL amyloidosis. Clonal plasma cells identification and specific phenotype profile detection is important for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of AL amyloidosis. Therefore, FCM could be a perspective method for study not only MM but also AL amyloidosis. This review provides an overview and possibilities of FCM application in AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Filipova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Rihova
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vsianska
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kufova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kryukova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Fedor Kryukov
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine OU, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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45
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Weiland J, Elder A, Forster V, Heidenreich O, Koschmieder S, Vormoor J. CD19: A multifunctional immunological target molecule and its implications for Blineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1144-8. [PMID: 25755168 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 20-30 years CD19 has gained attention as a potential target in the therapy of B-cell malignancies. In particular, targeting CD19 with the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody Blinatumomab and T-cells modified by chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown promising efficacy in early phase clinical trials for adults and children with precursor B-cell ALL (BCP-ALL). This review will discuss the rationale behind targeting CD19 in BCP-ALL and its potential importance in BCP-ALL signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Weiland
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alex Elder
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Victoria Forster
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Vormoor
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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46
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Whelan J, Gowdy KM, Shaikh SR. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate B cell activity in pre-clinical models: Implications for the immune response to infections. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:10-17. [PMID: 26022530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B cell antigen presentation, cytokine production, and antibody production are targets of pharmacological intervention in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here we review recent pre-clinical evidence demonstrating that pharmacologically relevant levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from marine fish oils influence key aspects of B cell function through multiple mechanisms. N-3 PUFAs modestly diminish B cell mediated stimulation of classically defined naïve CD4(+) Th1 cells through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II pathway. This is consistent with existing data showing that n-3 PUFAs suppress the activation of Th1/Th17 cells through direct effects on helper T cells and indirect effects on antigen presenting cells. Mechanistically, n-3 PUFAs lower antigen presentation and T cell signaling by disrupting the formation of lipid microdomains within the immunological synapse. We then review data to show that n-3 PUFAs boost B cell activation and antibody production in the absence and presence of antigen stimulation. This has potential benefits for several clinical populations such as the aged and obese that have poor humoral immunity. The mode of action by which n-3 PUFA boost B cell activation and antibody production remains unclear, but may involve Th2 cytokines, enhanced production of specialized proresolving lipid mediators, and targeting of protein lateral organization in lipid microdomains. Finally, we highlight evidence to show that different n-3 PUFAs are not biologically equivalent, which has implications for the development of future interventions to target B cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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47
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Hayakawa K, Formica AM, Colombo MJ, Ichikawa D, Shinton SA, Brill-Dashoff J, Hardy RR. B cells generated by B-1 development can progress to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:250-5. [PMID: 25907284 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B cells generated early during fetal/neonatal B-1 development in mice include autoreactive cells with detectable CD5 upregulation induced by B cell receptor (BCR) signaling (B1a cells). A fraction of B1a cells are maintained by self-renewal for life, with the potential risk of dysregulated growth and progression to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/lymphoma during aging. In studies using the Eμ-hTCL1 transgenic mouse system, it became clear that this B1a subset has a higher potential than other B cell subsets for progression to CLL. We have generated several autoreactive germline BCR gene models to compare B cells generated under conditions of natural exposure to autoantigen. Analysis of the mice has been key in understanding the importance of the BCR and BCR signaling for generating different B cell subsets and for investigating the cellular origin of B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daiju Ichikawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Nguyen TG, Morris JM. Signals from activation of B-cell receptor with anti-IgD can override the stimulatory effects of excess BAFF on mature B cells in vivo. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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CD19 as a molecular target in CNS autoimmunity. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:177-90. [PMID: 24993505 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are the most prevalent neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The immunological cascade of these disorders is complex, and the exact spatial and temporal role of different immune cells is not fully understood. Although MS has been considered for many years to be primarily T cell driven, it is well established that B cells and the humoral immune response play an important role in its pathogenesis. This has long been evident from laboratory findings that include the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF. In NMO, the importance of the humoral immune system appears even more obvious as evidenced by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Besides their capacity to mature into antibody-producing plasma cells, B cells are potent antigen-presenting cells to T lymphocytes and they can provide soluble factors for cell activation and differentiation to other immune-competent cells. In MS and NMO, there are substantial data from clinical trials that B cell depletion with CD20-directed agents is effective and relatively safe. Plasma cells, which produce antibodies against molecular targets expressed by the host, but which also provide humoral immune responses against pathogens, are not targeted by anti-CD20 therapies. Therefore, the depletion of CD19-expressing cells would offer potential advantages with regard to efficacy, but potentially higher risks with regard to infectious complications. This review will outline the rationale for CD19 as a molecular target in CNS autoimmunity. The current stage of drug development is illustrated. Potential safety concerns will be discussed.
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50
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Hojer C, Frankenberger S, Strobl LJ, Feicht S, Djermanovic K, Jagdhuber F, Hömig-Hölzel C, Ferch U, Ruland J, Rajewsky K, Zimber-Strobl U. B-cell expansion and lymphomagenesis induced by chronic CD40 signaling is strictly dependent on CD19. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4318-28. [PMID: 24938766 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a member of the TNF receptor family, is expressed on all mature B cells and on most B-cell lymphomas. Recently, we have shown that constitutive activation of CD40 signaling in B cells induced by a fusion protein consisting of the transmembrane part of the Epstein-Barr viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the cytoplasmic part of CD40 (LMP1/CD40) drives B-cell lymphoma development in transgenic mice. Because LMP1/CD40-expressing B cells showed an upregulation of CD19, we investigated CD19's function in CD40-driven B-cell expansion and lymphomagenesis. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of CD19 in LMP1/CD40 transgenic mice resulted in a severe loss and reduced lifespan of mature B cells and completely abrogated development of B-cell lymphoma. CD19 is localized to lipid rafts and constitutively activated by the LMP1/CD40 fusion protein in B cells. We provide evidence that the improved survival and malignant transformation of LMP1/CD40-expressing B cells are dependent on activation of the MAPK Erk that is mediated through CD19 in a PI3K-dependent manner. Our data suggest that constitutively active CD40 is dependent on CD19 to transmit survival and proliferation signals. Moreover, we detected a similarly functioning prosurvival pathway involving phosphorylated CD19 and PI3K-dependent Erk phosphorylation in human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Our data provide evidence that CD19 plays an important role in transmitting survival and proliferation signals downstream of CD40 and therefore might be an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of lymphoma undergoing chronic CD40 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hojer
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Frankenberger
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar J Strobl
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Feicht
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Djermanovic
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Jagdhuber
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hömig-Hölzel
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Ferch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany.
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