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Yu H, Liu Q, Xie M, Fan J, Luo J, Huang J, Chen L. Nesfatin-1 inhibits cerebral aneurysms by activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-κB signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14864. [PMID: 39097921 PMCID: PMC11298201 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cerebral aneurysm (CA) has been considered one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide. A therapeutic agent is currently missing for the treatment of CA. Nesfatin-1 (Nes-1) is an 82-amino acid adipokine which possesses a wide range of biological functions. However, the physiological function of Nes-1 in CA is still unknown. Here, we aimed to assess the preventive effects of Nes-1 in the pathological development of CA and elucidate the mechanisms behind this. METHODS We used an elastase-induced CA model, accompanied by a high-salt diet to induce hypertension. Additionally, diverse experimental techniques, including Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining, real time PCR, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining, were employed to assess CA formation, gene and protein expression, as well as the macrophage infiltration. RESULTS Our results indicate that administration of Nes-1 significantly decreased the aneurysm size. Additionally, Nes-1 prevented inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) at both the mRNA and protein levels in the Circle of Willis (COW) region. Also, the increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the COW region were reduced by Nes-1. We found that Nes-1 administration suppressed the invasion of macrophages. Mechanistically, Nes-1 activated Nrf-2 by promoting its nuclear translocation but prevented the activation of the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Nes-1 might be used as a promising agent for the prevention of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Minghong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Dongguan Affiliated HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
| | - Junquan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Dongguan Affiliated HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
| | - Jiajia Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Dongguan Affiliated HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
| | - Junping Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryMinzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Dongguan Affiliated HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanChina
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2
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Bautista-Pérez R, Cano-Martínez A, Herrera-Rodríguez MA, Ramos-Godinez MDP, Pérez Reyes OL, Chirino YI, Rodríguez Serrano ZJ, López-Marure R. Oral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide E171 and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Multi-Organ Damage in Rats: Role of Ceramide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5881. [PMID: 38892068 PMCID: PMC11172338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are common food additives for human consumption. We examined multi-organ toxicity of both compounds on Wistar rats orally exposed for 90 days. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) control (saline solution), (2) E171-exposed, and (3) ZnO NPs-exposed. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ceramide (Cer), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) were detected by immunofluorescence. Relevant histological changes were observed: disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Increased levels of Cer, NT, and LAMP-2 were observed in the liver, kidney, and brain of E171- and ZnO NPs-exposed rats, and in rat hearts exposed to ZnO NPs. E171 up-regulated Cer and NT levels in the aorta and heart, while ZnO NPs up-regulated them in the aorta. Both NPs increased LAMP-2 expression in the intestine. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to metallic NPs causes multi-organ injury, reflecting how these food additives pose a threat to human health. Our results suggest how complex interplay between ROS, Cer, LAMP-2, and NT may modulate organ function during NP damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | | | | | - Olga Lidia Pérez Reyes
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Zariá José Rodríguez Serrano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
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3
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Huang YL, Huang DY, Klochkov V, Chan CM, Chen YS, Lin WW. NLRX1 Inhibits LPS-Induced Microglial Death via Inducing p62-Dependent HO-1 Expression, Inhibiting MLKL and Activating PARP-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38671928 PMCID: PMC11047433 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the production of cytokines are key factors contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Despite the well-recognized neuronal programmed cell death regulated by microglial activation, the death of microglia themselves is less investigated. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing X1 (NLRX1) functions as a scaffolding protein and is involved in various central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used the SM826 microglial cells to understand the role of NLRX1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death. We found LPS-induced cell death is blocked by necrostatin-1 and zVAD. Meanwhile, LPS can activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to reduce DNA damage and induce heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression to counteract cell death. NLRX1 silencing and PARP-1 inhibition by olaparib enhance LPS-induced SM826 microglial cell death in an additive manner. Less PARylation and higher DNA damage are observed in NLRX1-silencing cells. Moreover, LPS-induced HO-1 gene and protein expression through the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 axis are attenuated by NLRX1 silencing. In addition, the Nrf2-mediated positive feedback regulation of p62 is accordingly reduced by NLRX1 silencing. Of note, NLRX1 silencing does not affect LPS-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but increases mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) activation and cell necroptosis. In addition, NLRX1 silencing blocks bafilomycin A1-induced PARP-1 activation. Taken together, for the first time, we demonstrate the role of NLRX1 in protecting microglia from LPS-induced cell death. The underlying protective mechanisms of NLRX1 include upregulating LPS-induced HO-1 expression via Nrf2-dependent p62 expression and downstream Keap1-Nrf2 axis, mediating PARP-1 activation for DNA repair via ROS- and autophagy-independent pathway, and reducing MLKL activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Vladlen Klochkov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin 640203, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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4
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Duan J, Zhao Q, He Z, Tang S, Duan J, Xing W. Current understanding of macrophages in intracranial aneurysm: relevant etiological manifestations, signaling modulation and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1320098. [PMID: 38259443 PMCID: PMC10800944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1320098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages activation and inflammatory response play crucial roles in intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and progression. The outcome of ruptured IA is considerably poor, and the mechanisms that trigger IA progression and rupture remain to be clarified, thereby developing effective therapy to prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) become difficult. Recently, climbing evidences have been expanding our understanding of the macrophages relevant IA pathogenesis, such as immune cells population, inflammatory activation, intra-/inter-cellular signaling transductions and drug administration responses. Crosstalk between macrophages disorder, inflammation and cellular signaling transduction aggravates the devastating consequences of IA. Illustrating the pros and cons mechanisms of macrophages in IA progression are expected to achieve more efficient treatment interventions. In this review, we summarized the current advanced knowledge of macrophages activation, infiltration, polarization and inflammatory responses in IA occurrence and development, as well as the most relevant NF-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) regulatory signaling modulation. The understanding of macrophages regulatory mechanisms is important for IA patients' clinical outcomes. Gaining insight into the macrophages regulation potentially contributes to more precise IA interventions and will also greatly facilitate the development of novel medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Duan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Duan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Xing
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
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5
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Young JJ, Park HJ, Kim M, Par-Young J, Bartlett H, Kim HS, Unlu S, Osmani L, Shin MS, Bucala R, van Dyck CH, Allore H, Mecca AP, You S, Kang I. Aging gene signature of memory CD8 + T cells is associated with neurocognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:71. [PMID: 38042785 PMCID: PMC10693128 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory CD8+ T cells expand with age. We previously demonstrated an age-associated expansion of effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells expressing low levels of IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rαlow) and the presence of its gene signature (i.e., IL-7Rαlow aging genes) in peripheral blood of older adults without Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering age as the strongest risk factor for AD and the recent finding of EM CD8+ T cell expansion, mostly IL-7Rαlow cells, in AD, we investigated whether subjects with AD have alterations in IL-7Rαlow aging gene signature, especially in relation to genes possibly associated with AD and disease severity. RESULTS We identified a set of 29 candidate genes (i.e., putative AD genes) which could be differentially expressed in peripheral blood of patients with AD through the systematic search of publicly available datasets. Of the 29 putative AD genes, 9 genes (31%) were IL-7Rαlow aging genes (P < 0.001), suggesting the possible implication of IL-7Rαlow aging genes in AD. These findings were validated by RT-qPCR analysis of 40 genes, including 29 putative AD genes, additional 9 top IL-7R⍺low aging but not the putative AD genes, and 2 inflammatory control genes in peripheral blood of cognitively normal persons (CN, 38 subjects) and patients with AD (40 mild cognitive impairment and 43 dementia subjects). The RT-qPCR results showed 8 differentially expressed genes between AD and CN groups; five (62.5%) of which were top IL-7Rαlow aging genes (FGFBP2, GZMH, NUAK1, PRSS23, TGFBR3) not previously reported to be altered in AD. Unbiased clustering analysis revealed 3 clusters of dementia patients with distinct expression levels of the 40 analyzed genes, including IL-7Rαlow aging genes, which were associated with neurocognitive function as determined by MoCA, CDRsob and neuropsychological testing. CONCLUSIONS We report differential expression of "normal" aging genes associated with IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with AD, and the significance of such gene expression in clustering subjects with dementia due to AD into groups with different levels of cognitive functioning. These results provide a platform for studies investigating the possible implications of age-related immune changes, including those associated with CD8+ T cells, in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Joseph Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennefer Par-Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hugh Bartlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hye Sun Kim
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Serhan Unlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lais Osmani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Heather Allore
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam P Mecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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6
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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen L, Su W, Zhu Q, Tong G. Protective mechanisms of quercetin in neonatal rat brain injury induced by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7649-7663. [PMID: 38107093 PMCID: PMC10724619 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. This study explored whether quercetin (Que) exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD. A total of 36 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, Que, HI, and HI + Que groups. The Rice method was used to establish HIBD in HI and HI + Que rats, which were treated with hypoxia (oxygen concentration of 8%) for 2 h after ligation of the left common carotid artery. The rats in the HI + Que group were intraperitoneally injected with Que (30 mg/kg) 1 h before hypoxia, and the rats in the Que group were only injected with the same amount of Que. Brain tissues were harvested 24 h postoperation and assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay; relative gene and protein levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR, IHC, or western blot (WB) assay. Brain tissue morphologies were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); LC3B protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Escape latencies and platform crossing times were significantly improved (p < .05) in HI + Que groups; infarct volume significantly decreased (p < .001), whereas the numbers of autophagic bodies and apoptotic cells increased and decreased, respectively. Meanwhile, NLRX1, ATG7, and Beclin1 expressions were significantly upregulated, and mTOR and TIM23 expressions, LC3B protein level, and LC 3II/LC 3I ratio were significantly downregulated. Que exerted neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD by regulating NLRX1 and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐hong Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Jin‐bo Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Lu‐lu Chen
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Wei Su
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Qing Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
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7
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Morrison HA, Trusiano B, Rowe AJ, Allen IC. Negative regulatory NLRs mitigate inflammation via NF-κB pathway signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed J 2023; 46:100616. [PMID: 37321320 PMCID: PMC10494316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) function to mitigate overzealous pro-inflammatory signaling produced by NF-κB activation. Under normal pathophysiologic conditions, proper signaling by these NLRs protect against potential autoimmune responses. These NLRs associate with several different proteins within both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways to either prevent activation of the pathway or inhibit signal transduction. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathways ultimately dampens the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of other downstream pro-inflammatory signaling mechanisms. Dysregulation of these NLRs, including NLRC3, NLRX1, and NLRP12, have been reported in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer patients, suggesting the potential of these NLRs as biomarkers for disease detection. Mouse models deficient in these NLRs also have increased susceptibility to colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. While current standard of care for IBD patients and FDA-approved therapeutics function to remedy symptoms associated with IBD and chronic inflammation, these negative regulatory NLRs have yet to be explored as potential drug targets. In this review, we describe a comprehensive overview of recent studies that have evaluated the role of NLRC3, NLRX1, and NLRP12 in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Brie Trusiano
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Audrey J Rowe
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg VA, USA; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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8
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Gudenschwager-Basso EK, Shandra O, Volanth T, Patel DC, Kelly C, Browning JL, Wei X, Harris EA, Mahmutovic D, Kaloss AM, Correa FG, Decker J, Maharathi B, Robel S, Sontheimer H, VandeVord PJ, Olsen ML, Theus MH. Atypical Neurogenesis, Astrogliosis, and Excessive Hilar Interneuron Loss Are Associated with the Development of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy. Cells 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 37174647 PMCID: PMC10177146 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant risk factor for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the injury-induced epileptogenesis are under investigation. The dentate gyrus-a structure that is highly susceptible to injury-has been implicated in the evolution of seizure development. METHODS Utilizing the murine unilateral focal control cortical impact (CCI) injury, we evaluated seizure onset using 24/7 EEG video analysis at 2-4 months post-injury. Cellular changes in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus were quantified by unbiased stereology and Imaris image analysis to evaluate Prox1-positive cell migration, astrocyte branching, and morphology, as well as neuronal loss at four months post-injury. Isolation of region-specific astrocytes and RNA-Seq were performed to determine differential gene expression in animals that developed post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE+) vs. those animals that did not (PTE-), which may be associated with epileptogenesis. RESULTS CCI injury resulted in 37% PTE incidence, which increased with injury severity and hippocampal damage. Histological assessments uncovered a significant loss of hilar interneurons that coincided with aberrant migration of Prox1-positive granule cells and reduced astroglial branching in PTE+ compared to PTE- mice. We uniquely identified Cst3 as a PTE+-specific gene signature in astrocytes across all brain regions, which showed increased astroglial expression in the PTE+ hilus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that epileptogenesis may emerge following TBI due to distinct aberrant cellular remodeling events and key molecular changes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Troy Volanth
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dipan C. Patel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Colin Kelly
- Translational Biology Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jack L. Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Harris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Dzenis Mahmutovic
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | | | - Jeremy Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Biswajit Maharathi
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Pamela J. VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Engineered Health, Viginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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9
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Mohamadzadeh O, Hajinouri M, Moammer F, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Omid Shafiei G, Jafari A, Ostadian A, Talaei Zavareh SA, Hamblin MR, Yazdi AJ, Sheida A, Mirzaei H. Non-coding RNAs and Exosomal Non-coding RNAs in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Small Player with Big Actions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4064-4083. [PMID: 37020123 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) worldwide since substantial morbidity is observed after it, and the long-term consequences that are not yet fully recognized. A number of cellular pathways related to the secondary injury in brain have been identified, including free radical production (owing to mitochondrial dysfunction), excitotoxicity (regulated by excitatory neurotransmitters), apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory responses (as a result of activation of the immune system and central nervous system). In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) maintain a fundamental contribution to post-transcriptional regulation. It has been shown that mammalian brains express high levels of ncRNAs that are involved in several brain physiological processes. Furthermore, altered levels of ncRNA expression have been found in those with traumatic as well non-traumatic brain injuries. The current review highlights the primary molecular mechanisms participated in TBI that describes the latest and novel results about changes and role of ncRNAs in TBI in both clinical and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsasadat Hajinouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Moammer
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | | | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Ostadian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | | | - Amirhossein Sheida
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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10
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Porier DL, Adam A, Kang L, Michalak P, Tupik J, Santos MA, Lee C, Allen IC, Wang T, Auguste AJ. Humoral and T-cell-mediated responses to a pre-clinical Zika vaccine candidate that utilizes a unique insect-specific flavivirus platform. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530296. [PMID: 36909623 PMCID: PMC10002724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is critical for the control and prevention of viral outbreaks, yet conventional vaccine platforms may involve trade-offs between immunogenicity and safety. Insect-specific viruses have emerged as a novel vaccine platform to overcome this challenge. Detailed studies of humoral and T-cell responses induced by new insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV)-based vaccine platforms are needed to better understand correlates of protection and improve vaccine efficacy. Previously, we used a novel ISFV called Aripo virus (ARPV) to create a Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine candidate (designated ARPV/ZIKV). ARPV/ZIKV demonstrated exceptional safety and single-dose efficacy, completely protecting mice from a lethal ZIKV challenge. Here, we explore the development of immune responses induced by ARPV/ZIKV immunization and evaluate its correlates of protection. Passive transfer of ARPV/ZIKV-induced immune sera to naïve mice prior to challenge emphasized the importance of neutralizing antibodies as a correlate of protection. Depletion of T-cells in vaccinated mice and adoptive transfer of ARPV/ZIKV-primed T-cells to naïve mice prior to challenge indicated that ARPV/ZIKV-induced CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses contribute to the observed protection but may not be essential for protection during ZIKV challenge. However, vaccination of Rag1 KO, Tcra KO, and muMt - mice demonstrated the critical role for ARPV/ZIKV-induced T-cells in developing protective immune responses following vaccination. Overall, both humoral and T-cell-mediated responses induced by ISFV-based vaccines are important for comprehensive immunity, and ISFV platforms continue to be a promising method for future vaccine development.
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11
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Zhang Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Xin Y. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin-mediated mitophagy through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein X1 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22784. [PMID: 36692416 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201523r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of brain damage in neonates. Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a hub for a broad spectrum of signaling events, culminating in cell death triggered by HI. A neuroprotective role of melatonin (MT) has been proposed, and mitophagy regulation seems to be important for cell survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MT-mediated mitophagy during HI treatment are poorly defined. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein X1 (NLRX1) has emerged as a critical regulator of mitochondrial dynamics and neuronal death that participates in the pathology of diverse diseases. This study aimed to clarify whether NLRX1 participates in the regulation of mitophagy during MT treatment for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). We demonstrated that MT protected neonates from HIBD through NLRX1-mediated mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, MT upregulated the expression of NLRX1, Beclin-1, and autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) but decreased the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and translocase of the inner membrane of mitochondrion 23 (TIM23). Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of MT were abolished by silencing NLRX1 after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, the downregulation of mTOR and upregulation of Beclin-1 and ATG7 by MT were inhibited after silencing NLRX1 under OGD. In summary, MT modulates mitophagy induction through NLRX1 and plays a protective role in HIBD, providing insight into potential therapeutic targets for MT to exert neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Xingzao Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, P.R. China
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12
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Liu M, Liu K, Cheng D, Zheng B, Li S, Mo Z. The regulatory role of NLRX1 in innate immunity and human disease. Cytokine 2022; 160:156055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Jin J, Duan J, Du L, Xing W, Peng X, Zhao Q. Inflammation and immune cell abnormalities in intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): Relevant signaling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027756. [PMID: 36505409 PMCID: PMC9727248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder associated with high overall mortality. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of pathological reaction after aneurysm rupture are still unclear, especially in the immune microenvironment, inflammation, and relevant signaling pathways. SAH-induced immune cell population alteration, immune inflammatory signaling pathway activation, and active substance generation are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunosuppression, and brain injury. Crosstalk between immune disorders and hyperactivation of inflammatory signals aggravated the devastating consequences of brain injury and cerebral vasospasm and increased the risk of infection. In this review, we discussed the role of inflammation and immune cell responses in the occurrence and development of aneurysm SAH, as well as the most relevant immune inflammatory signaling pathways [PI3K/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), STAT, SIRT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NLRP3, TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Keap1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/ARE cascades] and biomarkers in aneurysm SAH. In addition, we also summarized potential therapeutic drugs targeting the aneurysm SAH immune inflammatory responses, such as nimodipine, dexmedetomidine (DEX), fingolimod, and genomic variation-related aneurysm prophylactic agent sunitinib. The intervention of immune inflammatory responses and immune microenvironment significantly reduces the secondary brain injury, thereby improving the prognosis of patients admitted to SAH. Future studies should focus on exploring potential immune inflammatory mechanisms and developing additional therapeutic strategies for precise aneurysm SAH immune inflammatory regulation and genomic variants associated with aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Duan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Leiya Du
- 4Department of Oncology, The Second People Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Xing
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Qijie Zhao, ; Xingchen Peng,
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Qijie Zhao, ; Xingchen Peng,
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14
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Snäkä T, Bekkar A, Desponds C, Prével F, Claudinot S, Isorce N, Teixeira F, Grasset C, Xenarios I, Lopez-Mejia IC, Fajas L, Fasel N. Sex-Biased Control of Inflammation and Metabolism by a Mitochondrial Nod-Like Receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882867. [PMID: 35651602 PMCID: PMC9150262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate steroid hormone synthesis, and in turn sex hormones regulate mitochondrial function for maintaining cellular homeostasis and controlling inflammation. This crosstalk can explain sex differences observed in several pathologies such as in metabolic or inflammatory disorders. Nod-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) is a mitochondria-associated innate receptor that could modulate metabolic functions and attenuates inflammatory responses. Here, we showed that in an infectious model with the human protozoan parasite, Leishmania guyanensis, NLRX1 attenuated inflammation in females but not in male mice. Analysis of infected female and male bone marrow derived macrophages showed both sex- and genotype-specific differences in both inflammatory and metabolic profiles with increased type I interferon production, mitochondrial respiration, and glycolytic rate in Nlrx1-deficient female BMDMs in comparison to wild-type cells, while no differences were observed between males. Transcriptomics of female and male BMDMs revealed an altered steroid hormone signaling in Nlrx1-deficient cells, and a “masculinization” of Nlrx1-deficient female BMDMs. Thus, our findings suggest that NLRX1 prevents uncontrolled inflammation and metabolism in females and therefore may contribute to the sex differences observed in infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amel Bekkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prével
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Coline Grasset
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Agora Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lluis Fajas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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15
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Morrison HA, Liu Y, Eden K, Nagai-Singer MA, Wade PA, Allen IC. NLRX1 Deficiency Alters the Gut Microbiome and Is Further Exacerbated by Adherence to a Gluten-Free Diet. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882521. [PMID: 35572547 PMCID: PMC9097893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with gluten sensitivities present with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome that is further exacerbated by a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). A subtype of patients genetically susceptible to gluten sensitivities are Celiac Disease (CeD) patients, who are carriers of the HLA DR3/DQ2 or HLA DR4/DQ8 haplotypes. Although 85-95% of all CeD patients carry HLA DQ2, up to 25-50% of the world population carry this haplotype with only a minority developing CeD. This suggests that CeD and other gluten sensitivities are mediated by factors beyond genetics. The contribution of innate immune system signaling has been generally understudied in the context of gluten sensitivities. Thus, here we examined the role of NOD-like receptors (NLRs), a subtype of pattern recognition receptors, in maintaining the composition of the gut microbiome in animals maintained on a GFD. Human transcriptomics data revealed significant increases in the gene expression of multiple NLR family members, across functional groups, in patients with active CeD compared to control specimens. However, NLRX1 was uniquely down-regulated during active disease. NLRX1 is a negative regulatory NLR that functions to suppress inflammatory signaling and has been postulate to prevent inflammation-induced dysbiosis. Using Nlrx1-/- mice maintained on either a normal or gluten-free diet, we show that loss of NLRX1 alters the microbiome composition, and a distinctive shift further ensues following adherence to a GFD, including a reciprocal loss of beneficial microbes and increase in opportunistic bacterial populations. Finally, we evaluated the functional impact of an altered gut microbiome by assessing short- and medium-chain fatty acid production. These studies revealed significant differences in a selection of metabolic markers that when paired with 16S rRNA sequencing data could reflect an overall imbalance and loss of immune system homeostasis in the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kristin Eden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul A Wade
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation Group, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
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16
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The interaction of O-GlcNAc-modified NLRX1 and IKK-α modulates IL-1β expression in M1 macrophages. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:408-418. [PMID: 35513753 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
NOD-like receptor (NLR)X1 (NLRX1) is a negative regulator of inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and downstream pro-inflammatory factors. However, its post-translational modification and how it participates in regulating the inflammatory responses in macrophages are still unclear. Here, we found that NLRX1 was modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). The interaction and co-localization between NLRX1 and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) was validated by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy analysis, and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) region of NLRX1 was required for its interaction with OGT. NLRX1 protein increased significantly after treatment with a high dose of OGT inhibitor OSMI-1. Elevated O-GlcNAcylation level promoted NLRX1 ubiquitination and decreased NLRX1 stability proved by ubiquitination and cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiments, and enhanced the interaction between NLRX1 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase-α (IKK-α), thus reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in M1 macrophages. Together, our results indicate that the interaction between NLRX1 and O-GlcNAcylation coordinates and modulates the inflammatory process in macrophages.
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17
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Guan X, Zhou W, Li L, Peng Q. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Rats Through Reducing MicroRNA-134-5p-Mediated NLRX1 Downregulation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Long L, Zang Q, Jia G, Fan M, Zhang L, Qi Y, Liu Y, Yu L, Wang S. Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Promotes White Matter Repair and Improves Dysphagia Symptoms in Cerebral Ischemia Model Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:811419. [PMID: 35493949 PMCID: PMC9051615 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.811419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and animal studies have shown that transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) exerts neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia. Studies have revealed that white matter damage after ischemia is related to swallowing defects, and the degree of white matter damage is related to the severity of dysphagia. However, the effect of ta-VNS on dysphagia symptoms and white matter damage in dysphagic animals after an ischemic stroke has not been investigated. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were randomly divided into the sham, control and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) group, which subsequently received ta-VNS for 3 weeks. The swallowing reflex was measured once weekly by electromyography (EMG). White matter remyelination, volume, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response in the white matter were assessed by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, stereology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Results ta-VNS significantly increased the number of swallows within 20 s and reduced the onset latency to the first swallow. ta-VNS significantly improved remyelination but did not alleviate white matter shrinkage after MCAO. Stereology revealed that ta-VNS significantly increased the density of capillaries and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) expression in the white matter. ta-VNS significantly alleviated the increase inTLR4, MyD88, phosphorylated MAPK and NF-κB protein levels and suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusion These results indicated ta-VNS slightly improved dysphagia symptoms after ischemic stroke, possibly by increasing remyelination, inducing angiogenesis, and inhibiting the inflammatory response in the white matter of cerebral ischaemia model rats, implying that ta-VNS may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dysphagia after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianwen Zang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Center of Electron Microscope, Institute of Life Science of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanrong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Sanrong Wang
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19
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Shi H, Zhou ZM, Zhu L, Chen L, Jiang ZL, Wu XT. Underlying Mechanisms and Related Diseases Behind the Complex Regulatory Role of NOD-Like Receptor X1. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:469-478. [PMID: 35363060 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), NOD-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) is the only known NLR family member that is targeted to the mitochondria, which contains a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain, a central conserved nucleotide-binding domain, and an unconventional N-terminal effector domain. It is unique due to several atypical features, such as mitochondrial localization, noninflammasome forming, and relatively undefined N-terminal domain. NLRX1 has multiple functions, including negative regulation of type-I interferon signaling, attenuation of proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, autophagy induction, modulation of reactive oxygen species production, cell death regulation, and participating in cellular senescence. In addition, due to its diverse functions, NLRX1 has been associated with various human diseases, including respiratory, circulatory, motor, urinary, nervous, and digestive systems, to name but a few. However, the exact regulatory mechanisms of NLRX1 are still unclear in many related diseases since conflicting and controversial topics on NLRX1 in the previous studies remain. In this review, we review recent research advances on the underlying mechanisms and related disorders behind the complex regulatory role of NLRX1, which may provide a promising target to prevent and/or treat the corresponding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zan-Li Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Wang JP, Li C, Ding WC, Peng G, Xiao GL, Chen R, Cheng Q. Research Progress on the Inflammatory Effects of Long Non-coding RNA in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:835012. [PMID: 35359568 PMCID: PMC8961287 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.835012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acute clinical event and an important cause of death and long-term disability. However, the underlying mechanism of the pathophysiological has not been fully elucidated and the lack of effective treatment a huge burden to individuals, families, and society. Several studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might play a crucial role in TBI; they are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Some lncRNAs modulate multiple therapeutic targets after TBI, including inflammation, thus, these lncRNAs have tremendous therapeutic potential for TBI, as they are promising biomarkers for TBI diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction. This review discusses the differential expression of different lncRNAs in brain tissue during TBI, which is likely related to the physiological and pathological processes involved in TBI. These findings may provide new targets for further scientific research on the molecular mechanisms of TBI and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-cong Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge-lei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Chen,
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Quan Cheng,
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21
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Chou WC, Rampanelli E, Li X, Ting JPY. Impact of intracellular innate immune receptors on immunometabolism. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:337-351. [PMID: 34697412 PMCID: PMC8891342 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism, which is the metabolic reprogramming of anaerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolite synthesis upon immune cell activation, has gained importance as a regulator of the homeostasis, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets that function as key factors in immunity. Metabolic changes in epithelial and other stromal cells in response to different stimulatory signals are also crucial in infection, inflammation, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. The crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and LKB1-AMPK signaling pathways is critical for modulating both immune and nonimmune cell metabolism. The bidirectional interaction between immune cells and metabolism is a topic of intense study. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine receptors, and T and B cell receptors have been shown to activate multiple downstream metabolic pathways. However, how intracellular innate immune sensors/receptors intersect with metabolic pathways is less well understood. The goal of this review is to examine the link between immunometabolism and the functions of several intracellular innate immune sensors or receptors, such as nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs, or NOD-like receptors), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs), and the cyclic dinucleotide receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We will focus on recent advances and describe the impact of these intracellular innate immune receptors on multiple metabolic pathways. Whenever appropriate, this review will provide a brief contextual connection to pathogenic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancers, metabolic disorders, and/or inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Amsterdam UMC (University Medical Center, location AMC), Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, AGEM (Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism) Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Li
- Comparative Immunology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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22
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Fritsch LE, Ju J, Gudenschwager Basso EK, Soliman E, Paul S, Chen J, Kaloss AM, Kowalski EA, Tuhy TC, Somaiya RD, Wang X, Allen IC, Theus MH, Pickrell AM. Type I Interferon Response Is Mediated by NLRX1-cGAS-STING Signaling in Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:852243. [PMID: 35283725 PMCID: PMC8916033 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.852243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a significant contributor to neuronal death and dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent evidence suggests that interferons may be a key regulator of this response. Our studies evaluated the role of the Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway in a murine model of TBI. Methods Male, 8-week old wildtype, STING knockout (−/−), cGAS−/−, and NLRX1−/− mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury. Histopathological evaluation of tissue damage was assessed using non-biased stereology, which was complemented by analysis at the mRNA and protein level using qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results We found that STING and Type I interferon-stimulated genes were upregulated after CCI injury in a bi-phasic manner and that loss of cGAS or STING conferred neuroprotection concomitant with a blunted inflammatory response at 24 h post-injury. cGAS−/− animals showed reduced motor deficits 4 days after injury (dpi), and amelioration of tissue damage was seen in both groups of mice up to 14 dpi. Given that cGAS requires a cytosolic damage- or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (DAMP/PAMP) to prompt downstream STING signaling, we further demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA is present in the cytosol after TBI as one possible trigger for this pathway. Recent reports suggest that the immune modulator NLR containing X1 (NLRX1) may sequester STING during viral infection. Our findings show that NLRX1 may be an additional regulator that functions upstream to regulate the cGAS-STING pathway in the brain. Conclusions These findings suggest that the canonical cGAS-STING-mediated Type I interferon signaling axis is a critical component of neural tissue damage following TBI and that mtDNA may be a possible trigger in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Fritsch
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Jing Ju
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Swagatika Paul
- Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jiang Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kowalski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Taylor C. Tuhy
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rachana Deven Somaiya
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alicia M. Pickrell Michelle H. Theus
| | - Alicia M. Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alicia M. Pickrell Michelle H. Theus
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23
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Sun L, Yuan R. LncRNA SNHG12 ameliorates bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity by sponging miR-497-5p to upregulate NLRX1. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221089001. [PMID: 35410500 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221089001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) has been reported to participate in the regulation of various nervous system disorders. Bupivacaine (BV), a commonly used local anesthetic, could generate neurotoxicity in neurons. This work intended to investigate the role and specific mechanism of SNHG12 in BV-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we established an in vitro cell model of BV-induced neurotoxicity by exposing human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) to BV. It was found that SNHG12 and NLRX1 levels were gradually downregulated, while miR-497-5p enrichment was upregulated accordingly with the increase of BV concentration. As indicated by functional assays, SNHG12 overexpression promoted cell viability but inhibited cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in BV-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, it was identified that SNHG12 directly targeted miR-497-5p and attenuated BV-induced neurotoxicity via interaction with miR-497-5p. Besides, it was confirmed that SNHG12 could upregulate NLRX1 expression by absorbing miR-497-5p. Moreover, miR-497-5p decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, which was partly reversed by NLRX1 upregulation. In conclusion, our findings indicated that SNHG12 might relieve BV-associated neurotoxicity by upregulating NLRX1 via miR-497-5p in vitro, providing novel clues and biomarkers for the treatment and prevention of BV-associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ru Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
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24
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Mira RG, Lira M, Cerpa W. Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms of Glial Response. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740939. [PMID: 34744783 PMCID: PMC8569708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder that involves brain damage due to external forces. TBI is the main factor of death and morbidity in young males with a high incidence worldwide. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including synaptic dysfunction, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glial cells comprise most cells in CNS, which are mediators in the brain’s response to TBI. In the CNS are present astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and polydendrocytes (NG2 cells). Astrocytes play critical roles in brain’s ion and water homeostasis, energy metabolism, blood-brain barrier, and immune response. In response to TBI, astrocytes change their morphology and protein expression. Microglia are the primary immune cells in the CNS with phagocytic activity. After TBI, microglia also change their morphology and release both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin producers of the CNS, promoting axonal support. TBI causes oligodendrocyte apoptosis, demyelination, and axonal transport disruption. There are also various interactions between these glial cells and neurons in response to TBI that contribute to the pathophysiology of TBI. In this review, we summarize several glial hallmarks relevant for understanding the brain injury and neuronal damage under TBI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Mira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Lira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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25
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Inampudi C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Crack PJ. Genetic Modulators of Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal Models and the Impact of Sex-Dependent Effects. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:706-723. [PMID: 32027210 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem causing disability and death worldwide. There is no effective treatment, due in part to the complexity of the injury pathology and factors affecting its outcome. The extent of brain injury depends on the type of insult, age, sex, lifestyle, genetic risk factors, socioeconomic status, other co-injuries, and underlying health problems. This review discusses the genes that have been directly tested in TBI models, and whether their effects are known to be sex-dependent. Sex differences can affect the incidence, symptom onset, pathology, and clinical outcomes following injury. Adult males are more susceptible at the acute phase and females show greater injury in the chronic phase. TBI is not restricted to a single sex; despite variations in the degree of symptom onset and severity, it is important to consider both female and male animals in TBI pre-clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Inampudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Jimenez-Duran G, Triantafilou M. Metabolic regulators of enigmatic inflammasomes in autoimmune diseases and crosstalk with innate immune receptors. Immunology 2021; 163:348-362. [PMID: 33682108 PMCID: PMC8274167 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat receptor (NLR)‐mediated inflammasome activation is important in host response to microbes, danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and metabolic disease. Some NLRs have been shown to interact with distinct cell metabolic pathways and cause negative regulation, tumorigenesis and autoimmune disorders, interacting with multiple innate immune receptors to modulate disease. NLR activation is therefore crucial in host response and in the regulation of metabolic pathways that can trigger a wide range of immunometabolic diseases or syndromes. However, the exact mode by which some of the less well‐studied NLR inflammasomes are activated, interact with other metabolites and immune receptors, and the role they play in the progression of metabolic diseases is still not fully elucidated. In this study, we review up‐to‐date evidence regarding NLR function in metabolic pathways and the interplay with other immune receptors involved in GPCR signalling, gut microbiota and the complement system, in order to gain a better understanding of its link to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Jimenez-Duran
- Immunology Network, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- Immunology Network, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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27
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Zhai G, Liang W, Xu Y. High Expression of Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces Nerve Injury in LSS Patients via AKT Mediated NF-κB p65 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641435. [PMID: 33815123 PMCID: PMC8012901 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a spinal degenerative disease, complicated with nerve injury. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a kind of glycerophospholipid molecule is elevated in the initial stages of neural injury. This research aimed to investigate the patho-mechanism of nerve injury caused by LPA in LSS patients. Twenty-five LSS patients and fifteen idiopathic scoliosis patients (without neurological symptoms) were recruited from Xianyang Central Hospital of Shanxi Province. We measured the concentration of LPA in cerebrospinal fluid samples of all subjects. Different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 mol/L) of LPA were used to stimulate Rat Neurons-spinal cord (RN-SC) cells. The effects of LPA on cell injury was detected by MTT and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by FCM (flow cytometry) and TUNEL staining. The changes in the expression of key proteins involved in Akt mediated NF-κB p65 pathway intervened by LPA were determined by western blot. RN-SC cells were pretreated with JSH-23 (NF-κB inhibitor) before LPA exposure, followed by cell apoptosis measurement. The concentration of LPA in LSS patients was notably higher than that in control patients (p < 0.01). The level of LPA was positively correlated with the severity of LSS. LPA treatment induced RN-SC cells displaying oval or rounded cell body with degenerated protrusion dose dependently. In addition, LPA decreased RN-SC cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. LPA initiated Akt phosphorylation, IKB phosphorylation, and NF-κB nuclear translocation in a dose-dependent manner. However, JSH-23 (NF-κB inhibitor) pre-treatment prevented effects of LPA. The high levels of LPA induced nerve injury by reducing the viability of RN-SC cells and promoted cell apoptosis through Akt mediated NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. LPA might be a new therapeutic target for relieving nerve injury in LSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiliang Zhai
- Orthopedic Surgery, Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Binzhou Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, ,China
| | - Yongjun Xu
- Xianyang Central Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
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28
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Long noncoding RNA NKILA transferred by astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles protects against neuronal injury by upregulating NLRX1 through binding to mir-195 in traumatic brain injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8127-8145. [PMID: 33686956 PMCID: PMC8034961 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transmitted nuclear factor-κB interacting lncRNA (NKILA)-containing astrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs) on traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI was modeled in vitro by exposing human neurons to mechanical injury and in vivo by controlled cortical impact in a mouse model. The gain- and loss-function approaches were conducted in injured neurons to explore the role of NKILA, microRNA-195 (miR-195) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat containing family member X1 (NLRX1) in neuronal injury. EVs extracted from NKILA-overexpressing astrocytes were used to treat injured neurons. It was revealed that NKILA was downregulated in injured neurons. Astrocyte co-culture participated in the upregulation of NKILA in injured neurons. Additionally, NKILA could competitively bind to miR-195 that directly targeted NLRX1. Next, the upregulation of NLRX1 or NKILA relived neuronal injury by promoting neuronal proliferation but inhibiting apoptosis. Astrocyte-derived EVs transferred NKILA into neurons, which led to the downregulation of miR-195, upregulation of NLRX1, increased cell proliferation, and decreased cell apoptosis. The in vivo experiments validated that NKILA-containing EVs promoted brain recovery following TBI. Collectively, astrocyte-derived EVs carrying NKILA was found to alleviate neuronal injury in TBI by competitively binding to miR-195 and upregulating NLRX1.
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29
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Focusing on the Cell Type Specific Regulatory Actions of NLRX1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031316. [PMID: 33525671 PMCID: PMC7865811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize a diverse repertoire of cell surface and intracellular receptors to detect exogenous or endogenous danger signals and even the changes of their microenvironment. However, some cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLR), including NLRX1, serve more functions than just being general pattern recognition receptors. The dynamic translocation between the cytosol and the mitochondria allows NLRX1 to interact with many molecules and thereby to control multiple cellular functions. As a regulatory NLR, NLRX1 fine-tunes inflammatory signaling cascades, regulates mitochondria-associated functions, and controls metabolism, autophagy and cell death. Nevertheless, literature data are inconsistent and often contradictory regarding its effects on individual cellular functions. One plausible explanation might be that the regulatory effects of NLRX1 are highly cell type specific and the features of NLRX1 mediated regulation might be determined by the unique functional activity or metabolic profile of the given cell type. Here we review the cell type specific actions of NLRX1 with a special focus on cells of the immune system. NLRX1 has already emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous immune-related diseases, thus we aim to highlight which regulatory properties of NLRX1 are manifested in disease-associated dominant immune cells that presumably offer promising therapeutic solutions to treat these disorders.
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30
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Pickering RJ, Booty LM. NLR in eXile: Emerging roles of NLRX1 in immunity and human disease. Immunology 2020; 162:268-280. [PMID: 33314068 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRX1 is a member of the NOD-like receptor family, a set of pattern recognition receptors associated with innate immunity. Interestingly, NLRX1 exists in somewhat of an exile from its NLR counterparts with unique features that mediate atypical functions compared with traditional NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Aside from a mitochondrial targeting sequence, the N-terminal region is yet to be characterized. Mitochondrially located, NLRX1 sits within a subgroup of regulatory NLRs responsible for negatively regulating cellular inflammatory signalling. As well as modulating pathogen response, emerging evidence is implicating NLRX1 as a central homeostatic gatekeeper between mitochondrial biology and immunological response. More recently, NLRX1 has been implicated in a wide range of disease, both pathogen-driven and otherwise. Emerging links of NLRX1 in cancer biology, autoimmunity and other inflammatory conditions are raising the potential of targeting NLRX1 therapeutically, with recent studies in inflammatory bowel disease showing great promise. Within this review, we address the unique features of NLRX1, its roles in innate immune signalling and its involvement in a range of inflammatory, metabolic and oncology disease indications with a focus on areas that could benefit from therapeutic targeting of NLRX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pickering
- Immunology Network, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee M Booty
- Immunology Network, Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
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31
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Snäkä T, Fasel N. Behind the Scenes: Nod-Like Receptor X1 Controls Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:609812. [PMID: 33344269 PMCID: PMC7746548 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.609812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are a subgroup of the cytosolic NLR family of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors can tune the innate immune responses triggered by the activation of other PRRs by either augmenting or attenuating the activated pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. Nod-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) is the only known mitochondria-associated negative regulatory NLR. NLRX1 attenuates several inflammatory pathways and modulates cellular processes such as autophagy and mitochondrial function following infection or injury. Using both in vitro expression and in vivo experimental models, NLRX1 is extensively described in the context of anti-viral signaling and host-defense against invading pathogens. More recently, NLRX1 has also gained interest in the field of cancer and metabolism where NLRX1 functions to attenuate overzealous inflammation in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the exact function of this novel receptor is still under debate and many, often contradictory, mechanisms of action together with cellular localizations have been proposed. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism is crucial for future research and development of novel therapeutical approaches. Here, we summarize the current findings on NLRX1 and discuss its role in both infectious and inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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32
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The emerging molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunctions in FXTAS. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165918. [PMID: 32800941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats at 5UTR of FMR1 gene, known as premutation. The main clinical and neuropathological features of FXTAS include progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia, neuronal cell loss and presence of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes. Various mitochondrial dysfunctions are reported in in vitro/vivo models of FXTAS; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such mitochondrial dysfunctions are unclear. CGG expansions are pathogenic through distinct mechanisms involving RNA gain of function, impaired DNA damage repair and FMRpolyG toxicity. Here, we have systematically reviewed the reports of mitochondrial dysfunctions under premutation condition. We have also focused on potential emerging mechanisms to understand mitochondrial associated pathology in FXTAS. This review highlights the important role of mitochondria in FXTAS and other related disorders; and suggests focus of future studies on mitochondrial dysfunction along with other prevailing mechanisms to alleviate neurodegeneration.
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33
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Role of Circular Ribonucleic Acids in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4296-4304. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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miR-146a Mimics Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury Involving JNK and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:484-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Peng L, Zhou Y, Jiang N, Wang T, Zhu J, Chen Y, Li L, Zhang J, Yu S, Zhao Y. DJ-1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects and regulates NLRX1-TRAF6 via SHP-1 in stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:81. [PMID: 32151250 PMCID: PMC7061472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute inflammation induced by reactive astrocytes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is important for protecting the resultant lesion. Our previous study demonstrated that DJ-1 is abundantly expressed in reactive astrocytes after cerebral I/R injury. Here, we show that DJ-1 negatively regulates the inflammatory response by facilitating the interaction between SHP-1 and TRAF6, thereby inducing the dissociation of NLRX1 from TRAF6. Methods We used oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro in primary astrocyte cultures and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in vivo to mimic I/R insult. Results The inhibition of DJ-1 expression increased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. DJ-1 knockdown facilitated the interaction between NLRX1 and TRAF6. However, the loss of DJ-1 attenuated the interaction between SHP-1 and TRAF6. In subsequent experiments, a SHP-1 inhibitor altered the interaction between SHP-1 and TRAF6 and facilitated the interaction between NLRX1 and TRAF6 in DJ-1-overexpressing astrocytes. Conclusion These findings suggest that DJ-1 exerts an SHP-1-dependent anti-inflammatory effect and induces the dissociation of NLRX1 from TRAF6 during cerebral I/R injury. Thus, DJ-1 may be an efficacious therapeutic target for the treatment of I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Koo JH, Kim DH, Cha D, Kang MJ, Choi JM. LRR domain of NLRX1 protein delivery by dNP2 inhibits T cell functions and alleviates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Theranostics 2020; 10:3138-3150. [PMID: 32194859 PMCID: PMC7053182 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is a chronic progressive disease and is caused by uncontrolled activation of myelin antigen specific T cells. It has high unmet medical needs due to the difficulty of efficient drug delivery into the CNS to control tissue inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that a fusion protein of NOD-like receptor family member X1 (NLRX1) and blood brain barrier (BBB)-permeable peptide, dNP2 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods: We purified recombinant LRR or NBD regions of NLRX1 protein conjugated with dNP2. To examine intracellular delivery efficiency of the recombinant protein, we incubated the proteins with Jurkat T cells or murine splenic T cells and their delivery efficiency was analyzed by flow cytometry. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy in an EAE model, we injected the recombinant protein into mice with 3 different treatment schemes e.g., prevention, semi-therapeutic, and therapeutic. To analyze their functional roles in T cells, we treated MACS-sorted naïve CD4 T cells with the proteins during their activation and differentiation into Th1, Th17, and Treg cells. Results: dNP2-LRR protein treatment showed significantly higher delivery efficiency than TAT-LRR or LRR alone in Jurkat T cells and mouse splenic T cells. In all three treatment schemes of EAE experiments, dNP2-LRR administration showed ameliorated tissue inflammation and disease severity with reduced number of infiltrating T cells producing inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ. In addition, dNP2-LRR inhibited T cell activation, cytokine production, and Th1 differentiation. Conclusion: These results suggest that dNP2-LRR is a novel agent, which regulates effector T cell functions and could be a promising molecule for the treatment of CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Wasson EM, Alinezhadbalalami N, Brock RM, Allen IC, Verbridge SS, Davalos RV. Understanding the role of calcium-mediated cell death in high-frequency irreversible electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 131:107369. [PMID: 31706114 PMCID: PMC10039453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is an emerging electroporation-based therapy used to ablate cancerous tissue. Treatment consists of delivering short, bipolar pulses (1-10μs) in a series of 80-100 bursts (1 burst/s, 100μs on-time). Reducing pulse duration leads to reduced treatment volumes compared to traditional IRE, therefore larger voltages must be applied to generate ablations comparable in size. We show that adjuvant calcium enhances ablation area in vitro for H-FIRE treatments of several pulse durations (1, 2, 5, 10μs). Furthermore, H-FIRE treatment using 10μs pulses delivered with 1mM CaCl2 results in cell death thresholds (771±129V/cm) comparable to IRE thresholds without calcium (698±103V/cm). Quantifying the reversible electroporation threshold revealed that CaCl2 enhances the permeabilization of cells compared to a NaCl control. Gene expression analysis determined that CaCl2 upregulates expression of eIFB5 and 60S ribosomal subunit genes while downregulating NOX1/4, leading to increased signaling in pathways that may cause necroptosis. The opposite was found for control treatment without CaCl2 suggesting cells experience an increase in pro survival signaling. Our study is the first to identify key genes and signaling pathways responsible for differences in cell response to H-FIRE treatment with and without calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech- Wake Forest University, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular protein complexes implicated in the detection of pathogens or danger-associated molecules and are responsible for mounting the first line of innate immune response to counteract these signals and restore tissue homeostasis. Among different inflammasomes identified so far, NLRP3 is of main interest since mutations in Nlrp3 gene are associated with autoinflammatory diseases such as Muckle–Wells syndrome, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and familial cold urticaria/autoinflammatory syndrome. On the other hand, whereas other inflammasomes are mainly detectors of specific molecular motifs, NLRP3 is acting as a general sensor of cellular perturbations including potassium efflux, lysosomal damage, and ROS production. Besides this central role of NLRP3 in inflammation, recent publications show that the NLRP3 inflammasome is also involved in the physiopathology of several neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review gives an overview of the established functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating inflammation in macrophages and describes its recently discovered roles in neurological disorders in promoting neuroinflammation, as well as modulating key proteins mediating the disorders. Finally, we discuss the targeting of NLRP3 in neurological diseases and present some examples of NLRP3 inhibitors that could be used in neurological disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Eren
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKIL), Boğaziçi University, İstanbul Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Nesrin Özören
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Apoptosis and Cancer Immunology Laboratory (AKIL), Boğaziçi University, İstanbul Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul Turkey
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Nagai-Singer MA, Morrison HA, Allen IC. NLRX1 Is a Multifaceted and Enigmatic Regulator of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2419. [PMID: 31681307 PMCID: PMC6797603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, significant progress has been achieved in defining mechanisms underlying NLR regulation of immune system function. However, several NLR family members continue to defy our best attempts at characterization and routinely exhibit confounding data. This is particularly true for NLR family members that regulate signaling associated with the activation of other pattern recognition receptors. NLRX1 is a member of this NLR sub-group and acts as an enigmatic regulator of immune system function. NLRX1 has been shown to negatively regulate type-I interferon, attenuate pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling, promote reactive oxygen species production, and modulate autophagy, cell death, and proliferation. However, the mechanism/s associated with NLRX1 modulation of these pathways is not fully understood and there are inconsistencies within the field. Likewise, it is highly likely that the full repertoire of biological functions impacted by NLRX1 are yet to be defined. Recent mouse studies have shown that NLRX1 significantly impacts a multitude of diseases, including cancer, virus infection, osteoarthritis, traumatic brain injury, and inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, it is essential that the underlying mechanism associated with NLRX1 function in each of these diseases be robustly defined. Here, we summarize the current progress in understanding mechanisms associated with NLRX1 function. We also offer insight into both unique and overlapping mechanisms regulated by NLRX1 that likely contribute to disease pathobiology. Ultimately, we believe that an improved understanding of NLRX1 will result in better defined mechanisms associated with immune system attenuation and the resolution of inflammation in a myriad of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
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40
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Jing H, Song T, Cao S, Sun Y, Wang J, Dong W, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang T, Xing Z, Bao W. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor X1 restricts porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 replication by interacting with viral Nsp9. Virus Res 2019; 268:18-26. [PMID: 31132368 PMCID: PMC7114581 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PRRSV infection up-regulates NLRX1 expression. NLRX1 impairs PRRSV replication. NLRX1 suppresses the synthesis of viral subgenomic RNAs. NLRX1 interacts and colocalizes with the Nsp9 of PRRSV.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes one of the most economically important diseases of swine worldwide. Current antiviral strategies provide only limited protection. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) X1 is unique among NLR proteins in its functions as a pro-viral or antiviral factor to different viral infections. To date, the impact of NLRX1 on PRRSV infection remains unclear. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection promoted the expression of NLRX1 gene. In turn, ectopic expression of NLRX1 inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells, whereas knockdown of NLRX1 enhanced PRRSV propagation in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Mechanistically, NLRX1 was revealed to impair intracellular viral subgenomic RNAs accumulation. Finally, Mutagenic analyses indicated that the LRR (leucine-rich repeats) domain of NLRX1 interacted with PRRSV Nonstructural Protein 9 (Nsp9) RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase) domain and was necessary for antiviral activity. Thus, our study establishes the role of NLRX1 as a new host restriction factor in PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Tao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Sufang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- College of Animal Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Mahmoud S, Gharagozloo M, Simard C, Amrani A, Gris D. NLRX1 Enhances Glutamate Uptake and Inhibits Glutamate Release by Astrocytes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050400. [PMID: 31052241 PMCID: PMC6562695 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake of glutamate from the extracellular space and glutamate release to neurons are two major processes conducted by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) that protect against glutamate excitotoxicity and strengthen neuronal firing, respectively. During inflammatory conditions in the CNS, astrocytes may lose one or both of these functions, resulting in accumulation of the extracellular glutamate, which eventually leads to excitotoxic neuronal death, which in turn worsens the CNS inflammation. NLRX1 is an innate immune NOD-like receptor that inhibits the major inflammatory pathways. It is localized in the mitochondria and was shown to inhibit cell death, enhance ATP production, and dampen oxidative stress. In the current work, using primary murine astrocyte cultures from WT and Nlrx1-/- mice, we demonstrate that NLRX1 potentiates astrocytic glutamate uptake by enhancing mitochondrial functions and the functional activity of glutamate transporters. Also, we report that NLRX1 inhibits glutamate release from astrocytes by repressing Ca2+-mediated glutamate exocytosis. Our study, for the first time, identified NLRX1 as a potential regulator of glutamate homeostasis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Mahmoud
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Camille Simard
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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WANG Y, JIN J. [Roles of macrophages in formation and progression of intracranial aneurysms]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:204-213. [PMID: 31309760 PMCID: PMC8800668 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.04.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that chronic inflammatory response plays a key role in intracranial aneurysms (IA) formation and progression, and macrophages regulate the formation and progression of IA through a variety of pathways. Bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages and resident-tissue macrophages infiltrate the vessel wall, after infiltration macrophages are polarized into various polarization phenotypes dominated by M1-like and M2-like cells. Polarized phenotypes of macrophages can regulate the formation and progression of intracranial aneurysms by releasing cytokines and regulating the inflammatory response of other immune cells, as well as release different cytokines to regulate the process of extracellular matrix remodeling. Some important progresses have been made in the clinical detection and treatment in targeting macrophages. This review provides a summary on the pathogenesis of IA and potential drug targets to prevent the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinghua JIN
- 金静华(1975-), 女, 博士, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事神经退行性疾病和脑血管疾病的发病机制研究, E-mail:
,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-3340
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43
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NLRX1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes by suppressing the activation of NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:7-13. [PMID: 30861394 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disease characterized by joint degeneration. Excessive chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation contributes to articular cartilage destruction in OA pathology. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) has emerged as a critical regulator of inflammation that participates in the pathology of diverse diseases. To date, little is known about the role of NLRX1 in OA. In the present study, we aimed to explore the function of NLRX1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in chondrocytes, an in vitro model of OA. NLRX1 mRNA was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Protein expression of NLRX1, phosphorylated IκB kinase β (IKKβ), and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were examined by western blot. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by measuring caspase-3 activity. Cytokine release was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NF-κB signaling activation was analyzed with a luciferase reporter assay. Herein, our results revealed that NLRX1 expression was markedly decreased in LPS-treated chondrocytes. Functional experiments demonstrated that NLRX1 overexpression significantly improved cell viability and attenuated LPS-treated chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation, while NLRX1 silencing caused the opposite effects. Moreover, our results showed that NLRX1 regulated LPS-induced NF-κB signaling activation. Notably, NF-κB signaling inhibition significantly reversed the NLRX1-knockdown-mediated enhanced effects on LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation. Overall, these results demonstrate that NLRX1 alleviates LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes by negatively regulating NF-κB signaling, results that indicate an anti-inflammatory role for NLRX1 in OA. Our findings suggest that NLRX1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OA.
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LCCC 1025: a phase II study of everolimus, trastuzumab, and vinorelbine to treat progressive HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:637-648. [PMID: 29938395 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE HER2 + breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive subtype with high rates of brain metastases (BCBM). Two-thirds of HER2 + BCBM demonstrate activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway driving resistance to anti-HER2 therapy. This phase II study evaluated everolimus (E), a brain-permeable mTOR inhibitor, trastuzumab (T), and vinorelbine (V) in patients with HER2 + BCBM. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had progressive HER2 + BCBM. The primary endpoint was intracranial response rate (RR); secondary objectives were CNS clinical benefit rate (CBR), extracranial RR, time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and targeted sequencing of tumors from enrolled patients. A two-stage design distinguished intracranial RR of 5% versus 20%. RESULTS 32 patients were evaluable for toxicity, 26 for efficacy. Intracranial RR was 4% (1 PR). CNS CBR at 6 mos was 27%; at 3 mos 65%. Median intracranial TTP was 3.9 mos (95% CI 2.2-5). OS was 12.2 mos (95% CI 0.6-20.2). Grade 3-4 toxicities included neutropenia (41%), anemia (16%), and stomatitis (16%). Mutations in TP53 and PIK3CA were common in BCBM. Mutations in the PI3K/mTOR pathway were not associated with response. ERBB2 amplification was higher in BCBM compared to primary BC; ERBB2 amplification in the primary BC trended toward worse OS. CONCLUSION While intracranial RR to ETV was low in HER2 + BCBM patients, one-third achieved CNS CBR; TTP/OS was similar to historical control. No new toxicity signals were observed. Further analysis of the genomic underpinnings of BCBM to identify tractable prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers is warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL (NCT01305941).
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45
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NLRs as Helpline in the Brain: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8154-8178. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gharagozloo M, Gris KV, Mahvelati T, Amrani A, Lukens JR, Gris D. NLR-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2012. [PMID: 29403486 PMCID: PMC5778124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with inappropriate activation of lymphocytes, hyperinflammatory responses, demyelination, and neuronal damage. In the past decade, a number of biological immunomodulators have been developed that suppress the peripheral immune responses and slow down the progression of the disease. However, once the inflammation of the CNS has commenced, it can cause serious permanent neuronal damage. Therefore, there is a need for developing novel therapeutic approaches that control and regulate inflammatory responses within the CNS. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular regulators of inflammation expressed by many cell types within the CNS. They redirect multiple signaling pathways initiated by pathogens and molecules released by injured tissues. NLR family members include positive regulators of inflammation, such as NLRP3 and NLRC4 and anti-inflammatory NLRs, such as NLRX1 and NLRP12. They exert immunomodulatory effect at the level of peripheral immune responses, including antigen recognition and lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Also, NLRs regulate tissue inflammatory responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are placed at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immune responses, such as NLR-dependent pathways, could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a summary of the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of MS. We also summarize how anti-inflammatory NLRs regulate the immune response within the CNS. Finally, we speculate the therapeutic potential of targeting NLRs in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katsiaryna V. Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tara Mahvelati
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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