1
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Heyman B. Antibody feedback regulation. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39180190 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are able to up- or downregulate antibody responses to the antigen they bind. Two major mechanisms can be distinguished. Suppression is most likely caused by epitope masking and can be induced by all isotypes tested (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, and IgE). Enhancement is often caused by the redistribution of antigen in a favorable way, either for presentation to B cells via follicular dendritic cells (IgM and IgG3) or to CD4+ T cells via dendritic cells (IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b). IgM and IgG3 complexes activate complement and are transported from the marginal zone to follicles by marginal zone B cells expressing complement receptors. IgE-antigen complexes are captured by CD23+ B cells in the blood and transported to follicles, delivered to CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells, and presented to CD4+ T cells. Enhancement of antibody responses by IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b in complex with proteins requires activating FcγRs. These immune complexes are captured by dendritic cells and presented to CD4+ T cells, subsequently helping cognate B cells. Endogenous feedback regulation influences the response to booster doses of vaccines and passive administration of anti-RhD antibodies is used to prevent alloimmunization of RhD-negative women carrying RhD-positive fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, (BMC), Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Mikdar M, Azouzi S. AMIS RBC antigen loss: nibble or devour? Blood 2024; 143:742-744. [PMID: 38421815 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
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3
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Cruz-Leal Y, Norris PAA, Gil Gonzalez L, Marjoram D, Wabnitz H, Shan Y, Lazarus AH. Trogocytosis drives red blood cell antigen loss in association with antibody-mediated immune suppression. Blood 2024; 143:807-821. [PMID: 37946269 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization to paternal antigens during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). This severe and potentially fatal neonatal disorder can be prevented by the administration of polyclonal anti-D through a mechanism referred to as antibody-mediated immune suppression (AMIS). Although anti-D prophylaxis effectively prevents HDFN, a lack of mechanistic clarity has hampered its replacement with recombinant agents. The major theories behind AMIS induction in the hematologic literature have classically centered around RBC clearance; however, antigen modulation/loss has recently been proposed as a potential mechanism of AMIS. To explore the primary mechanisms of AMIS, we studied the ability of 11 different antibodies to induce AMIS, RBC clearance, antigen loss, and RBC membrane loss in the HOD (hen egg lysozyme-ovalbumin-human Duffy) murine model. Antibodies targeting different portions of the HOD molecule could induce AMIS independent of their ability to clear RBCs; however, all antibodies capable of inducing a strong AMIS effect also caused significant in vivo loss of the HOD antigen in conjunction with RBC membrane loss. In vitro studies of AMIS-inducing antibodies demonstrated simultaneous RBC antigen and membrane loss, which was mediated by macrophages. Confocal live-cell microscopy revealed that AMIS-inducing antibodies triggered RBC membrane transfer to macrophages, consistent with trogocytosis. Furthermore, anti-D itself can induce trogocytosis even at low concentrations, when phagocytosis is minimal or absent. In view of these findings, we propose trogocytosis as a mechanism of AMIS induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter A A Norris
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lazaro Gil Gonzalez
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Marjoram
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hanna Wabnitz
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuexin Shan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan H Lazarus
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Fu L, Ma C, Yu Y. Application of anti-D immunoglobulin in D-negative pregnant women in China. Transfus Clin Biol 2024; 31:41-47. [PMID: 38007217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the current situation of anti-D immunoglobulin (anti-D-Ig) use in RhD-negative pregnant women at home and abroad. The article describes the concept, research and development history, and domestic and foreign applications of anti-D-Ig and points out that anti-D-Ig has not been widely used in China, mainly due to reasons such as unavailability in the domestic market and non-standard current application strategies. The article focuses on analyzing the genetic and immunological characteristics of RhD-negative populations in China. The main manifestations were that the total number of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) relatively high and D variant type. In particular, there are more Asian-type DEL, the importance of clinical application of anti-D-Ig was pointed out, and its antibody-mediated immunosuppressive mechanism was analyzed, which mainly includes red blood cell clearance, epitope blocking/steric hindrance, and Fc γ R Ⅱ B receptor mediated B cell inhibition, anti-D-Ig glycosylation, etc.; clarify the testing strategies of RhD blood group that should be adopted in response to the negative initial screening of pregnant and postpartum women; this article elaborates on the necessity of using anti-D-Ig in RhD-negative mothers after miscarriage or miscarriage, as well as the limitations of its application both domestically and internationally. It also proposes a solution strategy for detecting RhD blood group incompatibility HDFN as early as possible, diagnosing it in a timely manner, and using anti-D-Ig for its prevention and treatment. If the DEL gene is defined as an Asian-type DEL, anti-D-Ig prophylaxis in women would be unnecessary. Finally, based on the specificity of RhD-negative individuals, the article looks forward to the application trend of anti-D-Ig in China. It also called for related drugs to be listed in China as soon as possible and included in medical insurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Fu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China.
| | - Chunya Ma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China.
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5
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Agbakwuru D, Wetzel SA. The Biological Significance of Trogocytosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:87-129. [PMID: 39242376 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the intercellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated proteins between cells. Trogocytosis is an underappreciated phenomenon that has historically routinely been dismissed as an artefact. With a greater understanding of the process and the implications it has on biological systems, trogocytosis has the potential to become a paradigm changer. The presence on a cell of molecules they don't endogenously express can alter the biological activity of the cell and could also lead to the acquisition of new functions. To better appreciate this phenomenon, it is important to understand how these intercellular membrane exchanges influence the function and activity of the donor and the recipient cells. In this chapter, we will examine how the molecules acquired by trogocytosis influence the biology of a variety of systems including mammalian fertilization, treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn, viral and parasitic infections, cancer immunotherapy, and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Agbakwuru
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Scott A Wetzel
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
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6
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Kapur R. Removing antigens but not cells: a key to AMIS? Blood 2023; 142:1034-1036. [PMID: 37733381 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Kapur
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory
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7
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Jajosky RP, Patel KR, Allen JWL, Zerra PE, Chonat S, Ayona D, Maier CL, Morais D, Wu SC, Luckey CJ, Eisenbarth SC, Roback JD, Fasano RM, Josephson CD, Manis JP, Chai L, Hendrickson JE, Hudson KE, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Antibody-mediated antigen loss switches augmented immunity to antibody-mediated immunosuppression. Blood 2023; 142:1082-1098. [PMID: 37363865 PMCID: PMC10541552 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against fetal red blood cell (RBC) antigens can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Reductions in HDFN due to anti-RhD antibodies have been achieved through use of Rh immune globulin (RhIg), a polyclonal antibody preparation that causes antibody-mediated immunosuppression (AMIS), thereby preventing maternal immune responses against fetal RBCs. Despite the success of RhIg, it is only effective against 1 alloantigen. The lack of similar interventions that mitigate immune responses toward other RBC alloantigens reflects an incomplete understanding of AMIS mechanisms. AMIS has been previously attributed to rapid antibody-mediated RBC removal, resulting in B-cell ignorance of the RBC alloantigen. However, our data demonstrate that antibody-mediated RBC removal can enhance de novo alloimmunization. In contrast, inclusion of antibodies that possess the ability to rapidly remove the target antigen in the absence of detectable RBC clearance can convert an augmented antibody response to AMIS. These results suggest that the ability of antibodies to remove target antigens from the RBC surface can trigger AMIS in situations in which enhanced immunity may otherwise occur. In doing so, these results hold promise in identifying key antibody characteristics that can drive AMIS, thereby facilitating the design of AMIS approaches toward other RBC antigens to eliminate all forms of HDFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kashyap R. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jerry William L. Allen
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia E. Zerra
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cheryl L. Maier
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John D. Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ross M. Fasano
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John P. Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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8
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Qiu A, Miller A, Zotti FD, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Tredicine M, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE. FcγRIV is required for IgG2c mediated enhancement of RBC alloimmunization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972723. [PMID: 36189253 PMCID: PMC9519184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with anti-D can prevent maternal alloimmunization to RhD thereby preventing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Unexpectedly, anti-D fails in some cases and some monoclonal anti-D preparations paradoxically enhances alloimmunization. The underlying mechanisms modulating humoral alloimmunization by anti-D are unknown. We previously reported that IgG antibody subclasses differentially regulate alloimmunity in response to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in a mouse model; in particular, IgG2c significantly enhanced RBC alloantibody responses. Initial mechanistic studies revealed that IgG2c:RBC immune complexes were preferentially consumed by the splenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets that play a role in RBC alloimmunization. The deletion of activating Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) (i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV) on DCs abrogated IgG2c-mediated enhanced alloimmunization. Because DCs express high levels of FcγRIV, which has high affinity for the IgG2c subclass, we hypothesized that FcγRIV was required for enhanced alloimmunization. To test this hypothesis, knockout mice and blocking antibodies were used to manipulate FcγR expression. The data presented herein demonstrate that FcγRIV, but not FcγRI or FcγRIII, is required for IgG2c-mediated enhancement of RBC alloantibody production. Additionally, FcγRI is alone sufficient for IgG2c-mediated RBC clearance but not for increased alloimmunization, demonstrating that RBC clearance can occur without inducing alloimmunization. Together, these data, combined with prior observations, support the hypothesis that passive immunization with an RBC-specific IgG2c antibody increases RBC alloantibody production through FcγRIV ligation on splenic conventional DCs (cDCs). This raises the question of whether standardizing antibody subclasses in immunoprophylaxis preparations is desirable and suggests which subclasses may be optimal for generating monoclonal anti-D therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anabel Miller
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Flavia Dei Zotti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James C. Zimring
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Krystalyn E. Hudson,
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9
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Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. FcγR-Mediated Trogocytosis 2.0: Revisiting History Gives Rise to a Unifying Hypothesis. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030045. [PMID: 35892705 PMCID: PMC9326535 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the clinical implications and immunology of trogocytosis, a process in which the receptors on acceptor cells remove and internalize cognate ligands from donor cells. We have reported that this phenomenon occurs in cancer immunotherapy, in which cells that express FcγR remove and internalize CD20 and bound mAbs from malignant B cells. This process can be generalized to include other reactions including the immune adherence phenomenon and antibody-induced immunosuppression. We discuss in detail FcγR-mediated trogocytosis and the evidence supporting a proposed predominant role for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells via the action of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb2. We describe experiments to test the validity of this hypothesis. The elucidation of the details of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis has the potential to allow for the development of novel therapies that can potentially block or enhance this reaction, depending upon whether the process leads to unfavorable or positive biological effects.
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10
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Escamilla-Rivera V, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu J, Gibb DR, Forsmo JE, Foxman EF, Eisenbarth SC, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Stowell SR, Hendrickson JE. Complement Plays a Critical Role in Inflammation-Induced Immunoprophylaxis Failure in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704072. [PMID: 34249009 PMCID: PMC8270673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement impacts innate and adaptive immunity. Using a model in which the human KEL glycoprotein is expressed on murine red blood cells (RBCs), we have shown that polyclonal immunoprophylaxis (KELIg) prevents alloimmunization to transfused RBCs when a recipient is in their baseline state of heath but with immunoprophylaxis failure occurring in the presence of a viral-like stimulus. As complement can be detected on antibody coated KEL RBCs following transfusion, we hypothesized that recipient complement synergizes with viral-like inflammation to reduce immunoprophylaxis efficacy. Indeed, we found recipient C3 and C1q were critical to immunoprophylaxis failure in the setting of a viral-like stimulus, with no anti-KEL IgG alloantibodies generated in C3-/- or C1q-/- mice following KELIg treatment and KEL RBC transfusion. Differences in RBC uptake were noted in mice lacking C3, with lower consumption by splenic and peripheral blood inflammatory monocytes. Finally, no alloantibodies were detected in the setting of a viral-like stimulus following KELIg treatment and KEL RBC transfusion in mice lacking complement receptors (CR1/2-/-), narrowing key cells for immunoprophylaxis failure to those expressing these complement receptors. In-vitro studies showed complement fixed opsonized RBCs were significantly less likely to bind to B-cells from CR1/2-/- than wild type mice, potentially implicating lowered B-cell activation threshold in the presence of complement as being responsible for these findings. We thus propose a two-hit model for inflammation-induced immunoprophylaxis failure, where the first “hit” is recipient inflammation and the second “hit” is complement production/sensing. These results may have translational relevance to antigen-antibody interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Escamilla-Rivera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James E Forsmo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - C John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Shi W, Qiu Q, Feng Z, Tong Z, Guo W, Zou F, Yue N, Huang W, Qian H. Design, synthesis and immunological evaluation of self-assembled antigenic peptides from dual-antigen targets: a broad-spectrum candidate for an effective antibreast cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002523. [PMID: 34083420 PMCID: PMC8183215 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the narrow immune response spectrum of a single epitope, and the nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel adjuvant can achieve efficient delivery of antigenic peptides safely, a nano-system (denoted as DSPE-PEG-Man@EM-NPs) based on cathepsin B-responsive antigenic peptides was designed and synthesized. Methods Highly affinitive antigenic peptides were delivered by self-assembled NPs, and targeted erythrocyte membranes acted as a peptide carrier to improve antigenic peptides presentation and to strengthen cytotoxic T-cells reaction. Cathepsin B coupling could release antigenic peptides rapidly in dendritic cells. Results Evaluations showed that DSPE-PEG-Man@EM-NPs had obvious inhibitory effects towards both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion Overall, this strategy provides a novel strategy for boosting cytotoxic T lymphocytes response, thereby expanding the adaptation range of tumor antigenic peptides and improving the therapeutic effect of tumor immunotherapy with nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Ziying Feng
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tong
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Yue
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Cruz-Leal Y, Lazarus AH. Could antigen loss be a potential mechanism to explain antibody-mediated immune suppression? Transfusion 2021; 61:1004-1006. [PMID: 33624837 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan H Lazarus
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Xu H, Heyman B. IgG-mediated suppression of antibody responses: Hiding or snatching epitopes? Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12921. [PMID: 32594540 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies forming a complex with antigen in vivo can dramatically change the antibody response to this antigen. In some situations, the response will be a 100-fold stronger than in animals immunized with antigen alone, and in other situations, the response will be completely suppressed. IgG is known to suppress the antibody response, for example to erythrocytes, and this is used clinically in Rhesus prophylaxis. The mechanism behind IgG-mediated immune suppression is still not understood. Here, we will review studies performed in experimental animal models and discuss the various hypotheses put forward to explain the profound suppressive effect of IgG. We conclude that an exclusive role for negative regulation of B cells through FcγRIIB, increased clearance of erythrocytes from the circulation or complement-mediated lysis is unlikely. Epitope masking, where IgG hides the epitope from B cells, or trogocytosis, where IgG removes the epitope from the erythrocyte, is compatible with many observations. These two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, it cannot be ruled out that clearance, in combination with other mechanisms, plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Anania JC, Westin A, Heyman B. IgG Suppresses Antibody Responses to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Double Knock-Out Mice Lacking Complement Factor C3 and Activating Fcγ-Receptors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1404. [PMID: 32733467 PMCID: PMC7360818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific IgG antibodies, passively administered together with erythrocytes, prevent antibody responses against the erythrocytes. The mechanism behind the suppressive ability of IgG has been the subject of intensive studies, yet there is no consensus as to how it works. An important question is whether the Fc-region of IgG is required. Several laboratories have shown that IgG suppresses equally well in wildtype mice and mice lacking the inhibitory FcγIIB, activating FcγRs (FcγRI, III, and IV), or complement factor C3. These observations consistently suggest that IgG-mediated suppression does not rely on Fc-mediated antibody functions. However, it was recently shown that anti-KEL sera failed to suppress antibody responses to KEL-expressing transgenic mouse erythrocytes in double knock-out mice lacking both activating FcγRs and C3. Yet, in the same study, antibody-mediated suppression worked well in each single knock-out strain. This unexpected observation suggested Fc-dependence of IgG-mediated suppression and prompted us to investigate the issue in the classical experimental model using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen. SRBC alone or IgG anti-SRBC together with SRBC was administered to wildtype and double knock-out mice lacking C3 and activating FcγRs. IgG efficiently suppressed the IgM and IgG anti-SRBC responses in both mouse strains, thus supporting previous observations that suppression in this model is Fc-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Westin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Escamilla-Rivera V, Liu J, Gibb DR, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu D, Forsmo JE, Eisenbarth SC, Foxman EF, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Hendrickson JE. Poly(I:C) causes failure of immunoprophylaxis to red blood cells expressing the KEL glycoprotein in mice. Blood 2020; 135:1983-1993. [PMID: 32266378 PMCID: PMC7256361 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal anti-D (Rh immune globulin [RhIg]) therapy has mitigated hemolytic disease of the newborn over the past half century, although breakthrough anti-D alloimmunization still occurs in some treated females. We hypothesized that antiviral responses may impact the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis therapy in a type 1 interferon (IFN)-dependent manner and tested this hypothesis in a murine model of KEL alloimmunization. Polyclonal anti-KEL immunoprophylaxis (KELIg) was administered to wild-type or knockout mice in the presence or absence of polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly[I:C]), followed by the transfusion of murine red blood cells (RBCs) expressing the human KEL glycoprotein. Anti-KEL alloimmunization, serum cytokines, and consumption of the transfused RBCs were evaluated longitudinally. In some experiments, recipients were treated with type 1 IFN (IFN-α/β). Recipient treatment with poly(I:C) led to breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization despite KELIg administration. Recipient CD4+ T cells were not required for immunoprophylaxis efficacy at baseline, and modulation of the KEL glycoprotein antigen occurred to the same extent in the presence or absence of recipient inflammation. Under conditions where breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization occurred, KEL RBC consumption by inflammatory monocytes and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were significantly increased. Poly(I:C) or type I IFN administration was sufficient to cause breakthrough alloimmunization, with poly(I:C) inducing alloimmunization even in the absence of recipient type I IFN receptors. A better understanding of how recipient antiviral responses lead to breakthrough alloimmunization despite immunoprophylaxis may have translational relevance to instances of RhIg failure that occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - James E Forsmo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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16
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Mener A, Patel SR, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Antibody-mediated immunosuppression can result from RBC antigen loss independent of Fcγ receptors in mice. Transfusion 2018; 59:371-384. [PMID: 30474857 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-RhD administration can prevent de novo anti-RhD formation following RhD+ red blood cell (RBC) exposure, termed antibody-mediated immunosuppression (AMIS). Recent studies suggest that AMIS may occur through target antigen alterations, known as antigen modulation. However, studies suggest that AMIS may occur independent of antigen modulation. In particular, AMIS to RBCs that transgenically express the fusion hen egg lysozyme-ovalbumin-Duffy (HOD) antigen have been shown to occur independent of activating Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) thought to be required for antigen modulation. Therefore, we sought to determine the mechanism behind AMIS following HOD RBC exposure. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Following transfer of HOD RBCs into wild-type or FcγR-chain knockout recipients in the presence or absence of monoclonal anti-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antibody, individually or in combination, HOD antigen levels and anti-HOD antibody formation were examined. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that anti-HEL antibodies individually or in combination suppressed anti-HOD IgM, which correlated with the rate of detectable decrease in HEL on HOD RBCs. Furthermore, exposure to anti-HEL antibodies alone or in combination equally suppressed anti-HOD IgG formation. Unexpectedly, combination or individual anti-HEL antibodies induced AMIS and antigen modulation in an FcγR-independent manner. Pre-exposure of HOD RBCs to anti-HEL antibodies reduced antigen levels and suppressed anti-HOD antibody formation following HOD RBC exposure. CONCLUSION These results suggest that antibody-mediated antigen modulation may reflect a mechanism of AMIS that can occur independent of activating FcγRs and may provide a surrogate to identify antibodies capable of inducing AMIS against different RBC antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Maier CL, Mener A, Patel SR, Jajosky RP, Bennett AL, Arthur CM, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Antibody-mediated immune suppression by antigen modulation is antigen-specific. Blood Adv 2018; 2:2986-3000. [PMID: 30413434 PMCID: PMC6234375 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018018408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alloantibodies developing after exposure to red blood cell (RBC) alloantigens can complicate pregnancy and transfusion therapy. The only method currently available to actively inhibit RBC alloantibody formation is administration of antigen-specific antibodies, a phenomenon termed antibody-mediated immune suppression (AMIS). A well-known example of AMIS is RhD immune globulin prophylaxis to prevent anti-D formation in RhD- individuals. However, whether AMIS is specific or impacts alloimmunization to other antigens on the same RBC remains unclear. To evaluate the specificity of AMIS, we passively immunized antigen-negative recipients with anti-KEL or anti-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antibodies, followed by transfusion of murine RBC expressing both the HEL-ovalbumin-Duffy (HOD) and human KEL antigens (HOD × KEL RBC). Significant immunoglobulin G deposition on transfused HOD × KEL RBC occurred in all passively immunized recipients. Complement deposition and antigen modulation of the KEL antigen occurred on transfused RBC only in anti-KEL-treated recipients, whereas HEL antigen levels decreased only in the presence of anti-HEL antibodies. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of antigen loss, which was not attributable to RBC endocytosis and appears distinct for the 2 antigens. Specifically, removal of KEL was attenuated by clodronate treatment, whereas loss of HEL was unaffected by clodronate in vivo but sensitive to protease treatment in vitro. Antigen-specific modulation correlated with antigen-specific AMIS, with anti-KEL treated recipients forming antibodies to the HOD antigen and anti-HEL-treated recipients developing antibodies to the KEL antigen. Together, these results demonstrate that passively administered antibodies can selectively inhibit the immune response to a specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Maier
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Ashley L Bennett
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
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