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Wagner K, Pierce R, Gordon E, Hay A, Lessard A, Telling GC, Ballard JR, Moreno JA, Zabel MD. Tissue-specific biochemical differences between chronic wasting disease prions isolated from free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101834. [PMID: 35304100 PMCID: PMC9019250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal prion disease affecting cervid species worldwide. Prions can manifest as distinct strains that can influence disease pathology and transmission. CWD is profoundly lymphotropic, and most infected cervids likely shed peripheral prions replicated in lymphoid organs. However, CWD is a neurodegenerative disease, and most research on prion strains has focused on neurogenic prions. Thus, a knowledge gap exists comparing neurogenic prions to lymphogenic prions. In this study, we compared prions from the obex and lymph nodes of naturally exposed white-tailed deer to identify potential biochemical strain differences. Here, we report biochemical evidence of strain differences between the brain and lymph node from these animals. Conformational stability assays, glycoform ratio analyses, and immunoreactivity scanning across the structured domain of the prion protein that refolds into the amyloid aggregate of the infectious prion reveal significantly more structural and glycoform variation in lymphogenic prions than neurogenic prions. Surprisingly, we observed greater biochemical differences among neurogenic prions than lymphogenic prions across individuals. We propose that the lymphoreticular system propagates a diverse array of prions from which the brain selects a more restricted pool of prions that may be quite different than those from another individual of the same species. Future work should examine the biological and zoonotic impact of these biochemical differences and examine more cervids from multiple locations to determine if these differences are conserved across species and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Wagner
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robyn Pierce
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Arielle Hay
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Avery Lessard
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Ballard
- Research Division, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark D. Zabel
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,For correspondence: Mark D. Zabel
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Shinjyo N, Kagaya W, Pekna M. Interaction Between the Complement System and Infectious Agents - A Potential Mechanistic Link to Neurodegeneration and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:710390. [PMID: 34408631 PMCID: PMC8365172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.710390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune system, complement plays a critical role in the elimination of pathogens and mobilization of cellular immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), many complement proteins are locally produced and regulate nervous system development and physiological processes such as neural plasticity. However, aberrant complement activation has been implicated in neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer’s disease. There is a growing list of pathogens that have been shown to interact with the complement system in the brain but the short- and long-term consequences of infection-induced complement activation for neuronal functioning are largely elusive. Available evidence suggests that the infection-induced complement activation could be protective or harmful, depending on the context. Here we summarize how various infectious agents, including bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus spp.), viruses (e.g., HIV and measles virus), fungi (e.g., Candida spp.), parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.), and prion proteins activate and manipulate the complement system in the CNS. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which the interaction between the infectious agents and the complement system can play a role in neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Kagaya
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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3
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Mabbott NA, Bradford BM, Pal R, Young R, Donaldson DS. The Effects of Immune System Modulation on Prion Disease Susceptibility and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7299. [PMID: 33023255 PMCID: PMC7582561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a unique group of infectious chronic neurodegenerative disorders to which there are no cures. Although prion infections do not stimulate adaptive immune responses in infected individuals, the actions of certain immune cell populations can have a significant impact on disease pathogenesis. After infection, the targeting of peripherally-acquired prions to specific immune cells in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), such as the lymph nodes and spleen, is essential for the efficient transmission of disease to the brain. Once the prions reach the brain, interactions with other immune cell populations can provide either host protection or accelerate the neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide a detailed account of how factors such as inflammation, ageing and pathogen co-infection can affect prion disease pathogenesis and susceptibility. For example, we discuss how changes to the abundance, function and activation status of specific immune cell populations can affect the transmission of prion diseases by peripheral routes. We also describe how the effects of systemic inflammation on certain glial cell subsets in the brains of infected individuals can accelerate the neurodegeneration. A detailed understanding of the factors that affect prion disease transmission and pathogenesis is essential for the development of novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.M.B.); (R.P.); (R.Y.); (D.S.D.)
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4
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Béringue V, Tixador P, Andréoletti O, Reine F, Castille J, Laï TL, Le Dur A, Laisné A, Herzog L, Passet B, Rezaei H, Vilotte JL, Laude H. Host prion protein expression levels impact prion tropism for the spleen. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008283. [PMID: 32702070 PMCID: PMC7402522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are pathogens formed from abnormal conformers (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). PrPSc conformation to disease phenotype relationships extensively vary among prion strains. In particular, prions exhibit a strain-dependent tropism for lymphoid tissues. Prions can be composed of several substrain components. There is evidence that these substrains can propagate in distinct tissues (e.g. brain and spleen) of a single individual, providing an experimental paradigm to study the cause of prion tissue selectivity. Previously, we showed that PrPC expression levels feature in prion substrain selection in the brain. Transmission of sheep scrapie isolates (termed LAN) to multiple lines of transgenic mice expressing varying levels of ovine PrPC in their brains resulted in the phenotypic expression of the dominant sheep substrain in mice expressing near physiological PrPC levels, whereas a minor substrain replicated preferentially on high expresser mice. Considering that PrPC expression levels are markedly decreased in the spleen compared to the brain, we interrogate whether spleen PrPC dosage could drive prion selectivity. The outcome of the transmission of a large cohort of LAN isolates in the spleen from high expresser mice correlated with the replication rate dependency on PrPC amount. There was a prominent spleen colonization by the substrain preferentially replicating on low expresser mice and a relative incapacity of the substrain with higher-PrPC level need to propagate in the spleen. Early colonization of the spleen after intraperitoneal inoculation allowed neuropathological expression of the lymphoid substrain. In addition, a pair of substrain variants resulting from the adaptation of human prions to ovine high expresser mice, and exhibiting differing brain versus spleen tropism, showed different tropism on transmission to low expresser mice, with the lymphoid substrain colonizing the brain. Overall, these data suggest that PrPC expression levels are instrumental in prion lymphotropism. The cause of prion phenotype variation among prion strains remains poorly understood. In particular, prions replicate in a strain-dependent manner in the spleen. This can result in prion asymptomatic carriers. Based on our previous observations that dosage of the prion precursor (PrP) determined prion substrain selection in the brain, we examine whether PrP levels in the spleen could drive prion replication in this tissue, due to the low levels of the protein. We observe that the prion substrain with higher PrP need for replication does barely replicate in the spleen, while the component with low PrP need replicates efficiently. In addition, other human co-propagating prions with differing spleen and brain tropism showed different tropism on transmission to mice expressing low PrP levels, with the lymphoid substrain colonizing the brain. PrPC expression levels may thus be instrumental in prion tropism for the lymphoid tissue. From a diagnostic point of view, given the apparent complexity of prion diseases with respect to prion substrain composition, these data advocate to type extraneural tissues or fluids for a comprehensive identification of the circulating prions in susceptible mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fabienne Reine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thanh-Lan Laï
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annick Le Dur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aude Laisné
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laetitia Herzog
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Bradford BM, Mabbott NA. Unaltered intravenous prion disease pathogenesis in the temporary absence of marginal zone B cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19119. [PMID: 31836813 PMCID: PMC6910919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a unique, infectious, neurodegenerative disorders that can affect animals and humans. Data from mouse transmissions show that efficient infection of the host after intravenous (IV) prion exposure is dependent upon the early accumulation and amplification of the prions on stromal follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in the B cell follicles. How infectious prions are initially conveyed from the blood-stream to the FDC in the spleen is uncertain. Addressing this issue is important as susceptibility to peripheral prion infections can be reduced by treatments that prevent the early accumulation of prions upon FDC. The marginal zone (MZ) in the spleen contains specialized subsets of B cells and macrophages that are positioned to continuously monitor the blood-stream and remove pathogens, toxins and apoptotic cells. The continual shuttling of MZ B cells between the MZ and the B-cell follicle enables them to efficiently capture and deliver blood-borne antigens and antigen-containing immune complexes to splenic FDC. We tested the hypothesis that MZ B cells also play a role in the initial shuttling of prions from the blood-stream to FDC. MZ B cells were temporarily depleted from the MZ by antibody-mediated blocking of integrin function. We show that depletion of MZ B cells around the time of IV prion exposure did not affect the early accumulation of blood-borne prions upon splenic FDC or reduce susceptibility to IV prion infection. In conclusion, our data suggest that the initial delivery of blood-borne prions to FDC in the spleen occurs independently of MZ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Touil H, Stemmer PM, Carruthers NJ, Jena BP, Naik AR, Bar-Or A, Lisak RP. Exosome-enriched fractions from MS B cells induce oligodendrocyte death. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 6:e550. [PMID: 31044144 PMCID: PMC6467686 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify whether factors toxic to oligodendrocytes (OLs), released by B cells from patients with MS, are found in extracellular microvesicles enriched in exosomes. Methods Conditioned medium (Sup) was obtained from cultures of blood B cells of patients with MS and normal controls (NCs). Exosome-enriched (Ex-En) fractions were prepared by solvent precipitation from Sup containing bovine serum and from serum-free Sup by ultracentrifugation (UC) or immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies to CD9. Ex-En fractions were diluted 1:4 with OL culture medium and screened for toxic effects on cultured rat OLs as measured by trypan blue uptake. Proteomic analysis was performed on Sup fractions. Results MS B cell–derived Ex-En fractions prepared from Sup by solvent extraction, UC, or IP induced OL death, whereas corresponding Ex-En fractions from NC showed little toxicity. Proteomic analysis of Sup demonstrated enrichment of proteins characteristic of exosomes from both NC and MS B-cell Sup. Ontology enrichment analysis suggested differences in the types and cargo of exosomes from MS Sup compared with NC, with proteins related to cell surface, extracellular plasma membrane, and gliogenesis enriched in MS. Conclusions Much of the in vitro toxicity of Sup from B cells of patients with relapsing-remitting MS is found in Ex-En fractions, as confirmed by 3 methods. Proteomic analysis of B-cell Sup indicates multiple differences between MS and NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Benjamins
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Liljana Nedelkoska
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hanane Touil
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nicholas J Carruthers
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Akshata R Naik
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert P Lisak
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Abstract
CD59 has been identified as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that acts as an inhibitor of the formation of the membrane attack complex to regulate complement activation. Recent studies have shown that CD59 is highly expressed in several cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. CD59 also regulates the function, infiltration and phenotypes of a variety of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we summarized recent advances related to the functions and mechanisms of CD59 in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic strategies that seek to modulate the functions of CD59 in the tumor microenvironment could be a promising direction for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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8
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Mabbott NA. How do PrP Sc Prions Spread between Host Species, and within Hosts? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040060. [PMID: 29186791 PMCID: PMC5750584 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are sub-acute neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and some domestic and free-ranging animals. Infectious prion agents are considered to comprise solely of abnormally folded isoforms of the cellular prion protein known as PrPSc. Pathology during prion disease is restricted to the central nervous system where it causes extensive neurodegeneration and ultimately leads to the death of the host. The first half of this review provides a thorough account of our understanding of the various ways in which PrPSc prions may spread between individuals within a population, both horizontally and vertically. Many natural prion diseases are acquired peripherally, such as by oral exposure, lesions to skin or mucous membranes, and possibly also via the nasal cavity. Following peripheral exposure, some prions accumulate to high levels within the secondary lymphoid organs as they make their journey from the site of infection to the brain, a process termed neuroinvasion. The replication of PrPSc prions within secondary lymphoid organs is important for their efficient spread to the brain. The second half of this review describes the key tissues, cells and molecules which are involved in the propagation of PrPSc prions from peripheral sites of exposure (such as the lumen of the intestine) to the brain. This section also considers how additional factors such as inflammation and aging might influence prion disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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