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Leusmann S, Ménová P, Shanin E, Titz A, Rademacher C. Glycomimetics for the inhibition and modulation of lectins. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3663-3740. [PMID: 37232696 PMCID: PMC10243309 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They regulate self-/non-self- discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer, infection and inflammation, and determine protein folding, function and life-times. Moreover, they are integral to the cellular envelope for microorganisms and participate in biofilm formation. These diverse functions of carbohydrates are mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins, and the more the knowledge about the biology of these proteins is advancing, the more interfering with carbohydrate recognition becomes a viable option for the development of novel therapeutics. In this respect, small molecules mimicking this recognition process become more and more available either as tools for fostering our basic understanding of glycobiology or as therapeutics. In this review, we outline the general design principles of glycomimetic inhibitors (Section 2). This section is then followed by highlighting three approaches to interfere with lectin function, i.e. with carbohydrate-derived glycomimetics (Section 3.1), novel glycomimetic scaffolds (Section 3.2) and allosteric modulators (Section 3.3). We summarize recent advances in design and application of glycomimetics for various classes of lectins of mammalian, viral and bacterial origin. Besides highlighting design principles in general, we showcase defined cases in which glycomimetics have been advanced to clinical trials or marketed. Additionally, emerging applications of glycomimetics for targeted protein degradation and targeted delivery purposes are reviewed in Section 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Leusmann
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Ménová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Shanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Prescher H, Schweizer A, Frank M, Kuhfeldt E, Ring J, Nitschke L. Targeting Human CD22/Siglec-2 with Dimeric Sialosides as Novel Oligosaccharide Mimetics. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10588-10610. [PMID: 35881556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant interest in the development of high-affinity ligands for Siglecs exists due to the various therapeutically relevant functions of these proteins. Here, we report a new strategy to develop and design Siglec ligands as disialyl-oligosaccharide mimetics exemplified on Siglec-2 (CD22). We report insights into development of dimeric ligands with high affinity and avidity to cell surface-expressed CD22, assay development, tool compounds, structure activity relationships, and biological data on calcium flux regulation in B-cells. The binding modes of selected ligands have been modeled based on state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations on the microsecond timescale, providing detailed views on ligand binding and opening a new perspective on drug design efforts for Siglecs. High-avidity dimeric ligands containing a linker opening the way towards bispecifics are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Schweizer
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, Generatorsgatan 1, 40274 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Julia Ring
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Sun J, Wang L, Yang W, Li Y, Jin Y, Wang L, Song L. A novel C-type lectin activates the complement cascade in the primitive oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101352. [PMID: 34715129 PMCID: PMC8605247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient origin of the lectin pathway of the complement system can be traced back to protochordates (such as amphioxus and tunicates) by the presence of components such as ficolin, glucose-binding lectin, mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP), and C3. Evidence for a more primitive origin is offered in the present study on the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. C3 protein in C. gigas (CgC3) was found to be cleaved after stimulation with the bacteria Vibrio splendidus. In addition, we identified a novel C-type lectin (defined as CgCLec) with a complement control protein (CCP) domain, which recognized various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bacteria. This protein was involved in the activation of the complement system by binding CgMASPL-1 to promote cleavage of CgC3. The production of cytokines and antibacterial peptides, as well as the phagocytotic ratio of haemocytes in CgCLec-CCP-, CgMASPL-1-, or CgC3-knockdown oysters, decreased significantly after V. splendidus stimulation. Moreover, this activated CgC3 participated in perforation of bacterial envelopes and inhibiting survival of the infecting bacteria. These results collectively suggest that there existed an ancient lectin pathway in molluscs, which was activated by a complement cascade to regulate the production of immune effectors, phagocytosis, and bacterial lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingnan Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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4
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Lennon CS, Cao H, Hall AM, Vickers MA, Barker RN. The red blood cell as a novel regulator of human B-cell activation. Immunology 2021; 163:436-447. [PMID: 33728669 PMCID: PMC8274151 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non‐immune cells are increasingly recognized as important in regulating immunity, but the role of red blood cells (RBC) remains relatively unexplored, despite their abundance in the circulation and a cell surface rich in potential ligands. Here, we determine whether RBC influence the activation state of human B cells. Separation of RBC from peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased B‐cell expression of HLA‐DR/DP/DQ, whilst reconstitution reduced the levels of B‐cell activation markers HLA‐DR/DP/DQ, CD86, CD69 and CD40, as well as decreasing proliferative responses and IgM secretion. Inhibition of B cells required contact with RBC and was abrogated by either removal of sialic acids from RBC or blocking the corresponding lectin receptor CD22 on B cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells express low levels of CD22 and were less susceptible to inhibition by RBC, which may contribute to their activated phenotype. Taken together, the results identify a novel mechanism that may suppress inappropriate responsiveness of healthy B cells whilst circulating in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huan Cao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew M Hall
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A Vickers
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert N Barker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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5
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Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/33/eaau6085. [PMID: 30824527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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6
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Approaches to inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen-presenting cells and extracellular vesicles. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12881. [PMID: 32243636 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
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7
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Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recognition of sialic acid-containing glycans as ligands, they help the immune system distinguish between self and nonself. Because of their restricted cell type expression and roles as checkpoints in immune cell responses in human diseases such as cancer, asthma, allergy, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases they have gained attention as targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review we describe the Siglec family, its roles in regulation of immune cell signaling, current efforts to define its roles in disease processes, and approaches to target Siglecs for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiteng Duan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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8
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Meyer SJ, Linder AT, Brandl C, Nitschke L. B Cell Siglecs-News on Signaling and Its Interplay With Ligand Binding. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30559744 PMCID: PMC6286995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 and Siglec-G are members of the Siglec family. Both are inhibitory co-receptors on the surface of B cells and inhibit B-cell receptor induced signaling, characterized by inhibition of the calcium mobilization and cellular activation. CD22 functions predominantly as an inhibitor on conventional B cells, while Siglec-G is an important inhibitor on the B1a-cell subset. These two B-cell Siglecs do not only inhibit initial signaling, but also have an important function in preventing autoimmunity, as double deficient mice develop a lupus-like phenotype with age. Siglecs are characterized by their conserved ability to bind terminal sialic acid of glycans on the cell surface, which is important to regulate the inhibitory role of Siglecs. While CD22 binds α2,6-linked sialic acids, Siglec-G can bind both α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Interestingly, ligand binding is differentially regulating the ability of CD22 and Siglec-G to control B-cell activation. Within the last years, quite a few studies focused on the different functions of B-cell Siglecs and the interplay of ligand binding and signal inhibition. This review summarizes the role of CD22 and Siglec-G in regulating B-cell receptor signaling, membrane distribution with the importance of ligand binding, preventing autoimmunity and the role of CD22 beyond the naïve B-cell stage. Additionally, this review article features the long time discussed interaction between CD45 and CD22 with highlighting recent data, as well as the interplay between CD22 and Galectin-9 and its influence on B-cell receptor signaling. Moreover, therapeutical approaches targeting human CD22 will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra T Linder
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Brandl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Irons EE, Lau JTY. Systemic ST6Gal-1 Is a Pro-survival Factor for Murine Transitional B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2150. [PMID: 30294329 PMCID: PMC6159744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity depends on intrinsic B cell developmental programs guided by systemic signals that convey physiologic needs. Aberrant cues or their improper interpretation can lead to immune insufficiency or a failure of tolerance and autoimmunity. The means by which such systemic signals are conveyed remain poorly understood. Hence, further insight is essential to understanding and treating autoimmune diseases and to the development of improved vaccines. ST6Gal-1 is a sialyltransferase that constructs the α2,6-sialyl linkage on cell surface and extracellular glycans. The requirement for functional ST6Gal-1 in the development of humoral immunity is well documented. Canonically, ST6Gal-1 resides within the intracellular ER-Golgi secretory apparatus and participates in cell-autonomous glycosylation. However, a significant pool of extracellular ST6Gal-1 exists in circulation. Here, we segregate the contributions of B cell intrinsic and extrinsic ST6Gal-1 to B cell development. We observed that B cell-intrinsic ST6Gal-1 is required for marginal zone B cell development, while B cell non-autonomous ST6Gal-1 modulates B cell development and survival at the early transitional stages of the marrow and spleen. Exposure to extracellular ST6Gal-1 ex vivo enhanced the formation of IgM-high B cells from immature precursors, and increased CD23 and IgM expression. Extrinsic sialylation by extracellular ST6Gal-1 augmented BAFF-mediated activation of the non-canonical NF-kB, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways, and accelerated tyrosine phosphorylation after B cell receptor stimulation. in vivo, systemic ST6Gal-1 did not influence homing of B cells to the spleen but was critical for their long-term survival and systemic IgG levels. Circulatory ST6Gal-1 levels respond to inflammation, infection, and malignancy in mammals, including humans. In turn, we have shown previously that systemic ST6Gal-1 regulates inflammatory cell production by modifying bone marrow myeloid progenitors. Our data here point to an additional role of systemic ST6Gal-1 in guiding B cell development, which supports the concept that circulating ST6Gal-1 is a conveyor of systemic cues to guide the development of multiple branches of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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10
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Matsubara N, Imamura A, Yonemizu T, Akatsu C, Yang H, Ueki A, Watanabe N, Abdu-Allah H, Numoto N, Takematsu H, Kitazume S, Tedder TF, Marth JD, Ito N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Tsubata T. CD22-Binding Synthetic Sialosides Regulate B Lymphocyte Proliferation Through CD22 Ligand-Dependent and Independent Pathways, and Enhance Antibody Production in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:820. [PMID: 29725338 PMCID: PMC5917077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are expressed in various immune cells and most of them carry signaling functions. High-affinity synthetic sialoside ligands have been developed for various Siglecs. Therapeutic potentials of the nanoparticles and compounds that contain multiple numbers of these sialosides and other reagents such as toxins and antigens have been demonstrated. However, whether immune responses can be regulated by monomeric sialoside ligands has not yet been known. CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is an inhibitory molecule preferentially expressed in B lymphocytes (B cells) and is constitutively bound and functionally regulated by α2,6 sialic acids expressed on the same cell (cis-ligands). Here, we developed synthetic sialosides GSC718 and GSC839 that bind to CD22 with high affinity (IC50 ~100 nM), and inhibit ligand binding of CD22. When B cells are activated by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) ligation, both GSC718 and GSC839 downregulate proliferation of B cells, and this regulation requires both CD22 and α2,6 sialic acids. This result suggests that these sialosides regulate BCR ligation-induced B cell activation by reversing endogenous ligand-mediated regulation of CD22. By contrast, GSC718 and GSC839 augment B cell proliferation induced by TLR ligands or CD40 ligation, and this augmentation requires CD22 but not α2,6 sialic acids. Thus, these sialosides appear to enhance B cell activation by directly suppressing the inhibitory function of CD22 independently of endogenous ligand-mediated regulation. Moreover, GSC839 augments B cell proliferation that depends on both BCR ligation and CD40 ligation as is the case for in vivo B cell responses to antigens, and enhanced antibody production to the extent comparable to CpG oligonuleotides or a small amount of alum. Although these known adjuvants induce production of the inflammatory cytokines or accumulation of inflammatory cells, CD22-binding sialosides do not. Thus, synthetic sialosides that bind to CD22 with high-affinity modulate B cell activation through endogenous ligand-dependent and independent pathways, and carry an adjuvant activity without inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Matsubara
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yonemizu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Akatsu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongrui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiharu Ueki
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hajjaj Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamey D Marth
- Center for Nanomedicine, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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