1
|
Campos Alonso M, Knobeloch KP. In the moonlight: non-catalytic functions of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteases. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1349509. [PMID: 38455765 PMCID: PMC10919355 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1349509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases that cleave ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are critical players in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism. Concordantly, their dysregulation has been directly linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, developmental aberrations, cardiac disorders and inflammation. Given their potential as novel therapeutic targets, it is essential to fully understand their mechanisms of action. Traditionally, observed effects resulting from deficiencies in deubiquitinases (DUBs) and UBL proteases have often been attributed to the misregulation of substrate modification by ubiquitin or UBLs. Therefore, much research has focused on understanding the catalytic activities of these proteins. However, this view has overlooked the possibility that DUBs and UBL proteases might also have significant non-catalytic functions, which are more prevalent than previously believed and urgently require further investigation. Moreover, multiple examples have shown that either selective loss of only the protease activity or complete absence of these proteins can have different functional and physiological consequences. Furthermore, DUBs and UBL proteases have been shown to often contain domains or binding motifs that not only modulate their catalytic activity but can also mediate entirely different functions. This review aims to shed light on the non-catalytic, moonlighting functions of DUBs and UBL proteases, which extend beyond the hydrolysis of ubiquitin and UBL chains and are just beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campos Alonso
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farahmandi F, Parhizgar P, Mozafari Komesh Tape P, Bizhannia F, Rohani FS, Bizhanzadeh M, Mostafavi Alhosseini ZS, Hosseinzade M, Farsi Y, Nasiri MJ. Implications and Mechanisms of Antiviral Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:9298363. [PMID: 38144900 PMCID: PMC10748726 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9298363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are among the most important strains of probiotics. Some are normal flora of human mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal system, skin, urinary tract, and genitalia. There is evidence suggesting that LAB has an antiviral effect on viral infections. However, these studies are still controversial; a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the antiviral effects of LAB on viral infections. Methods The systematic search was conducted until the end of December 17, 2022, using international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline (via PubMed). The keywords of our search were lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillus (as well as its species), probiotics, antiviral, inhibitory effect, and virus. Results Of 15.408 potentially relevant articles obtained, 45 eligible in-vivo human studies were selected for inclusion in the study from databases, registers, and citation searching. We conducted a systematic review of the antiviral effects of the LAB based on the included articles. The most commonly investigated lactobacillus specie were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei. Conclusion Our study indicates that 40 of the selected 45 of the included articles support the positive effect of LAB on viral infections, although some studies showed no significant positive effect of LABs on some viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fargol Farahmandi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parynaz Parhizgar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Mozafari Komesh Tape
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bizhannia
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Rohani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bizhanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maede Hosseinzade
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarkar L, Liu G, Gack MU. ISG15: its roles in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1262-1275. [PMID: 37573184 PMCID: PMC10840963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), a ubiquitin-like pleiotropic protein and one of the most abundant ISGs, has been studied extensively; however, its roles in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections have just begun to be elucidated. Emerging evidence suggests that ISG15 - either in its conjugated or unconjugated 'free' form - acts both intracellularly and extracellularly, and exerts anti- or pro-viral effects. To counteract ISG15's antiviral roles, viruses have evolved sophisticated tactics. Here, we discuss recent advances in ISG15's physiological functions as a post-translational modifier or 'cytokine-like' molecule during SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Furthermore, we highlight the detailed mechanisms viruses use to block ISG15-dependent antiviral defenses. A comprehensive understanding of ISG15 biology in the context of virus infection may spur new therapeutic approaches for a range of viral infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scimeca RC, Reichard MV. Differential gene expression response to acute and chronic Cytauzxoon felis infection in domestic cats (Felis catus). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102242. [PMID: 37651848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytauxzoonosis is a severe tick transmitted protozoan disease of domestic cats, caused by Cytauxzoon felis. The disease is characterized by acute onset of high fever, depression, lethargy, inappentence, anorexia, icterus, dehydration, hemolytic anemia, and alteration of immune response. The aim of our study was to further detail the immune response of domestic cats to C. felis infection by comparing the differential expression of feline immune transcriptional elements during acute and chronic cytauxzoonosis. True single molecule sequencing (tSMS) was used to analyze the whole genome of acutely and chronically infected C. felis cats, focusing on the analysis of genes involved on the immune response. Two C. felis donor cats were infested with Amblyomma americanum nymphs, which after repletion were collected and kept in humidity chambers until they molted. The resulting A. americanum were randomly selected to infest three C. felis naïve principal cats. Infection of these cats was confirmed by nested PCR of the 18S rRNA C. felis gene and clinical signs. RNA was extracted from whole blood at different time points and used for tSMS analyses, the results revealed overexpression in transcripts involved in type I interferon signaling, cellular and cytokine responses during the acute stage of infection, while cell cycle, and metabolic processes were downregulated. Genes involved in cell adhesion increased their expression in the chronic infected cats, whereas inflammatory and apoptotic related genes were downregulated. This study provided information on the host immune response to C. felis in domestic cats, demonstrating that inflammatory, apoptotic, and cell adhesion are some of the pathways altered during acute and chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Scimeca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Falqui M, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Albert M, Marcos-Villar L, McGrail JP, Sorzano CÓS, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. An MVA-based vector expressing cell-free ISG15 increases IFN-I production and improves HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell immune responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187193. [PMID: 37313341 PMCID: PMC10258332 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), responsible of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), continues to be a major global public health issue with any cure or vaccine available. The Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that is induced by interferons and plays a critical role in the immune response. ISG15 is a modifier protein that covalently binds to its targets via a reversible bond, a process known as ISGylation, which is the best-characterized activity of this protein to date. However, ISG15 can also interact with intracellular proteins via non-covalent binding or act as a cytokine in the extracellular space after secretion. In previous studies we proved the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when delivered by a DNA-vector in heterologous prime-boost combination with a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based recombinant virus expressing HIV-1 antigens Env/Gag-Pol-Nef (MVA-B). Here we extended these results evaluating the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when expressed by an MVA vector. For this, we generated and characterized two novel MVA recombinants expressing different forms of ISG15, the wild-type ISG15GG (able to perform ISGylation) or the mutated ISG15AA (unable to perform ISGylation). In mice immunized with the heterologous DNA prime/MVA boost regimen, the expression of the mutant ISG15AA from MVA-Δ3-ISG15AA vector in combination with MVA-B induced an increase in the magnitude and quality of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells as well as in the levels of IFN-I released, providing a better immunostimulatory activity than the wild-type ISG15GG. Our results confirm the importance of ISG15 as an immune adjuvant in the vaccine field and highlights its role as a potential relevant component in HIV-1 immunization protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit and Computational Genomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin chain to more complex processes that regulate and mediate ubiquitylation. In this Review, we discuss recently discovered endogenous mechanisms and unprecedented pathways by which pathogens rewrite the ubiquitin code to promote infection. These processes include unconventional ubiquitin modifications involving ester linkages with proteins, lipids and sugars, or ubiquitylation through a phosphoribosyl bridge involving Arg42 of ubiquitin. We also introduce the enzymatic pathways that write and reverse these modifications, such as the papain-like proteases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, structural studies have revealed that the ultimate functions of ubiquitin are mediated not simply by straightforward recognition by ubiquitin-binding domains. Instead, elaborate multivalent interactions between ubiquitylated targets or ubiquitin chains and their readers (for example, the proteasome, the MLL1 complex or DOT1L) can elicit conformational changes that regulate protein degradation or transcription. The newly discovered mechanisms provide opportunities for innovative therapeutic interventions for diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suzuki Y, Lutshumba J, Chen KC, Abdelaziz MH, Sa Q, Ochiai E. IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells activates cerebral mRNA expression of a wide spectrum of molecules critical for both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity to control reactivation of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1110508. [PMID: 36875520 PMCID: PMC9975934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that brain-resident cells produce IFN-γ in response to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. To obtain an overall landscape view of the effects of IFN-γ from brain-resident cells on the cerebral protective immunity, in the present study we employed NanoString nCounter assay and quantified mRNA levels for 734 genes in myeloid immunity in the brains of T and B cell-deficient, bone marrow chimeric mice with and without IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in response to reactivation of cerebral T. gondii infection. Our study revealed that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells amplified mRNA expression for the molecules to activate the protective innate immunity including 1) chemokines for recruitment of microglia and macrophages (CCL8 and CXCL12) and 2) the molecules for activating those phagocytes (IL-18, TLRs, NOD1, and CD40) for killing tachyzoites. Importantly, IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells also upregulated cerebral expression of molecules for facilitating the protective T cell immunity, which include the molecules for 1) recruiting effector T cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), 2) antigen processing (PA28αβ, LMP2, and LMP7), transporting the processed peptides (TAP1 and TAP2), assembling the transported peptides to the MHC class I molecules (Tapasin), and the MHC class I (H2-K1 and H2-D1) and Ib molecules (H2-Q1, H-2Q2, and H2-M3) for presenting antigens to activate the recruited CD8+ T cells, 3) MHC class II molecules (H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1, H2-Ea-ps, H2-DMa, H2-Ob, and CD74) to present antigens for CD4+ T cell activation, 4) co-stimulatory molecules (ICOSL) for T cell activation, and 5) cytokines (IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) facilitating IFN-γ production by NK and T cells. Notably, the present study also revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells also upregulates cerebral expressions of mRNA for the downregulatory molecules (IL-10, STAT3, SOCS1, CD274 [PD-L1], IL-27, and CD36), which can prevent overly stimulated IFN-γ-mediated pro-inflammatory responses and tissue damages. Thus, the present study uncovered the previously unrecognized the capability of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells to upregulate expressions of a wide spectrum of molecules for coordinating both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity with a fine-tuning regulation system to effectively control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Suzuki,
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- Genomics Core Laboratory, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1779-1792. [PMID: 36319753 PMCID: PMC9722776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein (UBL), which plays multifaceted roles not only as a free intracellular or extracellular molecule but also as a post-translational modifier in the process of ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation). ISG15 has only been identified in vertebrates, indicating that the functions of ISG15 and its conjugation are restricted to higher eukaryotes and have evolved with IFN signaling. Despite the highlighted complexity of ISG15 and ISGylation, it has been suggested that ISG15 and ISGylation profoundly impact a variety of cellular processes, including protein translation, autophagy, exosome secretion, cytokine secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, DNA damage response, telomere shortening, and immune modulation, which emphasizes the necessity of reassessing ISG15 and ISGylation. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation remain poorly defined, largely due to a lack of knowledge on the ISG15 target repertoire. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic understanding and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation. We also highlight new insights into the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation not only in physiology but also in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, especially in cancer, which could contribute to therapeutic intervention in human diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Free ISG15 inhibits Pseudorabies virus infection by positively regulating type I IFN signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010921. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is strongly upregulated during viral infections and exerts pro-viral or antiviral actions. While many viruses combat host antiviral defenses by limiting ISG expression, PRV infection notably increases expression of ISG15. However, studies on the viral strategies to regulate ISG15-mediated antiviral responses are limited. Here, we demonstrate that PRV-induced free ISG15 and conjugated proteins accumulation require viral gene expression. Conjugation inhibition assays showed that ISG15 imposes its antiviral effects via unconjugated (free) ISG15 and restricts the viral release. Knockout of ISG15 in PK15 cells interferes with IFN-β production by blocking IRF3 activation and promotes PRV replication. Mechanistically, ISG15 facilitates IFNα-mediated antiviral activity against PRV by accelerating the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2. Furthermore, ISG15 facilitated STAT1/STAT2/IRF9 (ISGF3) formation and ISGF3-induced IFN-stimulated response elements (ISRE) activity for efficient gene transcription by directly interacting with STAT2. Significantly, ISG15 knockout mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to PRV, as evidenced by increased mortality and viral loads, as well as more severe pathology caused by excessive production of the inflammatory cytokines. Our studies establish the importance of free ISG15 in IFNα-induced antiviral immunity and in the control of viral infections.
Collapse
|
10
|
Clarkson BDS, Grund E, David K, Johnson RK, Howe CL. ISGylation is induced in neurons by demyelination driving ISG15-dependent microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:258. [PMID: 36261842 PMCID: PMC9583544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of grey matter pathology and diffuse neuron injury in MS remain incompletely understood. Axonal stress signals arising from white matter lesions has been suggested to play a role in initiating this diffuse grey matter pathology. Therefore, to identify the most upstream transcriptional responses in neurons arising from demyelinated axons, we analyzed the transcriptome of actively translating neuronal transcripts in mouse models of demyelinating disease. Among the most upregulated genes, we identified transcripts associated with the ISGylation pathway. ISGylation refers to the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like molecule interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 to lysine residues on substrates targeted by E1 ISG15-activating enzyme, E2 ISG15-conjugating enzymes and E3 ISG15-protein ligases. We further confirmed that ISG15 expression is increased in MS cortical and deep gray matter. Upon investigating the functional impact of neuronal ISG15 upregulation, we noted that ISG15 expression was associated changes in neuronal extracellular vesicle protein and miRNA cargo. Specifically, extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs were skewed toward increased frequency of proinflammatory and neurotoxic miRNAs and decreased frequency of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective miRNAs. Furthermore, we found that ISG15 directly activated microglia in a CD11b-dependent manner and that microglial activation was potentiated by treatment with EVs from neurons expressing ISG15. Further study of the role of ISG15 and ISGylation in neurons in MS and neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. S. Clarkson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ethan Grund
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, MN 55905 Rochester, USA
| | - Kenneth David
- grid.418935.20000 0004 0436 053XConcordia College, Moorhead, MN USA
| | - Renee K. Johnson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Charles L. Howe
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XCenter for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pollaci G, Gorla G, Potenza A, Carrozzini T, Canavero I, Bersano A, Gatti L. Novel Multifaceted Roles for RNF213 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094492. [PMID: 35562882 PMCID: PMC9099590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213), also known as Mysterin, is the major susceptibility factor for Moyamoya Arteriopathy (MA), a progressive cerebrovascular disorder that often leads to brain stroke in adults and children. Although several rare RNF213 polymorphisms have been reported, no major susceptibility variant has been identified to date in Caucasian patients, thus frustrating the attempts to identify putative therapeutic targets for MA treatment. For these reasons, the investigation of novel biochemical functions, substrates and unknown partners of RNF213 will help to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms of MA and will facilitate variant interpretations in a diagnostic context in the future. The aim of the present review is to discuss novel perspectives regarding emerging RNF213 roles in light of recent literature updates and dissect their relevance for understanding MA and for the design of future research studies. Since its identification, RNF213 involvement in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis has strengthened, together with its role in inflammatory signals and proliferation pathways. Most recent studies have been increasingly focused on its relevance in antimicrobial activity and lipid metabolism, highlighting new intriguing perspectives. The last area could suggest the main role of RNF213 in the proteasome pathway, thus reinforcing the hypotheses already previously formulated that depict the protein as an important regulator of the stability of client proteins involved in angiogenesis. We believe that the novel evidence reviewed here may contribute to untangling the complex and still obscure pathogenesis of MA that is reflected in the lack of therapies able to slow down or halt disease progression and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Pollaci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Gemma Gorla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Antonella Potenza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Tatiana Carrozzini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Isabella Canavero
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Laura Gatti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.P.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-23942389
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shepard JD, Freitas BT, Rodriguez SE, Scholte FEM, Baker K, Hutchison MR, Longo JE, Miller HC, O'Boyle BM, Tandon A, Zhao P, Grimsey NJ, Wells L, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. The Structure and Immune Regulatory Implications of the Ubiquitin-Like Tandem Domain Within an Avian 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase-Like Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794664. [PMID: 35058932 PMCID: PMC8764230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of host and viral proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins plays a key role in a host’s ability to mount an effective immune response. Avian species lack a ubiquitin-like protein found in mammals and other non-avian reptiles; interferon stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). ISG15 serves as a messenger molecule and can be conjugated to both host and viral proteins leading them to be stabilized, degraded, or sequestered. Structurally, ISG15 is comprised of a tandem ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl), which serves as the motif for post-translational modification. The 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase-like proteins (OASL) also encode two Ubl domains in series near its C-terminus which binds OASL to retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I). This protein-protein interaction increases the sensitivity of RIG-I and results in an enhanced production of type 1 interferons and a robust immune response. Unlike human and other mammalian OASL homologues, avian OASLs terminate their tandem Ubl domains with the same LRLRGG motif found in ubiquitin and ISG15, a motif required for their conjugation to proteins. Chickens, however, lack RIG-I, raising the question of structural and functional characteristics of chicken OASL (chOASL). By investigating chOASL, the evolutionary history of viruses with deubiquitinases can be explored and drivers of species specificity for these viruses may be uncovered. Here we show that the chOASL tandem Ubl domains shares structural characteristics with mammalian ISG15, and that chOASL can oligomerize and conjugate to itself. In addition, the ISG15-like features of avian OASLs and how they impact interactions with viral deubiquitinases and deISGylases are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Shepard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kailee Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madelyn R Hutchison
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jaron E Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holden C Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brady M O'Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aarushi Tandon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frickel EM, Hunter CA. Lessons from Toxoplasma: Host responses that mediate parasite control and the microbial effectors that subvert them. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212714. [PMID: 34670268 PMCID: PMC8532566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has long provided a tractable experimental system to investigate how the immune system deals with intracellular infections. This review highlights the advances in defining how this organism was first detected and the studies with T. gondii that contribute to our understanding of how the cytokine IFN-γ promotes control of vacuolar pathogens. In addition, the genetic tractability of this eukaryote organism has provided the foundation for studies into the diverse strategies that pathogens use to evade antimicrobial responses and now provides the opportunity to study the basis for latency. Thus, T. gondii remains a clinically relevant organism whose evolving interactions with the host immune system continue to teach lessons broadly relevant to host–pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thery F, Martina L, Asselman C, Zhang Y, Vessely M, Repo H, Sedeyn K, Moschonas GD, Bredow C, Teo QW, Zhang J, Leandro K, Eggermont D, De Sutter D, Boucher K, Hochepied T, Festjens N, Callewaert N, Saelens X, Dermaut B, Knobeloch KP, Beling A, Sanyal S, Radoshevich L, Eyckerman S, Impens F. Ring finger protein 213 assembles into a sensor for ISGylated proteins with antimicrobial activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5772. [PMID: 34599178 PMCID: PMC8486878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, ubiquitin-like protein that can conjugate to substrate proteins (ISGylation) to counteract microbial infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we use a virus-like particle trapping technology to identify ISG15-binding proteins and discover Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213) as an ISG15 interactor and cellular sensor of ISGylated proteins. RNF213 is a poorly characterized, interferon-induced megaprotein that is frequently mutated in Moyamoya disease, a rare cerebrovascular disorder. We report that interferon induces ISGylation and oligomerization of RNF213 on lipid droplets, where it acts as a sensor for ISGylated proteins. We show that RNF213 has broad antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, counteracting infection with Listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus 1, human respiratory syncytial virus and coxsackievirus B3, and we observe a striking co-localization of RNF213 with intracellular bacteria. Together, our findings provide molecular insights into the ISGylation pathway and reveal RNF213 as a key antimicrobial effector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thery
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lia Martina
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Asselman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Madeleine Vessely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Heidi Repo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - George D Moschonas
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Bredow
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jingshu Zhang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Leandro
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denzel Eggermont
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katie Boucher
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Festjens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Dermaut
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lilliana Radoshevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matta SK, Rinkenberger N, Dunay IR, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii infection and its implications within the central nervous system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:467-480. [PMID: 33627834 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects a wide range of animals and causes zoonotic infections in humans. Although it normally only results in mild illness in healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection with high mortality in individuals who are immunocompromised, most commonly due to reactivation of infection in the central nervous system. In the acute phase of infection, interferon-dependent immune responses control rapid parasite expansion and mitigate acute disease symptoms. However, after dissemination the parasite differentiates into semi-dormant cysts that form within muscle cells and neurons, where they persist for life in the infected host. Control of infection in the central nervous system, a compartment of immune privilege, relies on modified immune responses that aim to balance infection control while limiting potential damage due to inflammation. In response to the activation of interferon-mediated pathways, the parasite deploys an array of effector proteins to escape immune clearance and ensure latent survival. Although these pathways are best studied in the laboratory mouse, emerging evidence points to unique mechanisms of control in human toxoplasmosis. In this Review, we explore some of these recent findings that extend our understanding for proliferation, establishment and control of toxoplasmosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Matta
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas Rinkenberger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Subauste CS. Recent Advances in the Roles of Autophagy and Autophagy Proteins in Host Cells During Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Potential Therapeutic Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673813. [PMID: 34179003 PMCID: PMC8220159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can cause encephalitis and retinitis in humans. The success of T. gondii as a pathogen depends in part on its ability to form an intracellular niche (parasitophorous vacuole) that allows protection from lysosomal degradation and parasite replication. The parasitophorous vacuole can be targeted by autophagy or by autophagosome-independent processes triggered by autophagy proteins. However, T. gondii has developed many strategies to preserve the integrity of the parasitophorous vacuole. Here, we review the interaction between T. gondii, autophagy, and autophagy proteins and expand on recent advances in the field, including the importance of autophagy in the regulation of invasion of the brain and retina by the parasite. We discuss studies that have begun to explore the potential therapeutic applications of the knowledge gained thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Enhancement of HIV-1 Env-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses Using Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 as an Immune Adjuvant. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01155-20. [PMID: 33115866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01155-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of the endogenous innate immune system by interferon (IFN) triggers the expression of many proteins that serve like alarm bells in the body, activating an immune response. After a viral infection, one of the genes activated by IFN induction is the IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that undergoes a reversible posttranslational modification (ISGylation). ISG15 protein can also act unconjugated, intracellularly and secreted, acting as a cytokine. Although ISG15 has an essential role in host defense responses to microbial infection, its role as an immunomodulator in the vaccine field remains to be defined. In this investigation, we showed that ISG15 exerts an immunomodulatory role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines. In mice, after priming with a DNA-ISG15 vector mixed with a DNA expressing HIV-1 gp120 (DNA-gp120), followed by a booster with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing HIV-1 antigens, both wild-type ISG15-conjugated (ISG15-wt) and mutant unconjugated (ISG15-mut) proteins act as immune adjuvants by increasing the magnitude and quality of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells, with ISG15-wt providing better immunostimulatory activity than ISG15-mut. The HIV-1 Env-specific CD8 T cell responses showed a predominant T effector memory (TEM) phenotype in all groups. Moreover, the amount of DNA-gp120 used to immunize mice could be reduced 5-fold after mixing with DNA-ISG15 without affecting the potency and the quality of the HIV-1 Env-specific immune responses. Our study clearly highlights the potential use of the IFN-induced ISG15 protein as immune adjuvant to enhance immune responses to HIV antigens, suggesting that this molecule might be exploitable for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine approaches against pathogens.IMPORTANCE Our study described the potential role of ISG15 as an immunomodulatory molecule in the optimization of HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. Using a DNA prime-MVA boost immunization protocol, our results indicated an increase in the potency and the quality of the HIV-1 Env-specific CD8 T cell response. These results highlight the adjuvant potency of ISG15 to elicit improved viral antigen presentation to the immune system, resulting in an enhanced HIV-1 vaccine immune response. The DNA-ISG15 vector could find applicability in the vaccine field in combination with other nucleic acid-based vector vaccines.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is capable of infecting most nucleated cells, where it survives in a specially modified compartment called the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is the major cytokine involved in activating cell-autonomous immune responses to inhibit parasite growth within this intracellular niche. In HeLa cells, IFN-γ treatment leads to ubiquitination of susceptible parasite strains, recruitment of the adaptors p62 and NDP52, and engulfment in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive membranes that restrict parasite growth. IFN-γ-mediated growth restriction depends on core members of the autophagy (ATG) pathway but not the initiation or degradative steps in the process. To explore the connection between these different pathways, we used permissive biotin ligation to identify proteins that interact with ATG5 in an IFN-γ-dependent fashion. Network analysis of the ATG5 interactome identified interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which is highly upregulated by IFN treatment, as a hub connecting the ATG complex with other IFN-γ-induced genes, suggesting that it forms a functional link between the pathways. Deletion of ISG15 resulted in impaired recruitment of p62, NDP52, and LC3 to the PV and loss of IFN-γ-restricted parasite growth. The function of ISG15 required conjugation, and a number of ISGylated targets overlapped with the IFN-γ-dependent ATG5 interactome, including the adapter p62. Collectively, our findings establish a role for ISG15 in connecting the ATG pathway with IFN-γ-dependent restriction of T. gondii in human cells.IMPORTANCE Interferon(s) provide the primary defense against intracellular pathogens, a property ascribed to their ability to upregulate interferon-stimulated genes. Due to the sequestered niche occupied by Toxoplasma gondii, the host has elaborated intricate ways to target the parasite within its vacuole. One such mechanism is the recognition by a noncanonical autophagy pathway that envelops the parasite-containing vacuole and stunts growth in human cells. Remarkably, autophagy-dependent growth restriction requires interferon-γ, yet none of the classical components of autophagy are induced by interferon. Our studies draw a connection between these pathways by demonstrating that the antiviral protein ISG15, which is normally upregulated by interferons, links the autophagy-mediated control to ubiquitination of the vacuole. These findings suggest a similar link between interferon-γ signaling and autophagy that may underlie defense against other intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
|
19
|
Østvik AE, Svendsen TD, Granlund AVB, Doseth B, Skovdahl HK, Bakke I, Thorsvik S, Afroz W, Walaas GA, Mollnes TE, Gustafsson BI, Sandvik AK, Bruland T. Intestinal Epithelial Cells Express Immunomodulatory ISG15 During Active Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:920-934. [PMID: 32020185 PMCID: PMC7392169 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal epithelial cells [IECs] secrete cytokines that recruit immune cells to the mucosa and regulate immune responses that drive inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. However, experiments in patient-derived IEC models are still scarce. Here, we aimed to investigate how innate immunity and IEC-specific pattern recognition receptor [PRR] signalling can be involved in an enhanced type I interferon [IFN] gene signature observed in colon epithelium of patients with active IBD, with a special focus on secreted ubiquitin-like protein ISG15. METHODS Gene and protein expression in whole mucosa biopsies and in microdissected human colonic epithelial lining, in HT29 human intestinal epithelial cells and primary 3D colonoids treated with PRR-ligands and cytokines, were detected by transcriptomics, in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry, western blots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Effects of IEC-secreted cytokines were examined in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] by multiplex chemokine profiling and ELISA. RESULTS The type I IFN gene signature in human mucosal biopsies was mimicked in Toll-like receptor TLR3 and to some extent tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-treated human IECs. In intestinal biopsies, ISG15 expression correlated with expression of the newly identified receptor for extracellular ISG15, LFA-1 integrin. ISG15 was expressed and secreted from HT29 cells and primary 3D colonoids through both JAK1-pSTAT-IRF9-dependent and independent pathways. In experiments using PBMCs, we show that ISG15 releases IBD-relevant proinflammatory cytokines such as CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL20, IL1, IL6, TNF, and IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS ISG15 is secreted from primary IECs upon extracellular stimulation, and mucosal ISG15 emerges as an intriguing candidate for immunotherapy in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Elisabet Østvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of G2astroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tarjei Dahl Svendsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Doseth
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helene Kolstad Skovdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Clinic of Medicine, St Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Thorsvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of G2astroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wahida Afroz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Andreas Walaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodo, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Inge Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of G2astroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of G2astroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Clinic of Medicine, St Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author: Torunn Bruland, PhD, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine [IKOM], Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences [MH], NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 1, NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway. Tel.: +47 72825324; E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Swaim CD, Canadeo LA, Monte KJ, Khanna S, Lenschow DJ, Huibregtse JM. Modulation of Extracellular ISG15 Signaling by Pathogens and Viral Effector Proteins. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107772. [PMID: 32553163 PMCID: PMC7297157 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that also functions extracellularly, signaling through the LFA-1 integrin to promote interferon (IFN)-γ release from natural killer (NK) and T cells. The signals that lead to the production of extracellular ISG15 and the relationship between its two core functions remain unclear. We show that both epithelial cells and lymphocytes can secrete ISG15, which then signals in either an autocrine or paracrine manner to LFA-1-expressing cells. Microbial pathogens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists result in both IFN-β-dependent and -independent secretion of ISG15, and residues required for ISG15 secretion are mapped. Intracellular ISGylation inhibits secretion, and viral effector proteins, influenza B NS1, and viral de-ISGylases, including SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, have opposing effects on secretion of ISG15. These results establish extracellular ISG15 as a cytokine-like protein that bridges early innate and IFN-γ-dependent immune responses, and indicate that pathogens have evolved to differentially inhibit the intracellular and extracellular functions of ISG15. ISG15 is released from multiple cell types to signal to LFA-1-expressing lymphocytes Mutational analysis separates ISG15 secretion from LFA-1 binding and ISGylation Intracellular conjugation of ISG15 negatively modulates its secretion Viral de-ISGylases, including SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, positively modulate ISG15 secretion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Swaim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Larissa A Canadeo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristen J Monte
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swati Khanna
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jon M Huibregtse
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Freitas BT, Scholte FEM, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. How ISG15 combats viral infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:198036. [PMID: 32492472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein critical for the control of microbial infections. ISG15 appears to serve a wide variety of functions, which regulate multiple cellular responses contributing to the development of an antiviral state. ISG15 is a versatile molecule directly modulating both host and virus protein function which regulate many signaling pathways, including its own synthesis. Here we review the various roles ISG15 plays in the antiviral immune response, and examine the mechanisms by which viruses attempt to mitigate or exploit ISG15 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao N, Me R, Dai C, Yu FSX. ISG15 Acts as a Mediator of Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in C57BL/6J Mouse Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:26. [PMID: 32416603 PMCID: PMC7405721 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is a type 1 IFN-induced protein and known to modify target proteins in a manner similar to ubiquitylation (protein conjugation by ISG15 is termed ISGylation). We sought to determine the role of ISG15 and its underlying mechanisms in corneal innate immune defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Methods ISG15 expression in cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and mouse corneas was determined by PCR and Western blot analysis. Gene knockout mice were used to define the role of ISG15 signaling in controlling the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, which was assessed with photographing, clinical scoring, bacterial counting, myeloperoxidase assay, and quantitative PCR determination of cytokine expression. Integrin LFA-1 inhibitor was used to assess its involvement of ISG15 signaling in P. aeruginosa-infected corneas. Results Heat-killed P. aeruginosa induced ISG15 expression in cultured HCECs and accumulation in the conditioned media. Isg15 deficiency accelerated keratitis progress, suppressed IFNγ and CXCL10, and promoted IL-1β while exhibiting no effects on IFNα expression. Moreover, exogenous ISG15 protected the corneas of wild-type mice from P. aeruginosa infection while markedly reducing the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis in type 1 IFN-receptor knockout mice. Exogenous ISG15 increased bacteriostatic activity of B6 mouse corneal homogenates, and inhibition of LFA-1 exacerbated the severity of and abolished protective effects of ISG15 on P. aeruginosa keratitis. Conclusions Type 1 INF-induced ISG15 regulates the innate immune response and greatly reduces the susceptibility of B6 mouse corneas to P. aeruginosa infection in an LFA-1-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
23
|
Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, de Vries E, Knobeloch KP, Volkov A, Borst J. IFN-Stimulated Gene 15 Is an Alarmin that Boosts the CTL Response via an Innate, NK Cell-Dependent Route. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2110-2121. [PMID: 32169846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN is produced upon infection and tissue damage and induces the expression of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode host-protective proteins. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like molecule that can be conjugated to proteins but is also released from cells in a free form. Free, extracellular ISG15 is suggested to have an immune-regulatory role, based on disease phenotypes of ISG15-deficient humans and mice. However, the underlying mechanisms by which free ISG15 would act as a "cytokine" are unclear and much debated. We, in this study, demonstrate in a clinically relevant mouse model of therapeutic vaccination that free ISG15 is an alarmin that induces tissue alert, characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling, myeloid cell infiltration, and inflammation. Moreover, free ISG15 is a potent adjuvant for the CTL response. ISG15 produced at the vaccination site promoted the vaccine-specific CTL response by enhancing expansion, short-lived effector and effector/memory differentiation of CD8+ T cells. The function of free ISG15 as an extracellular ligand was demonstrated, because the equivalents in murine ISG15 of 2 aa recently implicated in binding of human ISG15 to LFA-1 in vitro were required for its adjuvant effect in vivo. Moreover, in further agreement with the in vitro findings on human cells, free ISG15 boosted the CTL response in vivo via NK cells in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Thus, free ISG15 is part of a newly recognized innate route to promote the CTL response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andriy Volkov
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Poncet AF, Blanchard N, Marion S. Toxoplasma and Dendritic Cells: An Intimate Relationship That Deserves Further Scrutiny. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:870-886. [PMID: 31492624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, infects a wide range of animals, including humans. A hallmark of Tg infection is the subversion of host responses, which is thought to favor parasite persistence and propagation to new hosts. Recently, a variety of parasite-secreted modulatory effectors have been uncovered in fibroblasts and macrophages, but the specific interplay between Tg and dendritic cells (DCs) is just beginning to emerge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on Tg-DC interactions, including innate recognition, cytokine production, and antigen presentation, and discuss open questions regarding how Tg-secreted effectors may shape DC functions to perturb innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F Poncet
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France. @inserm.fr
| | - Sabrina Marion
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. @pasteur-lille.fr
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Toxoplasma gondii effector TgIST blocks type I interferon signaling to promote infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17480-17491. [PMID: 31413201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904637116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the importance of type II interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in control of toxoplasmosis, the role of type I IFN is less clear. We demonstrate here that TgIST, a secreted effector previously implicated in blocking type II IFN-γ signaling, also blocked IFN-β responses by inhibiting STAT1/STAT2-mediated transcription in infected cells. Consistent with a role for type I IFN in cell intrinsic control, ∆Tgist mutants were more susceptible to growth inhibition by murine and human macrophages activated with IFN-β. Additionally, type I IFN was important for production of IFN-γ by natural killer (NK) cells and recruitment of inflammatory monocytes at the site of infection. Mice lacking type I IFN receptors (Ifnar1-/-) showed increased mortality following infection with wild-type parasites and decreased virulence of ∆Tgist parasites was restored in Ifnar1-/- mice. The findings highlight the importance of type I IFN in control of toxoplasmosis and illuminate a parasite mechanism to counteract the effects of both type I and II IFN-mediated host defenses.
Collapse
|
26
|
Curato C, Bernshtein B, Zupancič E, Dufner A, Jaitin D, Giladi A, David E, Chappell-Maor L, Leshkowitz D, Knobeloch KP, Amit I, Florindo HF, Jung S. DC Respond to Cognate T Cell Interaction in the Antigen-Challenged Lymph Node. Front Immunol 2019; 10:863. [PMID: 31073301 PMCID: PMC6496461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are unrivaled in their potential to prime naive T cells by presenting antigen and providing costimulation. DC are furthermore believed to decode antigen context by virtue of pattern recognition receptors and to polarize T cells through cytokine secretion toward distinct effector functions. Diverse polarized T helper (TH) cells have been explored in great detail. In contrast, studies of instructing DC have to date largely been restricted to in vitro settings or adoptively transferred DC. Here we report efforts to unravel the DC response to cognate T cell encounter in antigen-challenged lymph nodes (LN). Mice engrafted with antigen-specific T cells were immunized with nanoparticles (NP) entrapping adjuvants and absorbed with antigen to study the immediate DC response to T cell encounter using bulk and single cell RNA-seq profiling. NP induced robust antigen-specific TH1 cell responses with minimal bystander activation. Fluorescent-labeled NP allowed identification of antigen-carrying DC and focus on transcriptional changes in DC that encounter T cells. Our results support the existence of a bi-directional crosstalk between DC and T cells that promotes TH1 responses, including involvement of the ubiquitin-like molecule Isg15 that merits further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Curato
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Zupancič
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Almut Dufner
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Neuropathology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diego Jaitin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Neuropathology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Albert M, Bécares M, Falqui M, Fernández-Lozano C, Guerra S. ISG15, a Small Molecule with Huge Implications: Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110629. [PMID: 30428561 PMCID: PMC6265978 DOI: 10.3390/v10110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for the majority of infectious diseases, from the common cold to HIV/AIDS or hemorrhagic fevers, the latter with devastating effects on the human population. Accordingly, the development of efficient antiviral therapies is a major goal and a challenge for the scientific community, as we are still far from understanding the molecular mechanisms that operate after virus infection. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays an important antiviral role during viral infection. ISG15 catalyzes a ubiquitin-like post-translational modification termed ISGylation, involving the conjugation of ISG15 molecules to de novo synthesized viral or cellular proteins, which regulates their stability and function. Numerous biomedically relevant viruses are targets of ISG15, as well as proteins involved in antiviral immunity. Beyond their role as cellular powerhouses, mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that act as signaling hubs in antiviral responses. In this review, we give an overview of the biological consequences of ISGylation for virus infection and host defense. We also compare several published proteomic studies to identify and classify potential mitochondrial ISGylation targets. Finally, based on our recent observations, we discuss the essential functions of mitochondria in the antiviral response and examine the role of ISG15 in the regulation of mitochondrial processes, specifically OXPHOS and mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Bécares
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández-Lozano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|