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Mani R, Abdelaziz MH, Ochiai E, Sa Q, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Suzuki Y. Dense granule protein 3 of Toxoplasma gondii plays a crucial role in the capability of the tissue cysts of the parasite to persist in the presence of anti-cyst CD8 + T cells during the chronic stage of infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272221. [PMID: 37868957 PMCID: PMC10585165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii establishes chronic infection by forming tissue cysts, and this chronic infection is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans. Our recent studies revealed that whereas CD8+ T cells of genetically resistant BALB/c mice have the capability to remove the tissue cysts of the parasite through their perforin-mediated activities, small portions of the cysts are capable of persisting in the presence of the anti-cyst CD8+ T cells. It is currently unknown how those small portions of the cysts resist or escape the T-cell immunity and persist in the hosts. In the present study, we discovered that the cysts, which persisted in the presence of the perforin-mediated CD8+ T-cell immunity, have significantly greater mRNA levels for four dense granule proteins, GRA1, GRA2, GRA3, and GRA7, and one rhoptry protein, ROP35, than the total population of the cysts present in the absence of the T cells. In addition, increased levels of mRNA for GRA1, GRA3, and ROP35 in the cysts significantly correlated with their successful persistence through the condition in which greater degrees of reduction of the cyst burden occurred through anti-cyst CD8+ T cells. In addition, GRA3-deficient T. gondii displayed significantly enhanced elimination of the cysts by anti-cyst CD8+ T cells when compared to the wild-type parasite. These results indicate that GRA3 is a key molecule that mediates in the capability of T. gondii cysts to persist by resisting or evading the anti-cyst activity of CD8+ T cells during the later stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Barbara A. Fox
- Deaprtment of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - David J. Bzik
- Deaprtment of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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He X, Sa Q, Liu L, Yan H, Guo J, Mu Q. Dermoscopic findings in a patient with papular elastorrhexis. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13348. [PMID: 37231924 PMCID: PMC10189346 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xigetu He
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
| | - Li Liu
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
| | - Jingxue Guo
- Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Qiri Mu
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
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Wang Y, Xu H, Han Y, Wu Y, Sa Q, Wang J. Identifying the optimal therapeutics for patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. ESMO Open 2023; 8:101216. [PMID: 37084609 PMCID: PMC10172889 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer is a distinct subtype with different prognosis and response to treatment. HER2-targeted therapy is currently recommended for patients with HR+/HER2+ advanced breast cancer. However, there is debate over which drugs to add on the basis of HER2 blockade yield the optimal efficacy. This systematic review and network meta-analysis was conducted to solve the problem. METHODS Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different interventions in HR+/HER2+ metastatic breast cancer were included. The outcomes of interest included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Pooled hazard ratios or odds ratios with credible intervals (CrIs) were calculated to estimate the predefined outcomes. The optimal therapeutics were identified by comparing the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA). RESULTS Totally, 23 literatures of 20 RCTs were included. Regarding PFS, significant differences were detected between single or dual HER2 blockade plus endocrine therapy (ET) versus ET alone and dual HER2 blockade plus ET versus physician's choice. Trastuzumab, pertuzumab plus chemotherapy significantly improved PFS than trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CrI 0.50-0.92). The SUCRA values suggested the relatively better efficacy of dual HER2-targeted therapy plus ET (86%-91%) than chemotherapy (62%-81%) in prolonging PFS and OS. The HER2 blockade-containing regimens showed similar safety profiles in eight documented TRAEs. CONCLUSIONS Prominent status of dual-targeted therapy for patients with HR+/HER2+ metastatic breast cancer was revealed. Compared with chemotherapy-containing regimens, the ET-containing ones showed better efficacy and similar safety profiles, which could be recommended in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Q Sa
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Li F, Hu X, Wu Z, Yang Q, Sa Q, Ren W, Wang T, Ji Z, Li N, Huang J, Lei L. Untargeted metabolomics reveals alternations in metabolism of bovine mammary epithelial cells upon IFN-γ treatment. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:44. [PMID: 36765367 PMCID: PMC9921584 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-γ is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to affect multiple cellular functions of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) including impaired milk fat synthesis and induction of malignant transformation via depletion of arginine, one of host conditionally essential amino acids. But the molecular mechanisms of these IFN-γ induced phenotypes are still unknown. METHODS BMECs were treated with IFN-γ for 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The metabolomic profiling in BMECs upon IFN-γ induction were assessed using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomic analysis. Key differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were quantified by targeted metabolomics. RESULTS IFN-γ induction resulted in significant differences in the contents of metabolites. Untargeted analysis identified 221 significantly DEMs, most of which are lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organ heterocyclic compounds and benzenoids. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, DEMs were enriched in fructose and mannose metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), β-alanine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, methane metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Quantification of selected key DEMs by targeted metabolomics showed significantly decreased levels of D-(-)-mannitol, argininosuccinate, and phenylacetylglycine (PAG), while increased levels in S-hydroxymethylglutathione (S-HMG) and 2,3-bisphospho-D-glyceric acid (2,3-BPG). CONCLUSIONS These results provide insights into the metabolic alterations in BMECs upon IFN-γ induction and indicate potential theoretical basis for clarifying IFN-γ-induced diseases in mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Li
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Xiuhong Hu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China ,Shannan Hospital, Shannan, 856099 China
| | - Zengshuai Wu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Qiulei Yang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Qila Sa
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Tingting Wang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Zhengchao Ji
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 1977 Xinzhu Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Suzuki Y, Lutshumba J, Chen KC, Abdelaziz MH, Sa Q, Ochiai E. IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells activates cerebral mRNA expression of a wide spectrum of molecules critical for both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity to control reactivation of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1110508. [PMID: 36875520 PMCID: PMC9975934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that brain-resident cells produce IFN-γ in response to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. To obtain an overall landscape view of the effects of IFN-γ from brain-resident cells on the cerebral protective immunity, in the present study we employed NanoString nCounter assay and quantified mRNA levels for 734 genes in myeloid immunity in the brains of T and B cell-deficient, bone marrow chimeric mice with and without IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in response to reactivation of cerebral T. gondii infection. Our study revealed that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells amplified mRNA expression for the molecules to activate the protective innate immunity including 1) chemokines for recruitment of microglia and macrophages (CCL8 and CXCL12) and 2) the molecules for activating those phagocytes (IL-18, TLRs, NOD1, and CD40) for killing tachyzoites. Importantly, IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells also upregulated cerebral expression of molecules for facilitating the protective T cell immunity, which include the molecules for 1) recruiting effector T cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), 2) antigen processing (PA28αβ, LMP2, and LMP7), transporting the processed peptides (TAP1 and TAP2), assembling the transported peptides to the MHC class I molecules (Tapasin), and the MHC class I (H2-K1 and H2-D1) and Ib molecules (H2-Q1, H-2Q2, and H2-M3) for presenting antigens to activate the recruited CD8+ T cells, 3) MHC class II molecules (H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1, H2-Ea-ps, H2-DMa, H2-Ob, and CD74) to present antigens for CD4+ T cell activation, 4) co-stimulatory molecules (ICOSL) for T cell activation, and 5) cytokines (IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18) facilitating IFN-γ production by NK and T cells. Notably, the present study also revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells also upregulates cerebral expressions of mRNA for the downregulatory molecules (IL-10, STAT3, SOCS1, CD274 [PD-L1], IL-27, and CD36), which can prevent overly stimulated IFN-γ-mediated pro-inflammatory responses and tissue damages. Thus, the present study uncovered the previously unrecognized the capability of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells to upregulate expressions of a wide spectrum of molecules for coordinating both innate and T cell-mediated protective immunity with a fine-tuning regulation system to effectively control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yasuhiro Suzuki,
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- Genomics Core Laboratory, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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Sa Q, Liang H, Kostadinov R, Yu J, Waight J, Van Horn S, Xie Q, Griffin S, Hopson C, Sun N. Abstract A18: In vivo CRISPR screening in syngeneic tumor models to identify novel combinations for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm22-a18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inducible T cell Co-Stimulator (ICOS, CD278) is a receptor belonging to the CD28/CTLA-4 superfamily that is predominantly expressed on T cells following T cell receptor (TCR) activation and plays an important role in regulating adaptive immune response. ICOS represents possible node of therapeutic intervention for cancer, and as such, is under clinical evaluation. Although ICOS agonists have been shown to promote significant monotherapeutic efficacy in non-clinical studies, most patients do not respond to the single-agent approaches. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the potential mechanisms of action as well as to develop novel combination strategies and biomarkers to best position therapeutic in the clinic. In an effort to identify novel combination partners and/or biomarkers for ICOS agonist, we utilized pooled in vivo genetic screening via CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 genome editing in the syngeneic CT26 colorectal mouse tumor model alongside agonist treatment for the target. We evaluated 509 druggable genes with four sgRNAs targeting each gene to identify genes where loss in CT26 tumor cells can increase sensitivity or resistance to this treatment. With a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05, we were able to identify 38 sensitizing hits for ICOS agonist. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo genetic screening in mouse models aiming to uncover potential combinational targets for anti-ICOS agonist. Importantly, this screening strategy can be adapted to orthogonal tumor types to confirm current hits or identify undescribed combination targets for a range of other immunotherapeutic approaches.
Citation Format: Qila Sa, Hongyu Liang, Rumen Kostadinov, Jong Yu, Jeremy Waight, Stephanie Van Horn, Qing Xie, Sue Griffin, Chris Hopson, Ning Sun. In vivo CRISPR screening in syngeneic tumor models to identify novel combinations for cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2022 Oct 21-24; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA,
| | | | | | - Jong Yu
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA,
| | | | | | - Qing Xie
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA,
| | | | | | - Ning Sun
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA,
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Wu R, Leng M, Sa Q, Mu Q, Zhao H. Eczema Herpeticum Following Skin Microneedling Plus Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy in a Patient with Atrophic Acne Scars. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:653-655. [PMID: 35444444 PMCID: PMC9013713 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s359618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, the group receiving minimally invasive cosmetic procedures is gradually on the rise. The adverse reactions or complications of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures also show an upward trend, but clinicians especially the cosmetic dermatologist should be identified and pay attention to the prevention and treatment in such reactions associated with minimally invasive cosmetic procedures in clinical practice. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which as a novel treatment option for acne scars, has shown good cosmetic results. Here, we report a case with eczema herpeticum following skin microneedling plus PRP therapy in a patient with atrophic acne scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Wu
- Department of Dermatology, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Leng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Dermatology, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiri Mu
- Department of Dermatology, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, People's Republic of China
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Sa Q, Mercier C, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Suzuki Y. The amino-terminal region of dense granule protein 6 of Toxoplasma gondii stimulates IFN-γ production by microglia. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:375-378. [PMID: 31972245 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined activities of dense granule proteins (GRAs), which Toxoplasma gondii secretes within infected cells, to stimulate microglial IFN-γ production in vitro. We identified that the N-terminal region (amino acids 41-152) of GRA6 (GRA6Nt) stimulates IFN-γ production by both a microglia cell line and primary microglia purified from the brains of uninfected adult mice. In contrast, neither of GRA1, GRA2, GRA5Nt, nor the carboxyl-terminal (amino acids 174-224) of GRA6 stimulated microglial IFN-γ production. GRA6Nt appears to be a target molecule of the sentinel function of microglia to detect cerebral proliferation of T. gondii and activate their IFN-γ production for facilitating the protective immunity to control the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY40536, USA
| | - Corinne Mercier
- TIMC-IMAG, CNRS-UMR5525, Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY40536, USA.
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Sa Q, Tiwari A, Ochiai E, Mullins J, Suzuki Y. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in innate immune cells is important for restricting cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brain but not required for the protective immune process to remove the cysts. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:261-266. [PMID: 29287983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Significantly larger numbers of Toxoplasma gondii cysts were detected in the brains of RAG1-/-NOS2-/- than RAG1-/- mice following infection. In contrast, the cyst numbers markedly decreased in a same manner in both strains of mice after receiving CD8+ immune T cells. Thus, NOS2-mediated innate immunity is important for inhibiting formation of cysts in the brain but not required for the T cell-initiated cyst removal, which is associated with phagocyte accumulation. Treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification, partially but significantly inhibited the T cell-mediated cyst removal, suggesting that phagosome-lysosome fusion could be involved in the T. gondii cyst elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ashish Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jeremi Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Sa Q, Ochiai E, Tiwari A, Mullins J, Shastri N, Mercier C, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Suzuki Y. Determination of a Key Antigen for Immunological Intervention To Target the Latent Stage of Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 2017; 198:4425-4434. [PMID: 28446567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, establishes a chronic infection by forming cysts preferentially in the brain. Up to one third of the human population worldwide is estimated to be chronically infected with this parasite. However, there is currently no drug effective against the cyst form of the parasite. In addition, the protective immunity against the cysts remains largely unknown. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system detects host cells harboring the cysts to eliminate the latent stage of the parasite using mice with the H-2d haplotype, which are genetically resistant to the infection. Our study revealed that CD8+ immune T cells bearing TCR Vβ8.1, 8.2 chain have a potent activity to remove T. gondii cysts from the brain. Our studies also uncovered that H-2Ld is the major Ag-presenting molecule to CD8+ T cells for initiating cyst elimination, and that CD8+Vβ8.1, 8.2+ immune T cells recognize the N-terminal region (aa 41-152) of dense granule protein 6 (GRA6Nt) of the parasite presented by the H-2Ld molecule. Furthermore, CD8+ immune T cells induced by immunization with recombinant GRA6Nt were eventually capable of removing the cysts from the brain when transferred to infected immunodeficient mice lacking T cells. Thus, GRA6Nt is a novel and potent Ag to activate CD8+ T cells capable of removing T. gondii cysts. These observations offer a basis for immunological intervention to combat chronic infection with T. gondii by targeting the persistent cysts of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ashish Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jeremi Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Corinne Mercier
- Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble, CNRS-UMR5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
- Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble, CNRS-UMR5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536;
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El Bissati K, Chentoufi AA, Krishack PA, Zhou Y, Woods S, Dubey JP, Vang L, Lykins J, Broderick KE, Mui E, Suzuki Y, Sa Q, Bi S, Cardona N, Verma SK, Fraczek L, Reardon CA, Sidney J, Alexander J, Sette A, Vedvick T, Fox C, Guderian JA, Reed S, Roberts CW, McLeod R. Adjuvanted multi-epitope vaccines protect HLA-A*11:01 transgenic mice against Toxoplasma gondii. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e85955. [PMID: 27699241 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We created and tested multi-epitope DNA or protein vaccines with TLR4 ligand emulsion adjuvant (gluco glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion [GLA-SE]) for their ability to protect against Toxoplasma gondii in HLA transgenic mice. Our constructs each included 5 of our best down-selected CD8+ T cell-eliciting epitopes, a universal CD4+ helper T lymphocyte epitope (PADRE), and a secretory signal, all arranged for optimal MHC-I presentation. Their capacity to elicit immune and protective responses was studied using immunization of HLA-A*11:01 transgenic mice. These multi-epitope vaccines increased memory CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-γ and protected mice against parasite burden when challenged with T. gondii. Endocytosis of emulsion-trapped protein and cross presentation of the antigens must account for the immunogenicity of our adjuvanted protein. Thus, our work creates an adjuvanted platform assembly of peptides resulting in cross presentation of CD8+ T cell-eliciting epitopes in a vaccine that prevents toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aziz A Chentoufi
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lo Vang
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Lykins
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kate E Broderick
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernest Mui
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephanie Bi
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nestor Cardona
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shiv K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Fraczek
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Tom Vedvick
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Steven Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Science; and Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Division (RM), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sa Q, Ochiai E, Tiwari A, Perkins S, Mullins J, Gehman M, Huckle W, Eyestone WH, Saunders TL, Shelton BJ, Suzuki Y. IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is crucial to control cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.205.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes produce IFN-γ in response to various stimulations including LPS, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. However, the physiological role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells, including glial cells, in resistance against cerebral infections remains unknown. We analyzed the role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in resistance to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, using a murine model. Our study using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells is essential for upregulating IFN-γ-mediated protective innate immune responses to restrict cerebral T. gondii growth. Studies using a transgenic strain that expresses IFN-γ only in CD11b+ cells suggested that IFN-γ production by microglia, which is the only CD11b+ cell population among brain-resident cells, is able to suppress the parasite growth. Furthermore, IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells is pivotal for upregulating cerebral expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokines and recruiting T cells into the brain to control the infection. These results indicate that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is crucial for facilitating both the protective innate and T cell-mediated immune responses to control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- 1Univ. of Kentucky
- 2Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ
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Ochiai E, Sa Q, Perkins S, Grigg ME, Suzuki Y. CD8(+) T cells remove cysts of Toxoplasma gondii from the brain mostly by recognizing epitopes commonly expressed by or cross-reactive between type II and type III strains of the parasite. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:517-22. [PMID: 27083473 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells remove cysts of Toxoplasma gondii from the brain through perforin-mediated mechanisms. We here show that a transfer of CD8(+) immune T cells primed with a type II or a type III strain of T. gondii both efficiently removed cysts of a type II strain from infected SCID mice, although the former tended to be slightly more efficient than the latter. Similarly, a transfer of type II-primed CD8(+) T cells removed cysts of a type III strain. Therefore, CD8(+) T cells are capable of removing T. gondii cysts by recognizing epitopes commonly expressed in types II and III strains or cross-reactive between these two genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sara Perkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Sa Q, Ochiai E, Tiwari A, Perkins S, Mullins J, Gehman M, Huckle W, Eyestone WH, Saunders TL, Shelton BJ, Suzuki Y. Cutting Edge: IFN-γ Produced by Brain-Resident Cells Is Crucial To Control Cerebral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 2015; 195:796-800. [PMID: 26091720 PMCID: PMC4520543 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes produce IFN-γ in response to various stimulations, including LPS. However, the physiological role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells, including glial cells, in resistance against cerebral infections remains unknown. We analyzed the role of IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells in resistance to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii using a murine model. Our study using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that IFN-γ production by brain-resident cells is essential for upregulating IFN-γ-mediated protective innate immune responses to restrict cerebral T. gondii growth. Studies using a transgenic strain that expresses IFN-γ only in CD11b(+) cells suggested that IFN-γ production by microglia, which is the only CD11b(+) cell population among brain-resident cells, is able to suppress the parasite growth. Furthermore, IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is pivotal for recruiting T cells into the brain to control the infection. These results indicate that IFN-γ produced by brain-resident cells is crucial for facilitating both the protective innate and T cell-mediated immune responses to control cerebral infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ashish Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sara Perkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jeremi Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Marie Gehman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - William Huckle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Willard H Eyestone
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Brent J Shelton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40504
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
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Ochiai E, Sa Q, Brogli M, Kudo T, Wang X, Dubey JP, Suzuki Y. CXCL9 is important for recruiting immune T cells into the brain and inducing an accumulation of the T cells to the areas of tachyzoite proliferation to prevent reactivation of chronic cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Am J Pathol 2014; 185:314-24. [PMID: 25432064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells are required to maintain the latency of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the brain. Here, we examined the role of non-glutamic acid-leucine-arginine CXC chemokine CXCL9 for T-cell recruitment to prevent reactivation of infection with T. gondii. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were infected and treated with sulfadiazine to establish a chronic infection. Immune T cells from infected wild-type mice were transferred into the SCID mice in combination with treatment with anti-CXCL9 or control sera. Three days later, sulfadiazine was discontinued to initiate reactivation of infection. Numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells isolated from the brains were markedly less in mice treated with anti-CXCL9 serum than in mice treated with control serum at 3 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation. Amounts of tachyzoite (acute stage form of T. gondii)-specific SAG1 mRNA and numbers of foci associated with tachyzoites were significantly greater in the former than the latter at 5 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation. An accumulation of CD3(+) T cells into the areas of tachyzoite growth was significantly less frequent in the SCID mice treated with anti-CXCL9 serum than in mice treated with control serum. These results indicate that CXCL9 is crucial for recruiting immune T cells into the brain and inducing an accumulation of the T cells into the areas where tachyzoites proliferate to prevent reactivation of chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Morgan Brogli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Tomoya Kudo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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Sa Q, Michie S, Xu B, Payne L, Wang X, Suzuki Y. VCAM-1/α4β1 integrin interaction is important for T cell recruitment to prevent reactivation of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the brain (P3326). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.134.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T. gondii establishes a chronic infection by forming cysts preferentially in the brain, and IFN-γ production by T cells is required to maintain the latency of infection. We examined the adhesion molecules important for T cell recruitment to prevent reactivation of the infection. SCID mice were infected and treated with sulfadiazine to establish a chronic infection. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were the endothelial adhesion molecules detected on cerebral vessels of these animals as well as those of infected wild-type animals. We did not detect endothelial E-selectin, P-selectin, MAdCAM-1 or PNAd in any of the brains. Immune T cells from wild-type mice were treated with anti-α4 integrin or control mAbs and transferred into infected SCID or nude mice, and animals received the same mAb every other day. Three days later, sulfadiazine was discontinued to initiate reactivation of infection. Cerebral expression of mRNA for CD3, CD4, CD8, IFN-γ, and NOS2 (an effector molecule to inhibit T. gondii growth) was 5-34 times less in mice treated with anti-α4 integrin mAb than those treated with control mAb at 3 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation. Amounts of tachyzoite (acute stage form of T. gondii)-specific SAG1 mRNA were 17 times greater in the former than the latter at 6 days after sulfadiazine discontinuation. These results indicate that VCAM-1/α4β1 integrin interaction is crucial for recruiting immune T cells into the brain to prevent reactivation of chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- 1Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Univ. of Kentucky Col. of Med., Lexington, KY
| | - Sara Michie
- 2Pathology, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Med., Stanford, CA
| | - Baohui Xu
- 2Pathology, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Med., Stanford, CA
| | - Laura Payne
- 3Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- 3Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- 1Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Univ. of Kentucky Col. of Med., Lexington, KY
- 3Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Sa Q, Woodward J, Suzuki Y. IL-2 produced by CD8+ immune T cells can augment their IFN-γ production independently from their proliferation in the secondary response to an intracellular pathogen (P3336). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.134.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces a potent resistance to re-infection, and IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells is crucial for the resistance. Here we examined the role of IL-2 in IFN-γ production by CD8+ immune T cells in their secondary responses using T. gondii-specific CD8+ T cell hybridomas and splenic CD8+ immune T cells from chronically infected mice. The majority of CD8+ T cell hybridomas produced large amounts of IFN-γ only when a low amount (0.5 ng/ml) of exogenous IL-2 was provided in combination with T. gondii antigens. Inhibition of cell proliferation by mitomycin C (MMC) did not affect the enhancing effect of IL-2 on the IFN-γ production, and significant increases in transcription factor T-bet expression were associated with the IL-2-mediated IFN-γ amplification. Splenic CD8+ immune T cells produced similar low levels of IL-2 in the secondary response to T. gondii, and a blocking of IL-2 signaling by anti-IL-2Rα antibody or inhibitors of JAK1 and JAK3 significantly reduced IFN-γ production of the T cells. This IL-2-mediated upregulation of IFN-γ production was observed in MMC-treated CD8+ immune T cells, thus independent from their cell division. Therefore, endogenous IL-2 produced by CD8+ immune T cells can play an important autocrine enhancing role on their IFN-γ production in the secondary responses to T. gondii, suggesting an importance of induction of CD8+ immune T cells with an appropriate IL-2 production for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- 1Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jerold Woodward
- 1Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- 1Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Sa Q, Woodward J, Suzuki Y. IL-2 produced by CD8+ immune T cells can augment their IFN-γ production independently from their proliferation in the secondary response to an intracellular pathogen. J Immunol 2013; 190:2199-207. [PMID: 23359502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces a potent resistance against reinfection, and IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells is crucial for the protective immunity. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the secondary response remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we examined the role of IL-2 in IFN-γ production by CD8(+) immune T cells in their secondary responses using T. gondii-specific CD8(+) T cell hybridomas and splenic CD8(+) immune T cells from chronically infected mice. The majority (92%) of CD8(+) T cell hybridomas produced large amounts of IFN-γ only when a low amount (0.5 ng/ml) of exogenous IL-2 was provided in combination with T. gondii Ags. Inhibition of cell proliferation by mitomycin C did not affect the enhancing effect of IL-2 on the IFN-γ production, and significant increases in transcription factor T-bet expression were associated with the IL-2-mediated IFN-γ amplification. Splenic CD8(+) immune T cells produced similar low levels of IL-2 in the secondary response to T. gondii, and a blocking of IL-2 signaling by anti-IL-2Rα Ab or inhibitors of JAK1 and JAK3 significantly reduced IFN-γ production of the T cells. This IL-2-mediated upregulation of IFN-γ production was observed in mitomycin C-treated CD8(+) immune T cells, thus independent from their cell division. Therefore, endogenous IL-2 produced by CD8(+) immune T cells can play an important autocrine-enhancing role on their IFN-γ production in the secondary responses to T. gondii, suggesting an importance of induction of CD8(+) immune T cells with an appropriate IL-2 production for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Sa Q, Hoover-Plow JL. EMILIN2 (Elastin microfibril interface located protein), potential modifier of thrombosis. Thromb J 2011; 9:9. [PMID: 21569335 PMCID: PMC3113922 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elastin microfibril interface located protein 2 (EMILIN2) is an extracellular glycoprotein associated with cardiovascular development. While other EMILIN proteins are reported to play a role in elastogenesis and coagulation, little is known about EMILIN2 function in the cardiovascular system. The objective of this study was to determine whether EMILIN2 could play a role in thrombosis. RESULTS EMILIN2 mRNA was expressed in 8 wk old C57BL/6J mice in lung, heart, aorta and bone marrow, with the highest expression in bone marrow. In mouse cells, EMILIN2 mRNA expression in macrophages was higher than expression in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. EMILIN2 was identified with cells and extracellular matrix by immunohistochemistry in the carotid and aorta. After carotid ferric chloride injury, EMILIN2 was abundantly expressed in the thrombus and inhibition of EMILIN2 increased platelet de-aggregation after ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest EMILIN2 could play a role in thrombosis as a constituent of the vessel wall and/or a component of the thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Joseph J, Jacobs Center For Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Singh J, Graniello C, Ni Y, Payne L, Sa Q, Hester J, Shelton BJ, Suzuki Y. Toxoplasma IgG and IgA, but not IgM, antibody titers increase in sera of immunocompetent mice in association with proliferation of tachyzoites in the brain during the chronic stage of infection. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1252-7. [PMID: 20708090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma IgG and IgA, but not IgM, antibody titers were significantly higher in immunocompetent mice with cerebral proliferation of tachyzoites during the chronic stage of infection than those treated with sulfadiazine to inhibit the parasite growth. Their IgG and IgA antibody titers correlated significantly with the amounts of tachyzoite-specific SAG1 mRNA in their brains. In contrast, neither IgG, IgA, nor IgM antibody titers increased following two different doses of challenge infection in chronically infected mice. Increased antibody titers in IgG and IgA but not IgM may be a useful indicator suggesting an occurrence of cerebral tachyzoite growth in immunocompetent individuals chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Sa Q, Hart E, Hill AE, Nadeau JH, Hoover-Plow JL. Quantitative trait locus analysis for hemostasis and thrombosis. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:406-12. [PMID: 18787898 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to thrombosis varies in human populations as well as many in inbred mouse strains. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic control of thrombotic risk on three chromosomes. Previously, utilizing a tail-bleeding/rebleeding assay as a surrogate of hemostasis and thrombosis function, three mouse chromosome substitution strains (CSS) (B6-Chr5(A/J), Chr11(A/J), Chr17(A/J)) were identified (Hmtb1, Hmtb2, Hmtb3). The tail-bleeding/rebleeding assay is widely used and distinguishes mice with genetic defects in blood clot formation or dissolution. In the present study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed a significant locus for rebleeding (clot stability) time (time between cessation of initial bleeding and start of the second bleeding) on chromosome 5, suggestive loci for bleeding time (time between start of bleeding and cessation of bleeding) also on chromosomes 5, and two suggestive loci for clot stability on chromosome 17 and one on chromosome 11. The three CSS and the parent A/J had elevated clot stability time. There was no interaction of genes on chromosome 11 with genes on chromosome 5 or chromosome 17. On chromosome 17, twenty-three candidate genes were identified in synteny with previously identified loci for thrombotic risk on human chromosome 18. Thus, we have identified new QTLs and candidate genes not previously known to influence thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
The current model for pathogenesis of inhalation anthrax indicates that the uptake and fate of Bacillus anthracis spores in alveolar macrophages are critical to the infection process. We have employed primary macrophages, which are more efficient for spore uptake than the macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7, to investigate spore uptake and survival. We found that at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 5, greater than 80% of the spores of the Sterne strain containing only the pXO1 plasmid were internalized within 1 h. Within 4 h post infection, viability of internalized Sterne spores decreased to approximately 40%. Intracellular vegetative bacteria represented less than 1% of the total spore inoculum throughout the course of infection suggesting effective killing of germinated spores and/or vegetative bacteria. The Sterne spores trafficked quickly to phagolysosomes as indicated by colocalization with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Expression of a dominant-negative Rab7 that blocked lysosome fusion enhanced Sterne spore survival. Addition of d-alanine to the infection resulted in 75% inhibition of spore germination and increased survival of internalized spores of the Sterne strain and a pathogenic strain containing both the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids. Inhibition was reversed by the addition of l-alanine, which resumed spore germination and subsequent spore killing. Our data indicate that B. anthracis spores germinate in and are subsequently killed by primary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Wang P, Wang Y, Sa Q, Li W, Sun Y. The site-directed mutagenesis of gastrodia anti-fungal protein mannose-binding sites and its expression in Escherichia coli. Protein Pept Lett 2004; 10:599-606. [PMID: 14683512 DOI: 10.2174/0929866033478555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia anti-fungal protein (GAFP) displays strong inhibitory activity against certain fungal pathogens. Five GAFP analogues with different mutations at mannose-binding sites and the wild-type one were expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. The inhibitory analysis of the purified various GAFPs against the growth of Trichoderma viride indicates that single amino acid mutated-type GAFPs have inhibitory activity, but its activity is much less than the wild-type one. The double and triplicate amino acids mutated GAFPs have very low inhibitory activity. For the first time it was proved that GAFP mannose-binding sites play key role in anti-fungi process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
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Sa Q, Wang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Sun Y. The promoter of an antifungal protein gene from Gastrodia elata confers tissue -specific and fungus-inducible expression patterns and responds to both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 22:79-84. [PMID: 12838365 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2002] [Revised: 05/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodia antifungal proteins (GAFPs) are a group of mannose-binding lectins purified from Gastrodia elata that show strong resistance against a wide spectrum of fungi. The GAFP-2 promoter was analyzed for its ability to control the expression of the reporter gene, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic tobacco plants. The GUS assays revealed that the GAFP-2 promoter is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, which mainly expressed in the vascular cells. The highest GUS activity was observed in roots, followed by stems. GAFP-2-GUS expression was strongly induced by the fungus Trichoderma viride and by the plant stress regulators, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in the stably transformed tobacco plants. The -537 region of the GAFP-2 promoter was sufficient for its tissue-specific and inducible expression of the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Sa
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Building 917, 100101 Beijing, P. R. China
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