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Koike Y, Li B, Chen Y, Ganji N, Alganabi M, Miyake H, Lee C, Hock A, Wu R, Uchida K, Inoue M, Delgado-Olguin P, Pierro A. Live Intravital Intestine with Blood Flow Visualization in Neonatal Mice Using Two-photon Laser Scanning Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3937. [PMID: 33796611 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes a novel technique to investigate the microcirculation dynamics underlying the pathology in the small intestine of neonatal mice using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Recent technological advances in multi-photon microscopy allow intravital analysis of different organs such as the liver, brain and intestine. Despite these advances, live visualization and analysis of the small intestine in neonatal rodents remain technically challenging. We herein provide a detailed description of a novel method to capture high resolution and stable images of the small intestine in neonatal mice as early as postnatal day 0. This imaging technique allows a comprehensive understanding of the development and blood flow dynamics in small intestine microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Koike
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niloofar Ganji
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hiromu Miyake
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Hock
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keiichi Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguin
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chang F, Kim JM, Choi Y, Park K. MTA promotes chemotaxis and chemokinesis of immune cells through distinct calcium-sensing receptor signaling pathways. Biomaterials 2017; 150:14-24. [PMID: 29028549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been introduced as a choice material for regenerative dentistry. To date, the diverse biological activities of MTA, including its anti-inflammatory effects, have been extensively discussed. However, there is limited insight into the link between MTA and immune cell migration. In this study, we report the role of MTA in enhancing both chemotactic and chemokinetic immune cell migration through distinct signaling pathways. By using versatile live imaging techniques, we demonstrated that MTA-mediated CaSR activation induced diverse downstream pathways to govern cell migratory capacity. In this context, Cdc42 generates cytoskeleton-driven cellular protrusions to steer directional cell migration (chemotaxis) whereas Ca2+-calmodulin dependent myosin light chain kinase induces cell contractility that plays an important role in speeding up the average migration speed (chemokinesis). Our findings illuminate an unrecognized role for MTA and the related CaSR signaling network in immune cell migration, providing evidence that can drive development of novel approaches to immunological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Shabsoug BM. The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during HIV-1 infection. Arch Virol 2017; 163:1-21. [PMID: 28980078 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-recognized that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) mainly targets CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, during the past three decades, a huge number of studies have reported that HIV-1 can directly or indirectly target other cellular components of the immune system including CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), among others. PMNs are the most abundant leukocytes in the human circulation, and are known to play principal roles in the elimination of invading pathogens, regulating different immune responses, healing of injured tissues, and maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Until recently, little was known about the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression. This is because early studies focused on neutropenia and recurrent microbial infections, particularly, during advanced disease. However, recent studies have extended the investigation area to cover new aspects of the interactions between HIV-1 and PMNs. This review aims to summarize these advances and address the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression to better understand the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Barakat Mohammad Shabsoug
- Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Koike Y, Tanaka K, Kobayashi M, Toiyama Y, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Uchida K, Mizoguchi A, Kusunoki M. Dynamic pathology for leukocyte–platelet formation in sepsis model. J Surg Res 2015; 195:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Mizuno R, Kamioka Y, Kabashima K, Imajo M, Sumiyama K, Nakasho E, Ito T, Hamazaki Y, Okuchi Y, Sakai Y, Kiyokawa E, Matsuda M. In vivo imaging reveals PKA regulation of ERK activity during neutrophil recruitment to inflamed intestines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1123-36. [PMID: 24842369 PMCID: PMC4042632 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vivo FRET demonstrates that ERK positively regulates the neutrophil recruitment cascade in the intestine by promoting adhesion and migration. Many chemical mediators regulate neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites. Although the actions of each chemical mediator have been demonstrated with neutrophils in vitro, how such chemical mediators act cooperatively or counteractively in vivo remains largely unknown. Here, by in vivo two-photon excitation microscopy with transgenic mice expressing biosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer, we time-lapse–imaged the activities of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase A (PKA) in neutrophils in inflamed intestinal tissue. ERK activity in neutrophils rapidly increased during spreading on the endothelial cells and showed positive correlation with the migration velocity on endothelial cells or in interstitial tissue. Meanwhile, in the neutrophils migrating in the interstitial tissue, high PKA activity correlated negatively with migration velocity. In contradiction to previous in vitro studies that showed ERK activation by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) engagement with prostaglandin receptor EP4, intravenous administration of EP4 agonist activated PKA, inhibited ERK, and suppressed migration of neutrophils. The opposite results were obtained using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, NSAID-induced enteritis may be caused at least partially by the inhibition of EP4 receptor signaling of neutrophils. Our results demonstrate that ERK positively regulates the neutrophil recruitment cascade by promoting adhesion and migration steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Mizuno
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masamichi Imajo
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakasho
- Life & Industrial Products Development Department 1, R&D Division, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Okuchi
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Casulli S, Elbim C. Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:13-20. [PMID: 23867213 DOI: 10.1159/000353588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant circulating leukocytes. They represent a first line of innate immunity against a large panel of microbial pathogens, pending development of specific immune responses. The role of PMN in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease has mainly been investigated from the point of view of the increased susceptibility of HIV-1-infected patients to bacterial and fungal infections. However, it is now clear that the relationship between PMN and HIV-1 is far more complex. This review examines both the beneficial and the detrimental effects of PMN during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Casulli
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less commonly diagnosed than in the previous 20 years; prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. However, FeLV importance may be underestimated as it has been shown that regressively infected cats (that are negative in routinely used FeLV tests) also can develop clinical signs. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. This article provides a review of clinical syndromes in progressively and regressively FeLV-infected cats as well as in FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, LMU University of Munich, Germany, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Chen MH, Lo DY, Liao JW, Hsuan SL, Chien MS, Lin CC, Chen TH, Lee WC. Immunostimulation of sugar cane extract on neutrophils to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1062-7. [PMID: 22213156 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of sugar cane extract (SCE) on the biological activities of neutrophils in mice. Six-week-old BALB/c mice were fed 1250 mg/kg of SCE once. The generation, migration and biological functions of neutrophils and the survival rates of the mice in response to Salmonella typhimurium infection were evaluated. The results show that the numbers of both bone marrow cells and neutrophils were significantly increased in response to SCE administration (p < 0.05) compared with controls. The migration, phagocytosis and H₂O₂ generation of neutrophils were all significantly enhanced in SCE-treated mice (p < 0.05). After challenge with S. typhimurium (lethal dose, 50% (LD₅₀), SCE-treated mice had a 19.2% higher survival rate and milder hepatic lesions than the controls. Additionally, fewer invasive bacteria were recovered from the spleens of SCE-treated mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that SCE has a positive regulatory effect on the biological function of mouse neutrophils that may increase host resistance against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:190-201. [PMID: 21807418 PMCID: PMC7132395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with a global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia) and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less important as a deadly infectious agent as in the last 20 years prevalence has been decreasing in most countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen reduces interleukin-8 expression in endothelial cells and impairs neutrophil chemotaxis by degrading nuclear p65. J Virol 2011; 85:8606-15. [PMID: 21697472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00733-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA-1) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the major viral latent protein and functions as a multifaceted protein. Here, we report that LANA-1 attenuates the endothelial response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation and inhibits consequent neutrophil chemotaxis. Reporter assays showed that LANA-1 constantly repressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB transactivity upon TNF-α stimulation. We also found that LANA-1 decreased nuclear p65 protein levels through enhancement of polyubiquitylation-mediated p65 degradation and that an elongin B/elongin C-cullin 5-LANA-1-p65 complex assembled by LANA-1 was responsible for this enhanced p65 degradation. In telomerase-immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells, LANA-1 was demonstrated to repress interleukin-8 expression, which was involved in neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site. Through an in vitro transmigration assay, we determined a suppressive effect of LANA-1 on neutrophil chemotaxis. Our work suggests that KSHV LANA-1 is a negative modulator of acute inflammation and sheds light on a new mechanism by which KSHV during the latent life cycle evades the host innate immune response.
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Functional asymmetry in the descending cardiovascular pathways from dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sprague WS, TerWee JA, VandeWoude S. Temporal association of large granular lymphocytosis, neutropenia, proviral load, and FasL mRNA in cats with acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:115-21. [PMID: 19896217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During acute feline immunodeficiency virus-C(PGammar) (FIV-C-PG) infection, we observed that cats develop large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphocytosis concurrent with a marked neutropenia that is temporally associated with the rise and fall of FIV-C-PG proviral loads. LGLs, generally considered to be analogous to natural killer (NK) cells, can also be highly cytolytic CD8/CD57 T cells. Neutropenia has been reported during acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, but there is a paucity of information describing the pathogenesis of this condition. During HIV-1 infection, LGLs have been shown to be both CD16(+) NK cells and CD8(+)/CD57(+) T cells, but an association with neutropenia has not been described. However, neutropenia with concurrent LGL lymphocytosis has been demonstrated in both LGL leukemia and common variable immunodeficiency syndrome in people, and in both syndromes, an increase in soluble Fas ligand (FasL) has been associated with neutrophil apoptosis leading to neutropenia. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated increases in CD56 and CD8 peripheral blood cell surface expression during acute FIV-C-PG infection. Expression of FasL mRNA was increased at the same time points as these peripheral hematologic abnormalities, and also decreased as FIV-C-PG proviral load reached set point. We describe an interesting temporal association between innate immune responses and viral load during acute FIV-C-PG infection, which has similarities to HIV-1 infection and other immune dyscrasias of people, and which may contribute to the neutropenia and LGL lymphocytosis during FIV-C-PG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Sprague
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, 1600 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Aikawa P, Farsky SHP, de Oliveira MA, Pazetti R, Mauad T, Sannomiya P, Nakagawa NK. Effects of different peep levels on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions in rats during mechanical ventilation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:443-50. [PMID: 19488611 PMCID: PMC2694249 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves oxygenation and treats acute pulmonary failure. However, increased intrathoracic pressure may cause regional blood flow alterations that may contribute to mesenteric ischemia and gastrointestinal failure. We investigated the effects of different PEEP levels on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions. METHODS Forty-four male Wistar rats were initially anesthetized (Pentobarbital I.P. 50 mg/kg) and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) NAIVE (only anesthesia; n=9), 2) PEEP 0 (PEEP of 0 cmH2O, n=13), 3) PEEP 5 (PEEP of 5 cmH2O, n=12), and 4) PEEP 10 (PEEP of 10 cmH2O, n=13). Positive end expiratory pressure groups were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 70 rpm, and inspired oxygen fraction of 1. Animals were maintained under isoflurane anesthesia. After two hours, laparotomy was performed, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions were evaluated by intravital microscopy. RESULTS No significant changes were observed in mean arterial blood pressure among groups during the study. Tracheal peak pressure was smaller in PEEP 5 compared with PEEP 0 and PEEP 10 groups (11, 15, and 16 cmH2O, respectively; p<0.05). After two hours of MV, there were no differences among NAIVE, PEEP 0 and PEEP 5 groups in the number of rollers (118+/-9,127+/-14 and 147+/-26 cells/10 minutes, respectively), adherent leukocytes (3+/-1,3+/-1 and 4+/-2 cells/100 microm venule length, respectively), and migrated leukocytes (2+/-1,2+/-1 and 2+/-1 cells/5,000 microm(2), respectively) at the mesentery. However, the PEEP 10 group exhibited an increase in the number of rolling, adherent and migrated leukocytes (188+/-15 cells / 10 min, 8+/-1 cells / 100 microm and 12+/-1 cells / 5,000 microm(2), respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS High intrathoracic pressure was harmful to mesenteric microcirculation in the experimental model of rats with normal lungs and stable systemic blood pressure, a finding that may have relevance for complications related to mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Aikawa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Communication Science & Disorders and Occupacional Therapy, LIM 34, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cardiopneumology, LIM-11 and LIM-61, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério Pazetti
- Department of Cardiopneumology, LIM-11 and LIM-61, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Mauad
- Department of Pathology, LIM-05, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulina Sannomiya
- Department of Cardiopneumology, LIM-11 and LIM-61, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naomi Kondo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Communication Science & Disorders and Occupacional Therapy, LIM 34, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cardiopneumology, LIM-11 and LIM-61, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
- , Tel.: 55 11 3061.8520
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Elbim C, Monceaux V, Mueller YM, Lewis MG, François S, Diop O, Akarid K, Hurtrel B, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Lévy Y, Katsikis PD, Estaquier J. Early divergence in neutrophil apoptosis between pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infections of nonhuman primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8613-23. [PMID: 19050281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We used pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian models of SIV infection of Chinese and Indian rhesus macaque (RMs) and African green monkeys (AGMs), respectively, to investigate the relationship between polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) death and the extent of viral replication and disease outcome. In this study, we showed that PMN death increased early during the acute phase of SIV infection in Chinese RMs and coincided with the peak of viral replication on day 14. The level of PMN death was significantly more severe in RMs that progressed more rapidly to AIDS and coincided with neutropenia. Neutropenia was also observed in Indian RMs and was higher in non-Mamu-A*01 compared with Mamu-A*01 animals. In stark contrast, no changes in the levels of PMN death were observed in the nonpathogenic model of SIVagm-sab (sabaeus) infection of AGMs despite similarly high viral replication. PMN death was a Bax and Bak-independent mitochondrial insult, which is prevented by inhibiting calpain activation but not caspases. We found that BOB/GPR15, a SIV coreceptor, is expressed on the PMN surface of RMs at a much higher levels than AGMs and its ligation induced PMN death, suggesting that SIV particle binding to the cell surface is sufficient to induce PMN death. Taken together, our results suggest that species-specific differences in BOB/GPR15 receptor expression on PMN can lead to increased acute phase PMN death. This may account for the decline in PMN numbers that occurs during primary SIV infection in pathogenic SIV infection and may have important implications for subsequent viral replication and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Elbim
- Faculté de Médecine, Service d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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Zanoni FL, Benabou S, Greco KV, Moreno ACR, Cruz JWMC, Filgueira FP, Martinez MB, Figueiredo LFPD, Silva MRE, Sannomiya P. Mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions and translocation of indigenous bacteria in a rat model of strangulated small bowel obstruction. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:911-9. [PMID: 19759886 PMCID: PMC2745135 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial translocation has been shown to occur in critically ill patients after extensive trauma, shock, sepsis, or thermal injury. The present study investigates mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions, the bacterial translocation phenomenon, and hemodynamic/metabolic disturbances in a rat model of intestinal obstruction and ischemia. METHODS Anesthetized (pentobarbital 50 mg/kg, i.p.) male Wistar rats (250-350 g) were submitted to intestinal obstruction or laparotomy without intestinal obstruction (Sham) and were evaluated 24 hours later. Bacterial translocation was assessed by bacterial culture of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen, and blood. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the mesenteric microcirculation were assessed by intravital microscopy, and P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expressions were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Hematocrit, blood gases, lactate, glucose, white blood cells, serum urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and hepatic enzymes were measured. RESULTS About 86% of intestinal obstruction rats presented positive cultures for E. coli in samples of the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, and 57% had positive hemocultures. In comparison to the Sham rats, intestinal obstruction induced neutrophilia and increased the number of rolling (approximately 2-fold), adherent (approximately 5-fold), and migrated leukocytes (approximately 11-fold); this increase was accompanied by an increased expression of P-selectin (approximately 2-fold) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (approximately 2-fold) in the mesenteric microcirculation. Intestinal obstruction rats exhibited decreased PaCO2, alkalosis, hyperlactatemia, and hyperglycemia, and increased blood potassium, hepatic enzyme activity, serum urea, creatinine, and bilirubin. A high mortality rate was observed after intestinal obstruction (83% at 72 h vs. 0% in Sham rats). CONCLUSION Intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats is a relevant model for the in vivo study of mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunction and the occurrence of bacterial translocation. This model parallels the events implicated in multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Luiz Zanoni
- Heart Institute (InCor), LIM 11, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Andruski B, McCafferty DM, Ignacy T, Millen B, McDougall JJ. Leukocyte trafficking and pain behavioral responses to a hydrogen sulfide donor in acute monoarthritis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R814-20. [PMID: 18667709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90524.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator with the ability to modulate tissue inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an H(2)S donor (Na(2)S) on leukocyte-endothelium interactions, blood flow, and pain sensation in acutely inflamed knee joints. Acute arthritis was induced in urethane anesthetized C57bl/6 mice by intra-articular injection of kaolin/carrageenan (24-h recovery), and the effect of local administration of Na(2)S on leukocyte trafficking was measured by intravital microscopy. Synovial blood flow was measured in inflamed knees by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Finally, the effect of an intra-articular injection of Na(2)S on joint pain in control and inflamed rats was determined by hindlimb incapacitance and von Frey hair algesiometry. Local administration of an H(2)S donor to inflamed knees caused a dose-dependent reduction in leukocyte adherence and an increase in leukocyte velocity. These effects could be inhibited by coadministration of the ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blocker glibenclamide. Local administration of Na(2)S to inflamed joints caused a pronounced vasoconstrictor response; however, there was no observable effect of Na(2)S on joint pain. These findings establish H(2)S as a novel signaling molecule in rodent knee joints. H(2)S exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, but with no detectable effect on joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Andruski
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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18
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Mills JS. Differential activation of polymorphisms of the formyl peptide receptor by formyl peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:1085-92. [PMID: 17644322 PMCID: PMC2094211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of two polymorphic sites (R190W and N192K) on the binding and activation of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) by viral and formyl peptides. WEDWVGWI, a peptide with antiviral activity derived from the membrane proximal region of feline immunodeficiency virus, binds with high affinity to FPR. The three tryptophans in the peptide are all essential for FPR binding, just as they were essential for antiviral activity [S. Giannecchini, A. Di Fenza, A.M. D'Ursi, D. Matteucci, P. Rovero, M. Bendinelli, Antiviral activity and conformational features of an octapeptide derived from the membrane-proximal ectodomain of the feline immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein, J. Virol. 77 (2003) 3724]. Formyl-NleWEDWVGWI behaved as a weak partial agonist with FPR W190/N192 but a stronger partial agonist with FPR R190/K192 and FPR R190/N192. Formyl-NleNleWEDWVGWI behaved as a full agonist toward all three FPRs but exhibited a much higher EC(50) with W190/N192 FPR (300+/-45 nM) than for R190/K192 FPR (40+/-3 nM) or R190/N192 (60+/-8 nM). Formyl-MYKWPWYVWL preferentially activated R190/K192 and R190/N192 FPRs by>5 fold compared to W190/N192 FPR. Formyl-MFEDAVAWF, a peptide derived from a protein in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and formyl-MFTFEPFPTN, a peptide derived from the N-terminus of chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus with an added N-terminal formyl-methionine exhibited the greatest selectivity for R190/K192 and R190/N192 FPRs with approximately 10 fold lower EC(50)s than that observed with FPR W190/N192. Thus, individuals with the W190 polymorphism may display a reduced ability to detect certain formyl peptides.
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Key Words
- fpr, formyl peptide receptor
- chips, chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus
- cho s, chinese hamster ovary cells designed for suspension culture
- hrsv, human respiratory syncytial virus
- fiv, feline immunodeficiency virus
- fmlf, n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
- flipr, fprl1 inhibitory protein
- aids, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- siv, simian immunodeficiency virus
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- gp-41, 41 kilodalton glycoprotein
- gp-36, 36 kilodalton glycoprotein
- hr, heptade repeat
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys-fitc, formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys labeled at the lys residue with fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys, labeled at the lys residue with alexa fluor n-hydroxy-succinimide
- fmlf, formyl-met-leu-phe
- tmh, transmembrane helix
- fprl1, formyl peptide receptor like 1
- gtpγs, guanosine 5′-3-o-(thio)triphosphate
- formyl peptides
- signal transduction
- g protein-coupled receptor
- polymorphism
- feline immunodeficiency virus
- chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mills
- Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520, USA.
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Nakagawa NK, Jukemura J, Aikawa P, Nogueira RA, Poli-de-Figueiredo LF, Sannomiya P. In vivo observation of mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions after cecal ligation/puncture and surgical sepsis source control. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2007; 62:321-6. [PMID: 17589674 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322007000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) has been used as a useful model for the induction of polymicrobial sepsis. Necrotic tissue resection and peritoneal lavage (REL) are the surgical procedures for controlling perforated appendicitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the rat mesentery in vivo after CLP and REL. METHODS Thirty-seven male Wistar rats (250-300 g) underwent laparotomy and were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) SHAM; 2) CLP: animals submitted to CLP, 3) CLP+REL: animals submitted to CLP and REL. Mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions were studied by intravital microscopy assessed once in each animal (3-5 postcapillary venules, 15-25 microm diameter) 24 hours after intervention. Follow-up was performed in all animals; this included analysis of glycemia, lactate, hematocrit, white blood cell count as well as a functional score that was the sum of scoring on the following parameters: alertness, mobility, piloerection, diarrhea, encrusted eyes, and dirty nose and tail. RESULTS None of the animals showed significant changes in body weight (265 +/- 20 g) or in hematocrit levels (46% +/- 2%) during the experimental protocol. Compared to SHAM animals, CLP animals showed an increased number of rolling (2x), adherent, and migrating leukocytes (7x) in the mesenteric microcirculation, an increase in blood glucose (136 +/- 8 mg/dL), lactate (3.58 +/- 0.94 mmol/L), white cell count (23,570 +/- 4,991 cells/mm(3)) and functional alterations (score 11 +/- 1), characterized by impaired alertness and mobility, and presence of piloerection, diarrhea, encrusted eyes, and dirty nose and tail. The REL procedure normalized the number of rolling, adherent, and migrated leukocytes in the mesentery; glycemia; lactate; and white blood cell count. The REL procedure also improved the functional score (7 +/- 1). CONCLUSION Local and systemic inflammation was induced by CLP, while REL completely overcame the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi K Nakagawa
- Research Division, Heart Institute, InCor, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kolenda-Roberts HM, Kuhnt LA, Jennings RN, Mergia A, Gengozian N, Johnson CM. Immunopathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in the fetal and neonatal cat. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2007; 12:3668-82. [PMID: 17485330 PMCID: PMC2278015 DOI: 10.2741/2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of pediatric HIV infection is estimated at 2.3 million children, most acquiring the infection from their mothers in utero, peripartum, or postpartum. Pediatric HIV infection typically causes a rapidly progressive disease when compared with adult infection, due in part to the profound susceptibility of the neonatal thymus to productive infection or degenerative changes. Failed production of naive T-lymphocytes further limits the success of antiviral therapy to restore immunologic function. In this review, we explore the use of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of domestic cats as an animal model for pediatric HIV infection. Cats infected with FIV represent the smallest host of a naturally occurring lentivirus, and the immunodeficiency syndrome elicited by FIV infection is similar to that of HIV-AIDS. The feline-FIV model uniquely reproduces several key aspects of immunosuppressive lentivirus infection of the thymus, allowing investigators to define viral determinants of pathogenicity, influence of host age on disease outcome, and therapeutic strategies to restore thymus function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Kolenda-Roberts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leah A. Kuhnt
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Ryan N. Jennings
- Veterinary Medical Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Ayalew Mergia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nazareth Gengozian
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, and the Thompson Cancer Survival Center, Knoxville, TN
| | - Calvin M. Johnson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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FIV as a Model for HIV: An Overview. IN VIVO MODELS OF HIV DISEASE AND CONTROL 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121254 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25741-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the only lentivirus that causes an immunodeficiency resembling that of HIV infection, in its natural host, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been a unique and powerful model for AIDS research. FIV was first described in 1987 by Niels Pedersen and co-workers as the causative agent for a fatal immunodeficiency syndrome observed in cats housed in a cattery in Petaluma, California. Since this landmark observation, multiple studies have shown that natural and experimental infection of cats with biological isolates of FIV produces an AIDS syndrome very similar in pathogenesis to that observed for human AIDS. FIV infection induces an acute viremia associated with Tcell alterations including depressed CD4 :CD8 T-cell ratios and CD4 T-cell depletion, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and neutropenia. In later stages of FIV infection, the host suffers from chronic persistent infections that are typically self-limiting in an immunocompetent host, as well as opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea and wasting, blood dyscracias, significant CD4 T-cell depletion, neurologic disorders, and B-cell lymphomas. Importantly, chronic FIV infection induces a progressive lymphoid and CD4 T-cell depletion in the infected cat. The primary mode of natural FIV transmission appears to be blood-borne facilitated by fighting and biting. However, experimental infection through transmucosal routes (rectal and vaginal mucosa and perinatal) have been well documented for specific FIV isolates. Accordingly, FIV disease pathogenesis exhibits striking similarities to that described for HIV-1 infection.
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22
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Heit B, Jones G, Knight D, Antony JM, Gill MJ, Brown C, Power C, Kubes P. HIV and other lentiviral infections cause defects in neutrophil chemotaxis, recruitment, and cell structure: immunorestorative effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6405-14. [PMID: 17056572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with HIV infection exhibit deficits in bacterial and fungal clearance, and possibly depressed innate immunity. In this study, we observed that neutrophils from HIV-infected patients have a profound defect in chemotaxis in response to endogenous (IL-8) and bacterial (fMLP) chemoattractants, which was directly correlated with peripheral CD4(+) lymphocyte levels but not plasma viral load. A similar chemotactic defect was observed in the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV infection. Intravital microscopy of FIV-infected animals revealed marked impairment in the in vivo recruitment of leukocytes; specifically integrin-dependent neutrophil adhesion and emigration induced by bacterial products. Treatment of FIV-infected animals with GM-CSF re-established both neutrophil recruitment (rolling, adhesion, and emigration) and in vitro chemotaxis to the levels seen in uninfected animals. This restoration of neutrophil responses was not due to GM-CSF-mediated priming. Rather, HIV and FIV infections resulted in defective neutrophil development, with an ensuing reduction in neutrophil granularity and chemotactic receptor expression. GM-CSF therapy restored neutrophil granularity, implying restoration of normal neutrophil development. Together, our findings underscore the fundamental defects in innate immunity caused by lentivirus infections, while also indicating that GM-CSF may be a potential immunorestorative therapy for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Heit
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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23
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Ryschich E, Kerkadze V, Lizdenis P, Paskauskas S, Knaebel HP, Gross W, Gebhard MM, Büchler MW, Schmidt J. Active Leukocyte Crawling in Microvessels Assessed by Digital Time-Lapse Intravital Microscopy. J Surg Res 2006; 135:291-6. [PMID: 16631202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability of active movement is an important feature of leukocytes. Here, we used a hybrid technique that combines intravital microscopy and digital time-lapse video microscopy to investigate the physiology and molecular mechanisms of intravascular leukocyte movement. METHODS Intravital microscopy of mesenteric venules was performed in male, Wistar rats using digital video recording and time-lapse image compression. The leukocyte movement and extravasation were analyzed after local application of TNF-alpha, after blockade of endothelial (anti-ICAM-1 antibody) and leukocyte (anti-CD18 antibody) adhesion molecules. Additionally, the migratory activity of isolated leukocytes in collagen gel was analyzed and compared with their intravascular locomotion. RESULTS Adherent leukocytes showed an active intraluminal crawling along the endothelial lining. Most permanent stickers (84 +/- 13%) crawled actively on the intraluminal site of venules. Baseline measurement of leukocyte crawling velocity yielded an average 9.0 +/- 1.8 mum/min that was not significantly different from crawling velocity of extravascular leukocytes (8.9 +/- 4.5 mum/min). The maximum distance of leukocyte crawling observed was 150 microm. The maximum time of crawling was 15 min. Intraluminal crawlers traveled over a mean distance of 35 +/- 17 mum with the average duration of 5.4 +/- 1.4 min. Under unstimulated conditions, almost all crawling leukocytes detached from the endothelium and did not migrate through the vascular wall. TNF-alpha induced a significant increase of leukocyte extravasation. Anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD18 antibodies significantly reduced leukocyte crawling. The proportion of isolated migrating leukocytes in collagen gel (87% +/- 6%) was not significantly different from the percentage of intravascular crawling leukocytes in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The method of digital time-lapse intravital microscopy represents an advantageous technology for the investigation of intravascular, transendothelial, and extravascular migration of leukocytes. Using this technology, we showed that leukocyte-endothelial-interactions are an active and dynamic process. This process involves long-time (several minutes) crawling of leukocytes along the endothelium and, finally, detachment from the endothelium. Intravascular leukocyte crawling reflects the migratory potential of circulating leukocytes and strongly depends on the expression of adhesion molecules. For extravasation, an additional pro-inflammatory stimulus is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ryschich
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Nakagawa NK, Nogueira RA, Correia CJ, Shiwa SR, Costa Cruz JWM, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Rocha E Silva M, Sannomiya P. LEUKOCYTE-ENDOTHELIUM INTERACTIONS AFTER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK/REPERFUSION AND CECAL LIGATION/PUNCTURE. Shock 2006; 26:180-6. [PMID: 16878027 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000223133.10254.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion (HS/R) followed by sepsis triggers systemic microcirculatory disturbances that may induce multiple organ failure. The present study evaluated the effects of HS/R and cecal ligation and puncture, followed by necrotic cecal resection/peritoneal lavage (REL) on leukocyte-endothelium interactions at the mesentery. Eighty-one anesthetized Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to a first injury: (1) control-HS-no hemorrhagic shock/no reperfusion group, (2) HS/blood-HS/R with 25% shed blood, and (3) HS/blood + LR-HS/R with 25% of the shed blood + lactated Ringer's solution, 3x shed blood volume. Twenty-four hours post-HS/R, animals were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture and, 24 h thereafter, to REL. Leukocyte-endothelium interactions were assessed by intravital microscopy and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and P-selectin expression by immunohistochemistry. Lungs were observed for ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil infiltration. Single and double injury induced significant increases in rolling (approximately 2-fold), adherent (approximately 5-fold), and migrated leukocytes (approximately 7-fold); ICAM-1 expression (approximately 1/2-fold), and P-selectin expression (approximately 1/2-fold) at the mesentery compared with control-HS group. REL normalized leukocyte-endothelium interactions at the mesentery in single-injured animals. However, in double-injured rats, adherence and migration of leukocytes decreased but did not normalize. Similar results were observed on ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs from these animals. In conclusion, the current in vivo observation of the mesenteric microcirculation after a double injury followed by REL is a suitable model for the systematic evaluation of the inflammatory reaction at local and distant sites. In addition, data presented herein emphasized the importance of surgical removal of the septic focus in controlling the otherwise lethal sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kondo Nakagawa
- Research Division, Heart Institute (InCor), LIM 11, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Mills JS. Peptides derived from HIV-1, HIV-2, Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus and coronavirus 229E exhibit high affinity binding to the formyl peptide receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:693-703. [PMID: 16842982 PMCID: PMC2075610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the membrane proximal region of fusion proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, Coronavirus 229 E, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola virus were all potent antagonists of the formyl peptide receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Binding of viral peptides was affected by the naturally occurring polymorphisms at residues 190 and 192, which are located at second extracellular loop-transmembrane helix 5 interface. Substitution of R190 with W190 enhanced the affinity for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus peptide 6 fold but reduced the affinity for N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe by 2.5 fold. A 12 mer peptide derived from coronavirus 229E (ETYIKPWWVWL) was the most potent antagonist of the formyl peptide receptor W190 with a K(i) of 230 nM. Fluorescently labeled ETYIKPWWVWL was effectively internalized by all three variants with EC(50) of approximately 25 nM. An HKU-1 coronavirus peptide, MYVKWPWYVWL, was a potent antagonist but N-formyl-MYVKWPWYVWL was a potent agonist. ETYIKPWWVWL did not stimulate GTPgammaS binding but inhibited the stimulation by formyl-NleLeuPhe. It also blocked beta arrestin translocation and receptor downregulation induced by formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe. This indicates that formyl peptide receptor may be important in viral infections and that variations in its sequence among individuals may affect their likelihood of viral and bacterial infections.
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Key Words
- fpr, formyl peptide receptor
- cho s, chinese hamster ovary cells designed for suspension culture
- hrsv, human respiratory syncytial virus
- fiv, feline immunodeficiency virus
- fmlf, n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
- aids, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- siv, simian immunodeficiency virus
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- gp-41, 41 kilodalton glycoprotein
- hr, heptade repeat
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys–fitc, formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys labeled at the lys residue with fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys–alexa fluor, formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys labeled at the lys residue with alexa fluor n-hydroxy-succinimide
- etyik-(alexa fluor)wpwwvwl, etyikwpwwvwl labeled with alexa fluor 488 n-hydroxy-succinimide
- gtpγs, guanosine 5′-3-o-(thio)triphosphate
- tmh, transmembrane helix
- fprl1, formyl peptide like receptor 1
- fprl2, formyl peptide receptor like 2
- virus
- signal transduction
- g protein coupled receptor
- polymorphism
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mills
- 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520, USA.
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Phillips K, Arai M, Tanabe T, Raskin R, Volz M, Uhl E, Yamamoto J. FIV-infected cats respond to short-term rHuG-CSF treatment which results in anti-G-CSF neutralizing antibody production that inactivates drug activity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:357-71. [PMID: 16098604 PMCID: PMC7112681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The hematological and virological effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rHuG-CSF) were evaluated in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Six age-matched, FIV-infected cats used in this cross-over study were injected subcutaneously with 5 microg/kg of rHuG-CSF daily for 3 weeks, while six control cats received a placebo. Five of six rHuG-CSF-treated cats had significant increases in neutrophil counts that peaked on days 11-21 of treatment. All rHuG-CSF-treated cats exhibited an increase in myeloid:erythroid ratios of the bone marrow cells without significant changes in lymphocyte, CD4 counts, CD4/CD8 ratios, RBC counts, FIV antibody titers, and FIV loads in peripheral blood, and without clinical and hematological toxicities. Five of six rHuG-CSF-treated cats developed antibodies to rHuG-CSF by 14-21 days of treatment, which correlated with decreasing neutrophil counts and increasing neutralizing antibodies to rHuG-CSF. Three cats re-treated with rHuG-CSF rapidly developed neutralizing antibodies to rHuG-CSF, while one cat also developed neutralizing antibodies to recombinant feline G-CSF (rFeG-CSF). Overall, rHuG-CSF treatment increased neutrophil counts in FIV-infected cats without affecting the infection status of cats. However, long-term use of rHuG-CSF is not recommended in cats because of the neutralizing antibody production to rHuG-CSF that affects the drug activity. In addition, a preliminary finding suggests that repeated treatment cycle can also induce cross-neutralizing antibodies to rFeG-CSF, which may potentially affect the homeostasis of endogenous FeG-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Phillips
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - M. Arai
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - T. Tanabe
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R. Raskin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - M. Volz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - E.W. Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J.K. Yamamoto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 352 392 4700x3945; fax: +1 352 392 7128.
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