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Wang M, Gu C, Yang Y, Chen L, Chen K, Du J, Wu H, Li Y. Ursolic acid derivative UAOS-Na treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by immunoregulation and protecting myelin. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1269862. [PMID: 38107649 PMCID: PMC10723162 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1269862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Ursolic acid (UA) can be used in the MS treatment with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, UA is insoluble in water, which may affect its medication effectiveness. In our previous study, UAOS-Na, a water-soluble derivative of UA was obtained. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacological effects and explored its underlying mechanism of UAOS-Na on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods Firstly, the pharmacodynamics of UAOS-Na was investigated in EAE and Cuprizone-induced mice. And then the possible mechanisms were investigated by TMT proteomics and verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results UAOS-Na (30 mg/kg/d) delayed the onset time of EAE from 11.78 days post immunization (dpi) to 14.33 dpi, reduced the incidence from 90.0% to 42.9%. UAOS-Na (60 mg/kg/d) reduced the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, TNF-α and IL-6, reduced the mononuclear cell infiltration of spinal cord, and inhibited the overexpression of key transcription factors T-bet and ROR-γt of EAE mouse spinal cord. In addition, UAOS-Na attenuated demyelination and astrogliosis in the CNS of EAE and cuprizone-induced mice. Mechanistically, proteomics showed that 96 differential expression proteins (DEPs) were enriched and 94 were upregulated in EAE mice compared with normal group. After UAOS-Na treatment, 16 DEPs were enriched and 15 were downregulated, and these DEPs were markedly enriched in antigen processing and presentation (APP) signaling pathway. Moreover, UAOS-Na downregulated the protein levels of Tapbp and H2-T23 in MHC-I antigen presentation pathway and reduced the proliferation of splenic CD8 T cells, thereby inhibiting the CNS infiltration of CD8 T cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that UAOS-Na has both myelin protective and anti-inflammatory effects. And it could reduce the inflammation of MS by downregulating the expression of Tapbp and H2-T23 in the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenming Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Nutrition Science, Amway (Shanghai) Innovation and Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Nutrition Science, Amway (Shanghai) Innovation and Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huali Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Hogan MJ, Maheshwari N, Begg BE, Nicastri A, Hedgepeth EJ, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Miller MA, Reilly SP, Brossay L, Lynch KW, Ternette N, Eisenlohr LC. Cryptic MHC-E epitope from influenza elicits a potent cytolytic T cell response. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1933-1946. [PMID: 37828378 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which unconventional forms of antigen presentation drive T cell immunity is unknown. By convention, CD8 T cells recognize viral peptides, or epitopes, in association with classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, or MHC-Ia, but immune surveillance can, in some cases, be directed against peptides presented by nonclassical MHC-Ib, in particular the MHC-E proteins (Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans); however, the overall importance of nonclassical responses in antiviral immunity remains unclear. Similarly uncertain is the importance of 'cryptic' viral epitopes, defined as those undetectable by conventional mapping techniques. Here we used an immunopeptidomic approach to search for unconventional epitopes that drive T cell responses in mice infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. We identified a nine amino acid epitope, termed M-SL9, that drives a co-immunodominant, cytolytic CD8 T cell response that is unconventional in two major ways: first, it is presented by Qa-1, and second, it has a cryptic origin, mapping to an unannotated alternative reading frame product of the influenza matrix gene segment. Presentation and immunogenicity of M-SL9 are dependent on the second AUG codon of the positive sense matrix RNA segment, suggesting translation initiation by leaky ribosomal scanning. During influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 infection, M-SL9-specific T cells exhibit a low level of egress from the lungs and strong differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells. Importantly, we show that M-SL9/Qa-1-specific T cells can be strongly induced by messenger RNA vaccination and that they can mediate antigen-specific cytolysis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that noncanonical translation products can account for an important fraction of the T cell repertoire and add to a growing body of evidence that MHC-E-restricted T cells could have substantial therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nikita Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bridget E Begg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hedgepeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Century Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Chen J, Li X, Zeng P, Zhang X, Bi K, Lin C, Jiang J, Diao H. Lamina propria interleukin 17 A aggravates natural killer T-cell activation in autoimmune hepatitis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22346. [PMID: 35583908 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101734rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an interface hepatitis characterized by the progressive destruction of the liver parenchyma, the cause of which is still obscure. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a major driver of autoimmunity, which can be produced by innate immune cells against several intracellular pathogens. Here, we investigated the involvement of IL-17A in a mice model of immune-mediated hepatitis with the intestine exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Our results showed more severe Concanavalin (Con) A-induced liver injury and gut microbiome dysbiosis when the mice were treated with a gavage of S. typhimurium. Then, the natural killer (NK) T cells were overactivated by the accumulated IL-17A in the liver in the Con A and S. typhimurium administration group. IL-17A could activate NKT cells by inducing CD178 expression via IL-4/STAT6 signaling. Furthermore, via the portal tract, the laminae propria mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT)-cell-derived IL-17A could be the original driver of NKT cell overactivation in intragastric administration of S. typhimurium and Con A injection. In IL-17A-deficient mice, Con A-induced liver injury and NKT cell activation were alleviated. However, when AAV-sh-mIL-17a was used to specifically knock down IL-17A in liver, it seemed that hepatic IL-17a knock down did not significantly influence the liver injury. Our results suggested that, under Con A-induction, laminae propria MAIT-derived IL-17A activated hepatic NKT, and this axis could be a therapeutic target in autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kefan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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The nonclassical immune surveillance for ERAAP function. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:105-111. [PMID: 34098489 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The peptide repertoire presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface is essential for the immune surveillance of intracellular pathogens and transformed cells. The generation of this peptide repertoire is critically dependent on the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP). Loss of ERAAP function leads to the generation of a profoundly disrupted peptide repertoire including many novel and immunogenic peptides. Strikingly, a large fraction of these novel peptides on ERAAP-KO cells are presented by the nonclassical MHC Ib molecule, Qa-1b. One immunodominant Qa-1b-restricted novel peptide is recognized by a unique CD8+ T cell population showing features of both conventional cytotoxic T cells and unconventional innate-like T cells. While much remains to be uncovered, here we summarize the latest discoveries of our lab on the important immune surveillance of ERAAP function mediated by nonclassical MHC Ib molecules and their unusual cognate T cells.
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5
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Deseke M, Prinz I. Ligand recognition by the γδ TCR and discrimination between homeostasis and stress conditions. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:914-924. [PMID: 32709926 PMCID: PMC7608190 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes comprise cells expressing either an αβ or a γδ TCR. The riddle how αβ TCRs are triggered by specific peptides presented in the context of MHC was elucidated some time ago. In contrast, the mechanisms that underlie antigen recognition by γδ TCRs are still baffling the scientific community. It is clear that activation of γδ TCRs does not necessarily depend on MHC antigen presentation. To date, diverse and largely host-cell-derived molecules have been identified as cognate antigens for the γδ TCR. However, for most γδ TCRs, the activating ligand is still unknown and many open questions with regard to physiological relevance and generalizable concepts remain. Especially the question of how γδ T cells can distinguish homeostatic from stress conditions via their TCR remains largely unresolved. Recent discoveries in the field might have paved the way towards a better understanding of antigen recognition by the γδ TCR and have made it conceivable to revise the current knowledge and contextualize the new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Deseke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Evasion of MAIT cell recognition by the African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 pathovar that causes invasive disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20717-20728. [PMID: 32788367 PMCID: PMC7456131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007472117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T lymphocytes activated by bacteria that produce vitamin B2 metabolites. Mouse models of infection have demonstrated a role for MAIT cells in antimicrobial defense. However, proposed protective roles of MAIT cells in human infections remain unproven and clinical conditions associated with selective absence of MAIT cells have not been identified. We report that typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains activate MAIT cells. However, S. Typhimurium sequence type 313 (ST313) lineage 2 strains, which are responsible for the burden of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal invasive disease in Africa, escape MAIT cell recognition through overexpression of ribB This bacterial gene encodes the 4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase enzyme of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. The MAIT cell-specific phenotype did not extend to other innate lymphocytes. We propose that ribB overexpression is an evolved trait that facilitates evasion from immune recognition by MAIT cells and contributes to the invasive pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium ST313 lineage 2.
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7
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Sullivan LC, Shaw EM, Stankovic S, Snell GI, Brooks AG, Westall GP. The complex existence of γδ T cells following transplantation: the good, the bad and the simply confusing. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1078. [PMID: 31548887 PMCID: PMC6748302 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a highly heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that exhibit innate and adaptive immune properties. Despite comprising the majority of residing lymphocytes in many organs, the role of γδ T cells in transplantation outcomes is under‐researched. γδ T cells can recognise a diverse array of ligands and exert disparate effector functions. As such, they may potentially contribute to both allograft acceptance and rejection, as well as impacting on infection and post‐transplant malignancy. Here, we review the current literature on the role and function of γδ T cells following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia.,Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Evangeline M Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gregory I Snell
- Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Service The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
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8
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Diet-induced obese mice exhibit altered immune responses to early Salmonella Typhimurium oral infection. J Microbiol 2018; 56:673-682. [PMID: 30141160 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with different metabolic diseases as well as alterations in immune cell function. It is characterized by a chronic systemic low grade inflammation. There are several studies demonstrating the influence of obesity on the impaired immune response to infection. However, it is not completely clear whether the obese environment influences the development or maintenance of the immune response against infections. The aim of this study was to determine how obesity induced by a high-fat diet affects the immune response to an early oral Salmonella infection. Four groups of mice were kept in separate cages. Two of these designated as controls, fed with a normal diet; whereas other two groups were fed with a high fat diet for 10 weeks. Some mice were used for Salmonella oral infection. After 7 days of oral infection with S. Thypimurium the proportions of spleen cell subsets expressing activation markers in normal diet and HFD obese mice were stained with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Also, mRNA levels of different cytokines were quantified by RT-PCR. It was found that obesity affects the function of the immune system against an early oral Salmonella infection, decreasing NK cells, altering the expression of activation molecules as well as cytokines mRNA levels. Interestingly, the expression some activation molecules on T lymphocytes was reestablished after Salmonella infection, but not the CD25 expression. Immune alterations could lead to immunosuppression or increased susceptibility to infections in HFD obese mice.
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9
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Vermijlen D, Gatti D, Kouzeli A, Rus T, Eberl M. γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:75-86. [PMID: 29402644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a sizeable and non-redundant fraction of the total T cell pool in all jawed vertebrates, but in contrast to conventional αβ T cells they are not restricted by classical MHC molecules. Progress in our understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the immune system has been hampered, and is being hampered, by the considerable lack of knowledge regarding the antigens γδ T cells respond to. The past few years have seen a wealth of data regarding the TCR repertoires of distinct γδ T cell populations and a growing list of confirmed and proposed molecules that are recognised by γδ T cells in different species. Yet, the physiological contexts underlying the often restricted TCR usage and the chemical diversity of γδ T cell ligands remain largely unclear, and only few structural studies have confirmed direct ligand recognition by the TCR. We here review the latest progress in the identification and validation of putative γδ T cell ligands and discuss the implications of such findings for γδ T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Teja Rus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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10
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Robles E. F, Vázquez V. P, Emiliano J. R, Amaro R. G, Briones S. L. High fat diet induces alterations to intraepithelial lymphocyte and cytokine mRNA in the small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the possible effect of high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity on iIEL subsets and their cytokine mRNA levels in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Robles E.
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas
- División de Ciencias de la Salud
- Campus León
- Universidad de Guanajuato
- Mexico
| | - Pérez Vázquez V.
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas
- División de Ciencias de la Salud
- Campus León
- Universidad de Guanajuato
- Mexico
| | - Ramírez Emiliano J.
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas
- División de Ciencias de la Salud
- Campus León
- Universidad de Guanajuato
- Mexico
| | - González Amaro R.
- Departamento de Inmunología
- Escuela de Medicina
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí
- San Luís Potosí
- Mexico
| | - López Briones S.
- Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición
- División de Ciencias de la Salud
- Campus León-Edificio de Laboratorios
- Universidad de Guanajuato
- León
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Mycobacterium-Specific γ9δ2 T Cells Mediate Both Pathogen-Inhibitory and CD40 Ligand-Dependent Antigen Presentation Effects Important for Tuberculosis Immunity. Infect Immun 2015; 84:580-9. [PMID: 26644385 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01262-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can activate human γ9δ2 T cells to proliferate and express effector mechanisms. γ9δ2 T cells can directly inhibit the growth of intracellular mycobacteria and may also act as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Despite evidence for γδ T cells having the capacity to function as APC, the mechanisms involved and importance of these effects on overall tuberculosis (TB) immunity are unknown. We prepared M. tuberculosis-specific γ9δ2 T cell lines to study their direct protective effects and APC functions for M. tuberculosis-specific αβ T cells. The direct inhibitory effects on intracellular mycobacteria were measured, and the enhancing effects on proliferative and effector responses of αβ T cells assessed. Furthermore, the importance of cell-to-cell contact and soluble products for γ9δ2 T cell effector responses and APC functions were investigated. We demonstrate, in addition to direct inhibitory effects on intracellular mycobacteria, the following: (i) γ9δ2 T cells enhance the expansion of M. tuberculosis-specific αβ T cells and increase the ability of αβ T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacteria; (ii) although soluble mediators are critical for the direct inhibitory effects of γ9δ2 T cells, their APC functions do not require soluble mediators; (iii) the APC functions of γ9δ2 T cells involve cell-to-cell contact that is dependent on CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions; and (iv) fully activated CD4(+) αβ T cells and γ9δ2 T cells provide similar immune enhancing/APC functions for M. tuberculosis-specific T cells. These effector and helper effects of γ9δ2 T cells further indicate that these T cells should be considered important new targets for new TB vaccines.
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Abstract
The interaction betweenSalmonella and its host is complex and dynamic: the host mounts an immune defense against the pathogen, which in turn acts to reduce, evade, or exploit these responses to successfully colonize the host. Although the exact mechanisms mediating protective immunity are poorly understood, it is known that T cells are a critical component of immunity to Salmonella infection, and a robust T-cell response is required for both clearance of primary infection and resistance to subsequent challenge. B-cell functions, including but not limited to antibody production, are also required for generation of protective immunity. Additionally, interactions among host cells are essential. For example, antigen-presenting cells (including B cells) express cytokines that participate in CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation. Differentiated CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that have both autocrine and paracrine functions, including recruitment and activation of phagocytes, and stimulation of B cell isotype class switching and affinity maturation. Multiple bacterium-directed mechanisms, including altered antigen expression and bioavailability and interference with antigen-presenting cell activation and function, combine to modify Salmonella's "pathogenic signature" in order to minimize its susceptibility to host immune surveillance. Therefore, a more complete understanding of adaptive immune responses may provide insights into pathogenic bacterial functions. Continued identification of adaptive immune targets will guide rational vaccine development, provide insights into host functions required to resist Salmonella infection, and correspondingly provide valuable reagents for defining the critical pathogenic capabilities of Salmonella that contribute to their success in causing acute and chronic infections.
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Rieger J, Janczyk P, Hünigen H, Neumann K, Plendl J. Intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers and histomorphological parameters in the porcine gut after Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 feeding in a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Hulst M, Smits M, Vastenhouw S, de Wit A, Niewold T, van der Meulen J. Transcription networks responsible for early regulation of Salmonella-induced inflammation in the jejunum of pigs. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:18. [PMID: 23590759 PMCID: PMC3637394 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify transcription factors/regulators that play a crucial role in steering the (innate) immune response shortly (within a few hours) after the first contact of the intestinal mucosa with an inflammatory mediator, and to test whether the processes regulated by these factors/regulators can be modulated by chemical substances of natural origin. Methods We experimentally induced inflammation by perfusion of surgically applied jejunal loops with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in three pigs. Segments of mock and Salmonella treated loops were dissected after 2, 4 and 8 hours of perfusion. IL8 and IL1-beta mRNA expression levels were measured in mucosal scrapings of all segments. Furthermore, intra-animal microarray comparisons (isogenic) between Salmonella and mock treated segments after 8 hours, and inter-animal comparisons between similar Salmonella-treated loops of each pig at 2 and 4 hours, were performed. Results IL-1beta and IL8 mRNA levels, and intra-animal microarray comparisons at 8 hours between Salmonella and mock treated segments showed that the response-time and type of response to Salmonella was different in all three pigs. This plasticity allowed us to extract a comprehensive set of differentially expressed genes from inter-animal comparisons at 2 and 4 hours. Pathway analysis indicated that many of these genes play a role in induction and/or tempering the inflammatory response in the intestine. Among them a set of transcription factors/regulators known to be involved in regulation of inflammation, but also factors/regulators for which involvement was not expected. Nine out of twenty compounds of natural origin, which according to literature had the potential to modulate the activity of these factors/regulators, were able to stimulate or inhibit a Salmonella-induced mRNA response of inflammatory-reporter genes IL8 and/or nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha in cultured intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Conclusions We describe a set of transcription factors/regulators possibly involved in regulation of “very early” immune mechanism which determines the inflammatory status of the intestine later on. In addition, we show that these mechanisms may be modulated by chemical substances of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Livestock Research of Wageningen University and Research Centre, P,O, Box 65, Lelystad, 8200AB, The Netherlands.
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Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing CD8 and T cell receptor γδ are involved in bacterial clearance during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2011; 80:565-74. [PMID: 22144492 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05078-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is crucial for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and has evolved under the dual pressure of protecting the host from pathogenic infection and coexisting with the dense and diverse commensal organisms in the lumen. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are the first element of the host T cell compartment available to respond to oral infection by pathogens. This study demonstrated that oral infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium promoted the expansion of iIELs, particularly CD8(+) TCRγδ(+) IELs, enhanced expression of NKG2D on iIELs, increased expression of MULT1, and decreased expression of Qa-1 by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), leading to activation of, particularly, CD8(+) TCRγδ(+) iIELs and cytolytic activity against S. Typhimurium-infected IECs. Blockade of NKG2D recognition or depletion of TCRγδ(+) cells using a depleting monoclonal antibody significantly attenuated the clearance of S. Typhimurium in the intestine and other tissues. This study suggests that iIELs, particularly CD8(+) TCRγδ(+) iIELs, play important roles in the detection of pathogenic bacteria and eradication of infected epithelial cells and, thus, provide protection against invading pathogens. These data further our understanding of the mechanisms by which the immune system of the intestinal mucosa discriminates between pathogenic and commensal organisms.
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16
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Champagne E. γδ T cell receptor ligands and modes of antigen recognition. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:117-37. [PMID: 21298486 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes expressing the γδ-type of T cell receptors (TCRs) for antigens contribute to all aspects of immune responses, including defenses against viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumors, allergy and autoimmunity. Multiple subsets have been individualized in humans as well as in mice and they appear to recognize in a TCR-dependent manner antigens as diverse as small non-peptidic molecules, soluble or membrane-anchored polypeptides and molecules related to MHC antigens on cell surfaces, implying diverse modes of antigen recognition. We review here the γδ TCR ligands which have been identified along the years and their characteristics, with emphasis on a few systems which have been extensively studied such as human γδ T cells responding to phosphoantigens or murine γδ T cells activated by allogeneic MHC antigens. We discuss a speculative model of antigen recognition involving simultaneous TCR recognition of MHC-like and non-MHC ligands which could fit with most available data and shares many similarities with the classical model of MHC-restricted antigen recognition for peptides or lipids by T cells subsets with αβ-type TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Champagne
- INSERM U1043/CNRS U5282; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.
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17
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Oliveira CC, van Veelen PA, Querido B, de Ru A, Sluijter M, Laban S, Drijfhout JW, van der Burg SH, Offringa R, van Hall T. The nonpolymorphic MHC Qa-1b mediates CD8+ T cell surveillance of antigen-processing defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 207:207-21. [PMID: 20038604 PMCID: PMC2812552 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Qa-1b accommodates monomorphic leader peptides and functions as a ligand for germ line receptors CD94/NKG2, which are expressed by natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells. We here describe that the conserved peptides are replaced by a novel peptide repertoire of surprising diversity as a result of impairments in the antigen-processing pathway. This novel peptide repertoire represents immunogenic neoantigens for CD8+ T cells, as we found that these Qa-1b–restricted T cells dominantly participated in the response to tumors with processing deficiencies. A surprisingly wide spectrum of target cells, irrespective of transformation status, MHC background, or type of processing deficiency, was recognized by this T cell subset, complying with the conserved nature of Qa-1b. Target cell recognition depended on T cell receptor and Qa-1b interaction, and immunization with identified peptide epitopes demonstrated in vivo priming of CD8+ T cells. Our data reveal that Qa-1b, and most likely its human homologue human leukocyte antigen-E, is important for the defense against processing-deficient cells by displacing the monomorphic leader peptides, which relieves the inhibition through CD94/NKG2A on lymphocytes, and by presenting a novel repertoire of immunogenic peptides, which recruits a subset of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Chattopadhyay S, O'Rourke J, Cone RE. Implication for the CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1 system in the generation and function of ocular-induced splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2008; 20:509-16. [PMID: 18359787 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The injection of antigen into the anterior chamber (AC) induces the production of antigen-specific splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) /suppressor T cells that perform the local suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. Because CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1-dependent interactions have been implicated in CD8+ Treg-mediated immune suppression and DBA/2J mice are deficient in CD94/NKG2R, we have utilized these mice to test the hypothesis that the CD94/NKG2A-Qa-1 system is essential to the induction and immunosuppressive function of CD8+ Tregs in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). We show that: (i) neither ACAID-mediated suppression of DTH to ovalbumin nor splenic Tregs/suppressor T cells was induced in DBA/2J mice that received an injection of antigen into the AC; (ii) splenic CD8+ Tregs from ACAID-induced DBA/2NCr mice suppressed the initiation of DTH when transferred to DBA/2J mice; (iii) following injection of antigen into the AC, intravenous administration of splenocytes or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) isolated from DBA/2NCr but not from DBA/2J mice transferred suppression of DTH to DBA/2NCr mice; (iv) antibodies to CD94/NKG2A reduced the ACAID CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of DTH and (v) The deficiency of such immune regulation in DBA/2J mice also correlated with a decreased number of Qa-1(b+) B cells, F4/80+ cells, a deficient number of CD94/NKG2AR and Qa-1 tetramer binding by CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that defective ACAID in DBA/2J mice involves multiple regulatory lesions resulting in a lack of induction of a CD8+ Treg response and possibly defective CD94/NKG2A-dependent suppression of peripheral cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- Department of Immunology, Connecticut Lions Vascular Eye Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Chen H, He X, Wang Z, Wu D, Zhang H, Xu C, He H, Cui L, Ba D, He W. Identification of Human T Cell Receptor γδ-recognized Epitopes/Proteins via CDR3δ Peptide-based Immunobiochemical Strategy. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12528-37. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Ma X, Torbenson M, Hamad ARA, Soloski MJ, Li Z. High-fat diet modulates non-CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells in mouse colon and exacerbates experimental colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 151:130-8. [PMID: 17991290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as diet are known to play important roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epidemiological studies have indicated that a high-fat diet is a risk factor for IBD. In addition, the balance between effector T cells (T(eff)) and regulatory T cells (T(reg)) contributes to the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which a high-fat diet can regulate susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed either a commercial high-fat diet or a normal diet, then exposed to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) to induce colonic inflammation. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were isolated from the colon, and their phenotype and cytokine profile were analysed by flow cytometry. Mice receiving the high-fat diet were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis. They had higher numbers of non-CD1d-restricted natural killer (NK) T cells in the colonic IEL, when compared to mice fed a normal diet. These cells expressed tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, which are up-regulated by high-fat diets. Mice fed the high-fat diet also had decreased levels of colonic T(reg). Depletion of colonic NK T cells or adoptive transfer of T(reg) reduced the DSS colitis in these mice, and reduced the colonic expression of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. We conclude that a high-fat diet can increase non-CD1d-restricted NK T cells and decrease T(reg) in the colonic IEL population. This altered colonic IEL population leads to increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. This effect may help to explain how environmental factors can increase the susceptibility to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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21
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Hedges JF, Buckner DL, Rask KM, Kerns HMM, Jackiw LO, Trunkle TC, Pascual DW, Jutila MA. Mucosal lymphatic-derived gammadelta T cells respond early to experimental Salmonella enterocolitis by increasing expression of IL-2R alpha. Cell Immunol 2007; 246:8-16. [PMID: 17574223 PMCID: PMC3601771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the roles of gammadelta T cells in mucosal infection, we utilized Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella serovar Typhimurium) infection in cattle as it closely approximates Salmonella serovar Typhimurium-induced enterocolitis in humans. Protein and gene expression in alphabeta and gammadelta T cells derived from lymphatic ducts draining the gut mucosa in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium-infected calves were analyzed. In calves with enterocolitis, general gene expression trends in gammadelta T cells suggested subtle activation and innate response, whereas alphabeta T cells were relatively quiescent following Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection. An increase in IL-2R alpha expression on gammadelta T cells from infected calves and results from in vitro assays suggested that gammadelta T cells were primed by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium LPS to better respond to IL-2 and IL-15. Together with gene expression trends in vivo, these data support early priming activation of target tissue gammadelta T cells during Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark A. Jutila
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Mark A. Jutila, Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA, Ph: (406)994-4540, fax: (406)994-4303,
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22
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Ascon DB, Lopez-Briones S, Liu M, Ascon M, Savransky V, Colvin RB, Soloski MJ, Rabb H. Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Kidney-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3380-7. [PMID: 16920979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T and B lymphocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). The trafficking of lymphocytes into kidneys during IRI has been postulated to underlie this effect, but has not been rigorously studied. We therefore characterized the lymphocyte populations infiltrating into mouse kidneys 3 and 24 h after renal IRI. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry staining of kidney lymphocytes showed increased trafficking of CD3+ T cells and CD19+ B cells in both sham-operated and IRI mice 3 h after renal IRI. In the IRI mice, increased infiltration of NK1.1+ and CD4+ NK1.1+ cells compared with normal and sham-operated mice was observed 3 and 24 h after renal IRI, respectively. After 24 h of renal IRI, the decreased percentages of CD3+, CD19+, and NK1.1+ populations in the IRI mice compared with control groups were observed. Increased TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production of kidney infiltration CD3+ T cells in IRI mice but not sham-operated mice was found. Unexpectedly, isolation and transfer of kidney-infiltrating lymphocytes 24 h after renal IRI into T cell-deficient mice reduced their functional and histological injury after renal IRI, suggesting that kidney-infiltrating lymphocytes could have a protective function. These quantitative, qualitative, and functional changes in kidney lymphocytes provide mechanistic insight into how lymphocytes modulate IRI, as well as demonstrating that abdominal surgery alone leads to lymphocyte changes in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores B Ascon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2317-27. [PMID: 16552062 PMCID: PMC1418937 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2317-2327.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. Infection results in acute colonic injury due to the host inflammatory response. The mediators of the damage, infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), also resolve the infection. Shigella flexneri's virulence effectors are encoded on its large virulence plasmid and on pathogenicity islands in the chromosome. The SHI-2 pathogenicity island encodes the virulence factor ShiA, which down-regulates Shigella-induced inflammation. In the rabbit ileal loop model, infection with a shiA null strain (DeltashiA) induces a more severe inflammation than wild-type infection. Conversely, a Shigella strain that overexpresses ShiA (ShiA+) is less inflammatory than the wild-type strain. To determine the host responses modulated by ShiA, we performed infection studies using the mouse lung model, which recapitulates the phenotypes observed in the rabbit ileal loop model. Significantly, ShiA+ strain-infected mice cleared the bacteria and survived infection, while wild-type- and DeltashiA strain-infected mice could not clear the bacteria and ultimately died. Surprisingly, microarray analysis of infected lungs revealed the regulation of genes involved in innate T-cell responses to infection. Immunohistochemistry showed that wild-type- and DeltashiA strain-infected animals have greater numbers of PMN and T cells in their lungs over the course of infection than ShiA+ strain-infected animals. These results suggest that the T-cell innate response is suppressed by ShiA in Shigella infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/immunology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/toxicity
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophil Activation/immunology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Shigella flexneri/genetics
- Shigella flexneri/immunology
- Shigella flexneri/pathogenicity
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Virulence Factors/biosynthesis
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Ingersoll
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 21/22 Schumannstrasse, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Joly E. Various hypotheses on MHC evolution suggested by the concerted evolution of CD94L and MHC class Ia molecules. Biol Direct 2006; 1:3. [PMID: 16542034 PMCID: PMC1397804 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the accompanying paper by Virginie Rouillon and myself, our demonstration that homogenisation by gene conversion occurs readily among MHC class I genes was made possible because of the exceptional conservation of the CD94L locus between divergent species of separate taxa, suggesting that the molecules of this family are endowed with very important and well preserved biological functions. These results lead me to elaborate various hypotheses on several aspects of MHC evolution. Hypotheses In a first part, I propose a highly hypothetical scenario of MHC evolution that could explain how modern day CD94L molecules can have so many diverse and well preserved biological functions. Next, I propose that MHC class I molecules evolve more rapidly and exuberantly than class II molecules because the former are subjected to more direct selective pressures, in particular from viruses. Third, I suggest that concerted evolution, by increasing inter-genic homogeneity would in turn favour further inter-allelic and inter-loci exchanges, hence resulting in a more evolvable MHC. As a fourth and last point, I propose that the high GC content of sequences coding for classical class I molecules could be a consequence of biased gene conversion. Testing of these various hypotheses should occur naturally over the coming years, with the ever increasing availability of more sequences related to MHC class I genes from various organisms. Ultimately, a better understanding of how MHC molecules evolve may help to decipher where and how our adaptive immune system arose, and keeps evolving in the face of the permanent challenge of infectious organisms. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Stephan Beck, Lutz Walter and Pierre Pontarotti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Joly
- Equipe de Neuro-Immuno-Génétique Moléculaire, IPBS, UMR CNRS 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Guidry PA, Stroynowski I. The murine family of gut-restricted class Ib MHC includes alternatively spliced isoforms of the proposed HLA-G homolog, "blastocyst MHC". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5248-59. [PMID: 16210630 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is populated by a multitude of specialized immune cells endowed with receptors for classical (class Ia) and nonclassical (class Ib) MHC proteins. To identify class I products that engage these receptors and impact immunity/tolerance, we studied gut-transcribed class Ib loci and their polymorphism in inbred, outbred, and wild-derived mice. Intestinal tissues enriched in epithelial cells contained abundant transcripts of ubiquitously expressed and preferentially gut-restricted Q and T class I loci. The latter category included the "blastocyst Mhc" gene, H2-Bl, and its putative paralog, Tw5. Expression of H2-Bl was previously detected only at the maternal/fetal interface, where it was proposed to induce immune tolerance via interactions with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Analysis of coding region polymorphism performed here revealed two major alleles of H2-Bl with conserved residues at positions critical for class I protein folding and peptide binding. Both divergent alleles are maintained in outbred and wild mice under selection for fecundity and pathogen resistance. Surprisingly, we found that alternative splicing of H2-Bl mRNA in gut tissues is prevalent and allele-specific. It leads to strain-dependent expression of diverse repertoires of canonical and noncanonical transcripts that may give rise to distinct ligands for intestinal NK cell, T cell, and/or intraepithelial lymphocyte receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Guidry
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
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Shao L, Kamalu O, Mayer L. Non-classical MHC class I molecules on intestinal epithelial cells: mediators of mucosal crosstalk. Immunol Rev 2005; 206:160-76. [PMID: 16048548 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune environment consists of a complex combination of lymphoid cells, non-lymphoid cells, and lumenal bacteria. Signals from lumenal bacteria are constantly transmitted to the underlying tissues across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can sense these signals, integrate them, and interpret them for lamina propria lymphoid populations. One mechanism by which these signals are communicated is by the expression of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by IECs. Epithelial cells can express a surprising variety of non-classical MHC class I molecules. In some cases, IECs can act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells utilizing the expression of such non-classical MHC class I molecules to directly present bacterial antigens. In other cases, the expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules may act as a co-stimulatory molecule or adhesion molecule that can modify the mucosal immune response. Finally, the expression of these molecules on IECs can lead to a broad array of responses ranging from tolerance to inflammation. Overall, the IEC, via the expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules, is a central mediator of the constant crosstalk between the intestinal lumen and the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shao
- The Center for Immunobiology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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