1
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Is complement the main accomplice in IgA nephropathy? From initial observations to potential complement-targeted therapies. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:1-11. [PMID: 34601376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is the main cause of primary glomerulonephritis, globally. This disease is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, variable prognosis and a spectrum of histological findings. More than fifty years after its first description, this heterogeneity continues to complicate efforts to understand the pathogenesis. Nevertheless, involvement of the complement system in IgAN was identified early on. Dysfunction of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) system, the principal offender in this disease, including modification of isoforms and glycoforms of IgA1, the nature of immune complexes and autoantibodies to galactose deficient IgA1 might all be responsible for complement activation in IgAN. However, the specific mechanisms engaging complement are still under examination. Research in this domain should allow for identification of patients that may benefit from complement-targeted therapy, in the foreseeable future.
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2
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Martínez-Blanco Á, Domínguez-Pantoja M, Botía-Sánchez M, Pérez-Cabrera S, Bello-Iglesias N, Carrillo-Rodríguez P, Martin-Morales N, Lario-Simón A, Pérez-Sánchez-Cañete MM, Montosa-Hidalgo L, Guerrero-Fernández S, Longobardo-Polanco VM, Redondo-Sánchez S, Cornet-Gomez A, Torres-Sáez M, Fernández-Ibáñez A, Terrón-Camero L, Andrés-León E, O'Valle F, Merino R, Zubiaur M, Sancho J. CD38 Deficiency Ameliorates Chronic Graft- Versus-Host Disease Murine Lupus via a B-Cell-Dependent Mechanism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713697. [PMID: 34504495 PMCID: PMC8421681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of the mouse cell surface receptor CD38 in Cd38−/− mice suggests that this receptor acts as a positive regulator of inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Here, we report that, in the context of the chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) lupus inducible model, the transfer of B6.C-H2bm12/KhEg(bm12) spleen cells into co-isogenic Cd38−/− B6 mice causes milder lupus-like autoimmunity with lower levels of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies than the transfer of bm12 spleen cells into WT B6 mice. In addition, significantly lower percentages of Tfh cells, as well as GC B cells, plasma cells, and T-bet+CD11chi B cells, were observed in Cd38−/− mice than in WT mice, while the expansion of Treg cells and Tfr cells was normal, suggesting that the ability of Cd38−/− B cells to respond to allogeneic help from bm12 CD4+ T cells is greatly diminished. The frequencies of T-bet+CD11chi B cells, which are considered the precursors of the autoantibody-secreting cells, correlate with anti-ssDNA autoantibody serum levels, IL-27, and sCD40L. Proteomics profiling of the spleens from WT cGVHD mice reflects a STAT1-driven type I IFN signature, which is absent in Cd38−/− cGVHD mice. Kidney, spleen, and liver inflammation was mild and resolved faster in Cd38−/− cGVHD mice than in WT cGVHD mice. We conclude that CD38 in B cells functions as a modulator receptor that controls autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Martínez-Blanco
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Marilú Domínguez-Pantoja
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - María Botía-Sánchez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez-Cabrera
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Nerea Bello-Iglesias
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Carrillo-Rodríguez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Cornet-Gomez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - María Torres-Sáez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco O'Valle
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Instituto de Biomedicina y de Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Mercedes Zubiaur
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Jaime Sancho
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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3
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Wehbi B, Pascal V, Zawil L, Cogné M, Aldigier JC. History of IgA Nephropathy Mouse Models. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143142. [PMID: 34300307 PMCID: PMC8306110 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in the world. It was first described in 1968 by Jean Berger and Nicole Hinglais as the presence of intercapillary deposits of IgA. Despite this simple description, patients with IgAN may present very broad clinical features ranging from the isolated presence of IgA in the mesangium without clinical or biological manifestations to rapidly progressive kidney failure. These features are associated with a variety of histological lesions, from the discrete thickening of the mesangial matrix to diffuse cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence on IgAN kidney specimens shows the isolated presence of IgA or its inconsistent association with IgG and complement components. This clinical heterogeneity of IgAN clearly echoes its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology in humans, inviting further analyses of its various aspects through the use of experimental models. Small-animal models of IgAN provide the most pertinent strategies for studying the multifactorial aspects of IgAN pathogenesis and progression. Although only primates have the IgA1 subclass, several murine models have been developed in which various aspects of immune responses are deregulated and which are useful in the understanding of IgAN physiopathology as well as in the assessment of IgAN therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we review all murine IgAN models developed since 1968 and discuss their remarkable contribution to understanding the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Wehbi
- Immunology Department, UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Limoges University, 87032 Limoges, France; (B.W.); (V.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Virginie Pascal
- Immunology Department, UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Limoges University, 87032 Limoges, France; (B.W.); (V.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lina Zawil
- Immunology Department, UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Limoges University, 87032 Limoges, France; (B.W.); (V.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Michel Cogné
- Immunology Department, EFS Bretagne, INSERM 1236, Rennes 1 University, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Jean-Claude Aldigier
- Immunology Department, UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Limoges University, 87032 Limoges, France; (B.W.); (V.P.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Are there animal models of IgA nephropathy? Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:639-648. [PMID: 34230994 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Up to 40% of IgAN patients develop end-stage kidney disease after 15-20 years. Despite the poor prognosis associated with this multifactorial disease, no clear treatment strategy has been identified, primarily due to the lack of understanding of its pathogenesis. Clinical observations indicate that aberrant IgAN immune systems, rather than intrinsic renal abnormalities, may be involved in its pathogenesis. Moreover, nephritogenic IgA and its related immune complexes are considered to be produced not only in the mucosa, but also in systemic immune sites, such as the bone marrow; however, there are numerous challenges to understanding this dynamic and complex immune axis in humans. Thus, several investigators have used experimental animal models. Although there are inter-strain differences in IgA molecules and immune responses between humans and rodents, animal models remain a powerful tool for investigating IgAN's pathogenesis, and the subsequent development of effective treatments. Here, we introduced some classical models of IgAN with or without genetic manipulation and recent translational approaches with some promising models. This includes humanized mouse models expressing human IgA1 and human IgA Fc receptor (CD89) that develops spontaneously the disease. Pre-clinical studies targeting IgA1 are discussed. Together, animal models are very useful tools to study pathophysiology and to validate new therapeutic approaches for IgAN.
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5
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Xie X, Liu P, Gao L, Zhang X, Lan P, Bijol V, Lv J, Zhang H, Jin J. Renal deposition and clearance of recombinant poly-IgA complexes in a model of IgA nephropathy. J Pathol 2021; 254:159-172. [PMID: 33660264 DOI: 10.1002/path.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide, which follows a chronic but nonetheless highly variable course of progression. IgA immune complexes are the primary source of renal deposits in IgAN. Apart from the presence of granular IgA1 deposits in the glomerular mesangium and mesangial hypercellularity as common features, the detailed process of IgA1 deposition and clearance in the kidney remains unclear. We sought to examine the dynamics of IgA deposition and tissue plasticity in response to deposits including their intrarenal clearance. We followed a synthetic approach to produce a recombinant fusion between IgA Fc (rIgA) and a biotin tag, which was subsequently induced with streptavidin (SA) to form an oligomeric poly-IgA mimic. Both uninduced rIgA (mono-rIgA) and polymeric SA-rIgA (poly-rIgA) were injected intravenously into Wistar rats. Plasma IgA levels and renal and liver histology were examined in a time series. In contrast to mono-rIgA, this synthetic poly-rIgA analog formed renal deposits exclusively in the glomerulus and were mostly cleared in 3 h. However, repeated daily injections for 12 days caused long-lasting and stronger glomerular IgA deposition together with IgG and complement C3, in association with mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and variable degrees of albuminuria and hematuria that phenocopied IgAN. Ex vivo, poly-rIgA bound cultured mesangial cells and elicited cytokine production, in addition to activating plasma C3 that was consistent with the actions of IgA immune complexes in IgAN pathogenesis. Remarkably, the kidneys were able to reverse all pathologic manifestations and restore normal glomerular histology 2 weeks after injections were halted. The synthetic model showed the kinetics between the intricate balance of renal deposition and clearance, as well as glomerular plasticity towards healing. Together, the results revealed a priming effect of existing deposits in promoting stronger and longer-lasting IgA deposition to cause renal damage. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Xie
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine - Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Pan Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine - Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Gao
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine - Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Vanesa Bijol
- Department of Pathology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Jin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine - Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Flümann R, Rehkämper T, Nieper P, Pfeiffer P, Holzem A, Klein S, Bhatia S, Kochanek M, Kisis I, Pelzer BW, Ahlert H, Hauer J, da Palma Guerreiro A, Ryan JA, Reimann M, Riabinska A, Wiederstein J, Krüger M, Deckert M, Altmüller J, Klatt AR, Frenzel LP, Pasqualucci L, Béguelin W, Melnick AM, Sander S, Montesinos-Rongen M, Brunn A, Lohneis P, Büttner R, Kashkar H, Borkhardt A, Letai A, Persigehl T, Peifer M, Schmitt CA, Reinhardt HC, Knittel G. An Autochthonous Mouse Model of Myd88- and BCL2-Driven Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Reveals Actionable Molecular Vulnerabilities. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 2:70-91. [PMID: 33447829 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-19-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on gene expression profiles, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is sub-divided into germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and activated B cell-like (ABC) DLBCL. Two of the most common genomic aberrations in ABC-DLBCL are mutations in MYD88, as well as BCL2 copy number gains. Here, we employ immune phenotyping, RNA-Seq and whole exome sequencing to characterize a Myd88 and Bcl2-driven mouse model of ABC-DLBCL. We show that this model resembles features of human ABC-DLBCL. We further demonstrate an actionable dependence of our murine ABC-DLBCL model on BCL2. This BCL2 dependence was also detectable in human ABC-DLBCL cell lines. Moreover, human ABC-DLBCLs displayed increased PD-L1 expression, compared to GCB-DLBCL. In vivo experiments in our ABC-DLBCL model showed that combined venetoclax and RMP1-14 significantly increased the overall survival of lymphoma bearing animals, indicating that this combination may be a viable option for selected human ABC-DLBCL cases harboring MYD88 and BCL2 aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Flümann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Rehkämper
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pascal Nieper
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pauline Pfeiffer
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandra Holzem
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klein
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Kochanek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilmars Kisis
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt W Pelzer
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Ahlert
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra da Palma Guerreiro
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeremy A Ryan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Maurice Reimann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum - MKFZ, Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arina Riabinska
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janica Wiederstein
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Neuropathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas R Klatt
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas P Frenzel
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Sandrine Sander
- Adaptive Immunity and Lymphoma Group, German Cancer Research Center/National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Montesinos-Rongen
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Neuropathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Neuropathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony Letai
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Peifer
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Department of Translational Genomics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum - MKFZ, Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Medical Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK partner site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Gero Knittel
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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ELL2 Is Downregulated and Associated with Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2407067. [PMID: 31275443 PMCID: PMC6589307 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2407067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is an important causal factor in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying mechanism for the production of Gd-IgA1 is unknown. The elongation factor for RNA polymerase II (ELL2), which encoded a key component of the superelongation complex (SEC), drives secretory-specific Ig mRNA production. Methods We enrolled 21 patients with IgAN, 18 healthy controls, and 20 patients with non-IgAN glomerulonephritis. The differential expression of ELL2 was compared using publically available data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The relationship between ELL2 expressions and galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) levels in serum were also studied. At last, the results were validated by shELL2 treatment experiment. Results We found that the number of CD19+ B cells was increased in IgAN patients compared to healthy controls. The expression level of ELL2 in patients with IgAN was significantly lower than that of healthy control and disease control. Consistent with present results, the lower ELL2 expression in IgAN patients was observed in microarray expression profiles from GEO datasets. Pearson correlation analysis showed that ELL2 expression negatively correlated with Gd-IgA1 levels. Furthermore, in an in vitro experiment, we found that loss of ELL2 function in human B lymphoma DAKIKI cells, an IgA1-producing cell line, increased the levels of Gd-IgA1, which confirmed that ELL2 modulated the levels of Gd-IgA1. Conclusion Our findings implied that decreased ELL2 expression was negatively correlated with the numbers of B cells and aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgAN.
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Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. IgAN is characterized by mesangial deposits of IgA1-containing immune complexes. IgA1 usually co-deposits with complement C3 and variable IgG and/or IgM. Exactly 50 years have passed since IgAN was described, however, the pathogenesis of disease onset and progression have not been fully clarified. Animal models can re-create the complex immunologic microenvironments that foster human autoimmunity and nephritis and provide access to tissue compartments not readily examined in patients. Thus, multiple models that may be helpful in studies of specific aspects of IgAN have been developed. A unique spontaneous animal model of IgAN, the ddY mouse, was reported in 1985. These mice show mild proteinuria and glomerular IgA deposits, with a highly variable incidence and degree of glomerular injury owing to a heterogeneous genetic background. Thus, we intercrossed an early onset group of ddY mice in which the development of IgAN resulted in the establishment of a novel 100% early onset-grouped ddY mouse model with increased levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA and immune complexes. Although the molecular features of human IgA1 are different from rodent IgA, human IgA1 knock-in (α1KI)-CD89 transgenic mice, which express both human IgA1 and CD89, show circulating and mesangial deposits of IgA1-soluble CD89 complexes that result in kidney inflammation, hematuria, and proteinuria. In this review, we introduce several murine models of IgAN that can be useful tools for the analysis of multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of IgAN, which may aid in the assessment of approaches for the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Harabuchi Y, Takahara M. Recent advances in the immunological understanding of association between tonsil and immunoglobulin A nephropathy as a tonsil-induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 7:86-93. [PMID: 30957421 PMCID: PMC6485698 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It is well known that upper respiratory tract infections, particularly acute tonsillitis, often worsen IgAN. Recent many clinical studies clearly show that tonsillectomy with steroid pulse therapy is the effective treatments for IgAN patients. Recently, the immunological evidence of association between tonsil and IgAN has been reported. METHODS In this review, the mechanism underlying the onset of IgAN, as a tonsil-induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome (TIAS), is outlined with the main focus on the authors' research results. RESULTS In the tonsils of patients with IgAN, hyperimmune response to the unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) take place, resulting in hyperproduction of interferon-γ. The hyperproduction is followed by both overproduction of mutated IgA via B-cell activating factor (BAFF)/a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL)-mediated pathways and overexpression of T-cell receptor Vβ6, CXCR3, and CX3CR1 on tonsillar T cells. These IgA and T cells home to the kidney via the systemic circulation, resulting in nephritis of IgAN. CONCLUSIONS Scientific evidence supporting the use of tonsillectomy has gradually accumulated. We hope that many additional researchers will publish new evidence linking the tonsils and kidneys in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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10
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Iglesias M, Augustin JJ, Alvarez P, Santiuste I, Postigo J, Merino J, Merino R. Selective Impairment of TH17-Differentiation and Protection against Autoimmune Arthritis after Overexpression of BCL2A1 in T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159714. [PMID: 27433938 PMCID: PMC4951111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptotic cell death in T cells through the dysregulated expression of BCL2 family members has been associated with the protection against the development of different autoimmune diseases. However, multiple mechanisms were proposed to be responsible for such protective effect. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the T-cell overexpression of BCL2A1, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member without an effect on cell cycle progression, in the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Our results demonstrated an attenuated development of arthritis in these transgenic mice. The protective effect was unrelated to the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells but it was associated with a defective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in CD4+ cells after in vitro TCR stimulation. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo TH17 differentiation were impaired in BCL2A1 transgenic mice. Taken together, we demonstrated here a previously unknown role for BCL2A1 controlling the activation of CD4+ cells and their differentiation into pathogenic proinflammatory TH17 cells and identified BCL2A1 as a potential target in the control of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Autoimmunity
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Protective Factors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Augustin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Inés Santiuste
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Postigo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail: (RM); (JM)
| | - Ramón Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail: (RM); (JM)
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11
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Bauer E, Schlederer M, Scheicher R, Horvath J, Aigner P, Schiefer AI, Kain R, Regele H, Hoermann G, Steiner G, Kenner L, Sexl V, Villunger A, Moriggl R, Stoiber D. Cooperation of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 enhances immunoglobulin production and accelerates glomerulonephritis in transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12191-205. [PMID: 26919255 PMCID: PMC4914278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(12;21) translocation generating the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene represents the most frequent chromosomal rearrangement in childhood leukemia. Presence of ETV6/RUNX1 alone is usually not sufficient for leukemia onset, and additional genetic alterations have to occur in ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells to cause transformation. We have previously generated an ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic mouse model where the expression of the fusion gene is restricted to CD19-positive B cells. Since BCL2 family members have been proposed to play a role in leukemogenesis, we investigated combined effects of ETV6/RUNX1 with exogenous expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 by crossing ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic animals with Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. Strikingly, co-expression of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 resulted in significantly shorter disease latency in mice, indicating oncogene cooperativity. This was associated with faster development of follicular B cell lymphoma and exacerbated immune complex glomerulonephritis. ETV6/RUNX1-BCL2 double transgenic animals displayed increased B cell numbers and immunoglobulin titers compared to Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. This led to pronounced deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli followed by accelerated development of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Thus, our study reveals a previously unrecognized synergism between ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 impacting on malignant disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaqueline Horvath
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Aigner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Steiner
- Cluster Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Molecular Insights into the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:762-775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Kihara M, Ito K, Nakata J, Otani M, Tran NL, Morito N, Takahashi S, Wada Y, Izui S. O-linked glycosylation determines the nephritogenic potential of IgA rheumatoid factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1282-90. [PMID: 24511137 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient glycosylation of O-linked glycans in the IgA1 hinge region is associated with IgA nephropathy in humans, but the pathogenic contribution of the underlying structural aberrations remains incompletely understood. We previously showed that mice implanted with cells secreting the class-switch variant 6-19 IgA anti-IgG2a rheumatoid factor, but not 46-42 IgA anti-IgG2a rheumatoid factor, develop glomerular lesions resembling IgA nephropathy. Because the levels of O-linked glycosylation in the hinge region and the structures of N-linked glycans in the CH1 domain differ in 6-19 IgA and 46-42 IgA, we determined the respective contributions of O- and N-linked glycans to the nephritogenic potential of the 6-19 IgA rheumatoid factor in mice. Wild-type 6-19 IgA secreted by implanted cells induced significant formation of glomerular lesions, whereas poorly O-glycosylated 6-19 IgA glycovariants or a 6-19 IgA hinge mutant lacking O-linked glycans did not. However, we observed no apparent heterogeneity in the structure of N-linked glycans attached to three different sites of the Fc regions of nephritogenic and non-nephritogenic 6-19 IgAs. Collectively, our data suggest a critical role of O-linked glycans attached to the hinge region in the development of IgA nephropathy-like GN induced by 6-19 IgA rheumatoid factor in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kihara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Junichiro Nakata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Otani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ngoc Lan Tran
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Life System Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
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14
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Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Novak J, Tomino Y. Development of Animal Models of Human IgA Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 11:5-11. [PMID: 25722731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. IgAN is characterized by the mesangial accumulation of immune complexes containing IgA1, usually with co-deposits of complement C3 and variable IgG and/or IgM. Although more than 40 years have passed since IgAN was first described, the mechanisms underlying the disease development are not fully understood. Small-animal experimental models of IgAN can be very helpful in studies of IgAN, but development of these models has been hindered by the fact that only humans and hominoid primates have IgA1 subclass. Thus, multiple models have been developed, that may be helpful in studies of some specific aspects of IgAN. These models include a spontaneous animal model of IgAN, the ddY mouse first reported in 1985. These mice show mild proteinuria without hematuria, and glomerular IgA deposits, with a highly variable incidence and degree of glomerular injury, due to the heterogeneous genetic background. To obtain a murine line consistently developing IgAN, we intercrossed an earlyonset group of ddY mice, in which the development of IgAN includes mesangial IgA deposits and glomerular injury. After selective intercrossing for >20 generations, we established a novel 100% early-onset grouped ddY murine model. All grouped ddY mice develop proteinuria within eight weeks of age. The grouped ddY mouse model can be a useful tool for analysis of multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of IgAN and may aid in assessment of some approaches for the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Iglesias M, Postigo J, Santiuste I, González J, Buelta L, Tamayo E, Merino J, Merino R. p27(Kip1) inhibits systemic autoimmunity through the control of Treg cell activity and differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:343-54. [PMID: 23124840 DOI: 10.1002/art.37778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of Treg cells in the maintenance of immunologic tolerance, the mechanisms that control their generation and activity are unknown. Since the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) was involved in T cell anergy, we undertook this study to explore its role in both Treg cell processes. METHODS The development of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and lupus-like abnormalities was compared between transgenic mice overexpressing human Bcl-2 in T cells (BCL2-TgT mice) and nontransgenic mice that were deficient or not deficient in p27. The contribution of Treg cells to disease evolution was also explored. Finally, the in vitro activity of Treg cells and their differentiation from naive CD4+ cells was compared between these strains of mice. RESULTS BCL2-TgT mice were protected against CIA by a Treg cell-dependent mechanism. In association with this protection, the overexpression of Bcl-2 in T cells enhanced the differentiation and activity of Treg cells. Both Bcl-2 effects were independent of its antiapoptotic activity but dependent on its capacity to induce the expression of p27 that augmented the strength of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling in T cells. Accordingly, down-modulation of p27 expression in BCL2-TgT mice promoted CIA. In addition, p27 deficiency in aged C57BL/6 mice reduced the number and activity of Treg cells and induced the development of mild lupus-like abnormalities. CONCLUSION Our results point to p27 as a critical regulator of Treg cell differentiation and function through the positive modulation of TGFβ signaling strength in T cells.
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16
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Otani M, Nakata J, Kihara M, Leroy V, Moll S, Wada Y, Izui S. O-glycosylated IgA rheumatoid factor induces IgA deposits and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:438-46. [PMID: 22193386 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural aberrations of O-linked glycans present in the IgA1 hinge region are associated with IgA nephropathy, but their contribution to its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. In this study, mice implanted with hybridoma secreting 6-19 IgA anti-IgG2a rheumatoid factor, but not 46-42 IgA rheumatoid factor bearing the same IgA allotype, developed mesangial deposits consisting of IgA, IgG2a, and C3. Studies in immunoglobulin- and C3-deficient mice revealed that the development of these glomerular lesions required the formation of IgA-IgG2a immune complexes and subsequent activation of complement. The proportion of polymeric and monomeric forms, the IgG2a-binding affinity, and the serum levels of IgA-IgG2a immune complexes were similar between 6-19 IgA- and 46-42 IgA-injected mice. In contrast, the analysis of oligosaccharide structures revealed highly galactosylated O-linked glycans in the hinge region of 6-19 IgA and poorly O-glycosylated in the hinge region of 46-42 IgA. Furthermore, the structure of N-linked glycans in the CH1 domain was the complex type in 6-19 IgA and the hybrid type in 46-42 IgA. In summary, this study demonstrates the presence of O-linked glycans in the hinge region of mouse IgA and suggests that 6-19 IgA rheumatoid factor-induced GN could serve as an experimental model for IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Otani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Shimizu M, Nikolov NP, Ueno K, Ohta K, Siegel RM, Yachie A, Candotti F. Development of IgA nephropathy-like glomerulonephritis associated with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:160-6. [PMID: 22079330 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the WAS gene. Glomerulonephritis is a frequent complication, however, histopathological data from affected patients is scarce because the thrombocytopenia that affects most patients is a contraindication to renal biopsies. We found that WASp-deficient mice develop proliferative glomerulonephritis reminiscent of human IgA nephropathy (IgAN). We examined whether increased aberrant IgA production is associated with the development of glomerulonephritis in WASp-deficient mice. Serum IgA and IgA production by splenic B cells was increased in WASp-deficient mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. A lectin-binding study revealed a reduced ratio of sialylated and galactosylated IgA in the sera from old WASp-deficient mice. Circulating IgA-containing immune complexes showed significantly higher titers in WASp-deficient mice compared to WT mice. These results indicate that the increased IgA production and aberrant glycosylation of IgA may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimizu
- Disorders of Immunity Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C, Papandile A, Poreci U, Porfilio EA, Ward L, Lawson MAE, Macpherson AJ, McCoy KD, Pei Y, Novak L, Lee JY, Julian BA, Novak J, Ranger A, Gommerman JL, Browning JL. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3991-4002. [PMID: 21881212 DOI: 10.1172/jci45563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF) is a potent B cell survival factor. BAFF overexpressing transgenic mice (BAFF-Tg mice) exhibit features of autoimmune disease, including B cell hyperplasia and hypergammaglobulinemia, and develop fatal nephritis with age. However, basal serum IgA levels are also elevated, suggesting that the pathology in these mice may be more complex than initially appreciated. Consistent with this, we demonstrate here that BAFF-Tg mice have mesangial deposits of IgA along with high circulating levels of polymeric IgA that is aberrantly glycosylated. Renal disease in BAFF-Tg mice was associated with IgA, because serum IgA was highly elevated in nephritic mice and BAFF-Tg mice with genetic deletion of IgA exhibited less renal pathology. The presence of commensal flora was essential for the elevated serum IgA phenotype, and, unexpectedly, commensal bacteria-reactive IgA antibodies were found in the blood. These data illustrate how excess B cell survival signaling perturbs the normal balance with the microbiota, leading to a breach in the normal mucosal-peripheral compartmentalization. Such breaches may predispose the nonmucosal system to certain immune diseases. Indeed, we found that a subset of patients with IgA nephropathy had elevated serum levels of a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), a cytokine related to BAFF. These parallels between BAFF-Tg mice and human IgA nephropathy may provide a new framework to explore connections between mucosal environments and renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D McCarthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Postigo J, Genre F, Iglesias M, Fernández-Rey M, Buelta L, Carlos Rodríguez-Rey J, Merino J, Merino R. Exacerbation of type II collagen-induced arthritis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in association with the expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:971-80. [PMID: 21225684 DOI: 10.1002/art.30220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the bidirectional relationship between the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis using bovine type II collagen (CII)-immunized B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice, a murine model of spontaneous atherosclerosis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Male B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice and wild-type controls were immunized with 150 μg of CII emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic severity of CIA, the levels of circulating IgG1 and IgG2a anti-CII antibodies, the expression of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in the joints, and the percentages of Th1, Th17, and Treg lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes were evaluated during CIA induction. In addition, the size of atherosclerotic lesions was assessed in these mice 8 weeks after CIA induction. RESULTS B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice that were immunized with CII and CFA developed an exacerbated CIA that was accompanied by increased joint expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and by the expansion in the draining lymph nodes of Th1 and Th17 cells. In contrast, the size of vascular lesions in B10.RIII apoE(-/-) mice was not affected by the development of CIA. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a deficiency in apolipoprotein E and/or its consequences in cholesterol metabolism act as accelerating factors in autoimmunity by promoting Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses.
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20
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Enforced expression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 ablates tolerance induction in DNA-reactive B cells through a novel mechanism. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:18-27. [PMID: 21458954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
How self tolerance is maintained during B cell development in the bone marrow has been a focal area of study in immunology. Receptor editing, anergy and clonal deletion all play important roles in the regulation of autoimmunity in the immature population. The mechanisms of tolerance induction in the periphery, however, are less well characterized. Overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 rescues autoreactive B cells from deletion and can contribute to the development of autoimmune disease in certain genetic backgrounds. Using a peptide-induced autoimmunity model, we recently identified a peripheral tolerance checkpoint in antigen-activated B cells that have undergone class switching and somatic hypermutation. At this checkpoint, receptor editing, induced by antigen engagement, dampened the autoantibody response. In this study, we show that receptor editing fails to be induced in antigen-activated DNA-reactive B cells that overexpress Bcl-2 (Bcl-2 Tg). The failure to induce RAG and receptor editing is likely due, at least partially, to the lack of self antigen. First, the levels of circulating DNA and of apoptotic bodies in the spleen of Bcl-2 Tg mice are significantly lower than in control mice. Second, in Bcl-2 Tg mice, RAG can be induced in a population of antigen-activated B cells by providing exogenous soluble antigen. These data suggest that, in addition to its anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-2 may indirectly inhibit tolerance induction in B cells acquiring anti-nuclear antigen reactivity after peripheral activation by limiting the availability of self antigen.
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21
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Santiuste I, Buelta L, Iglesias M, Genre F, Mazorra F, Izui S, Merino J, Merino R. B-cell overexpression of Bcl-2 cooperates with p21 deficiency for the induction of autoimmunity and lymphomas. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:316-24. [PMID: 20691570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities predisposing to autoimmunity generally act in a cooperative manner affecting one or several mechanisms regulating immunological tolerance. In addition, many of these genetic abnormalities are also involved in the development of lymphoproliferative diseases. In the present study, we have determined the possible cooperation between deficiencies in members of the Cip/Kip family of cell cycle regulators (p21(WAF1/Cip1) or p27(kip1)) and the overexpression of human Bcl-2 in B lymphocytes in the induction of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases in non-autoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Unlike single mutant mice, B6.p21(-/-) mice transgenic for human Bcl-2 in B cells developed a lethal autoimmune syndrome characterized by the production of autoantibodies, the prominent expansion of memory B and CD4(+) T cells and the development of severe glomerular lesions resembling IgA nephropathy. Furthermore, these mice presented a high incidence of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Such genetic cooperation in the induction of autoimmunity was not observed in B6.p27(-/-) mice transgenic for human Bcl-2 in B cells. Altogether, what we have demonstrated here is the existence of preferential interactions among particular regulators of the G(1)/S transition of the cell cycle and B-cell survival in the induction of systemic autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Santiuste
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Marín-Vidalled MJ, Bolívar A, Zubiaga A, López-Hoyos M. The combined effect of BCL-2 over-expression and E2F2 deficiency induces an autoimmune syndrome in non-susceptible mouse strain C57BL/6. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:111-20. [PMID: 20187704 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903214033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple evidences support the notion that cell-cycle deregulation or apoptosis alterations can lead to autoimmune syndrome (AIS). Inactivation of the cell-cycle regulator E2F2 or over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein induces spontaneously an AIS in certain mouse strains. In the present study, we have examined the contribution of the genetic background on the development of autoimmunity after E2F2 gene inactivation, and the effect that a simultaneous inactivation of the E2F2 gene and over-expression of the Bcl-2 gene in B cells has on lymphoid homeostasis and autoimmunity. We show that E2F2(- / - ) mice carrying wild-type levels of Bcl-2 do not develop AIS when they are in a non-pro-autoimmune background (C57BL/6). However, mice harboring both genetic alterations concomitantly develop late AIS characterized by the presence of serum anti-nuclear antibodies, double and single strand anti-DNA antibodies, and the development of a mild glomerulonephritis with mesangial immunoglobulins, mainly IgA, deposits. These results suggest that alterations in cell-cycle and cell survival are critical contributing factors for the development of autoimmunity.
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Merino J, Merino R. [Contribution of animal models to the study and treatment of systemic autoimmune disease]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4 Suppl 1:5-10. [PMID: 21794546 DOI: 10.1016/s1699-258x(08)76132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of autoimmune diseases, either spontaneous or induced, have been very useful tools to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases as well as in the design of new therapeutic strategies for their treatment. The development of biotechnology and molecular biology resulted in the production of transgenic animals overexpressing or lacking a given protein. As a result of this technology, a great number of animal models of human diseases have been developed in recent years. A further evolution in transgenic methodology allows the selective control of gene expression in a particular organ or tissue at desired time points during embryonic or postnatal development. In the present article the authors discuss the advantages and inconveniences of animal models and describe the most frequently employed models in the study of 4 rheumatologic syndromes with an autoimmune origin: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and spondiloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular. Universidad de Cantabria. Santander. Cantabria. España
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25
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Suzuki Y, Tomino Y. Potential immunopathogenic role of the mucosa-bone marrow axis in IgA nephropathy: insights from animal models. Semin Nephrol 2008; 28:66-77. [PMID: 18222348 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune regulation along the mucosa-bone marrow axis has been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Animal models have allowed us to study such changes in detail. Accumulating evidence from a number of animal models suggest that there is dysregulation of innate and cellular immunity in IgA nephropathy, resulting in changes to the mucosal immune system. These changes appear to be linked closely to a disruption of mucosal tolerance, resulting in the abnormal priming and dissemination of cells to sites such as the bone marrow where they are responsible for the synthesis of nephritogenic IgA. These findings suggest that future treatment strategies should focus on manipulating the priming and dissemination of these memory cells to prevent the appearance of nephritogenic IgA in the systemic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Ding JX, Xu LX, Lv JC, Zhao MH, Zhang H, Wang HY. Aberrant sialylation of serum IgA1 was associated with prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:268-74. [PMID: 17913589 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of serum IgA1 was considered as an initial event and involvement in the pathogenesis of IgAN. We previously demonstrated that aberrant glycosylation of serum IgA1 was associated with pathologic phenotype of IgAN. The present study is to investigate if abnormal sialylation of IgA1 affects renal survival of IgAN. 127 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN were enrolled and followed up to 8 years. Seventy-nine healthy and 75 patients with non-IgAN renal diseases were selected as controls. Alpha 2, 6 sialic acid (SA) of serum IgA1 was measured by sandwich-ELISA. Renal survival rate was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Alpha 2, 6 SA level in patients with IgAN was lower than that in healthy controls (0.92+/-0.14 vs. 0.98+/-0.12, P=0.001) and non-IgAN glomerulonephritis (0.92+/-0.14 vs. 1.00+/-0.18, n=53, P=0.001). Patients with IgAN in Low SA Group were no significant differences compared with patients in Normal SA Group in age, gender, hypertension, serum creatinine, and excretion of proteinuria. Renal cumulative survival rate was 53.3% in patients in Low SA Group and 83.5% in Normal SA Group (P=0.0008). The lower the alpha 2, 6 SA level of serum IgA1 in patients with IgAN was, the worse their renal survival rate was. Although patients in Low SA Group had worse renal function evaluated by eGFR, there was no significant difference in various CKD stages in non-IgAN renal function controls (n=42, P=0.352). Alpha 2, 6 SA level of serum IgA1 was associated with the prognosis of patients with IgAN and could serve as a predictor of poor prognosis in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Ding
- Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing 100034, PR China
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27
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Revert F, Merino R, Monteagudo C, Macias J, Peydró A, Alcácer J, Muniesa P, Marquina R, Blanco M, Iglesias M, Revert-Ros F, Merino J, Saus J. Increased Goodpasture antigen-binding protein expression induces type IV collagen disorganization and deposit of immunoglobulin A in glomerular basement membrane. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1419-30. [PMID: 17916599 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP), a protein that binds and phosphorylates basement membrane collagen, has been associated with immune complex-mediated pathogenesis. However, recent reports have questioned this biological function and proposed that GPBP serves as a cytosolic ceramide transporter (CERT(L)). Thus, the role of GPBP in vivo remains unknown. New Zealand White (NZW) mice are considered healthy animals although they convey a genetic predisposition for immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Here we show that NZW mice developed age-dependent lupus-prone autoimmune response and immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis characterized by elevated GPBP, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) collagen disorganization and expansion, and deposits of IgA on disrupted GBM. Transgenic overexpression of human GPBP (hGPBP) in non-lupus-prone mice triggered similar glomerular abnormalities including deposits of IgA on a capillary GBM that underwent dissociation, in the absence of an evident autoimmune response. We provide in vivo evidence that GPBP regulates GBM collagen organization and its elevated expression causes dissociation and subsequent accumulation of IgA on the GBM. Finally, we describe a previously unrecognized pathogenic mechanism that may be relevant in human primary immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.
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28
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González J, Tamayo E, Santiuste I, Marquina R, Buelta L, González-Gay MA, Izui S, López-Hoyos M, Merino J, Merino R. CD4+CD25+ T cell-dependent inhibition of autoimmunity in transgenic mice overexpressing human Bcl-2 in T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2778-86. [PMID: 17312121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of lymphocyte survival is essential for the maintenance of lymphoid homeostasis preventing the development of autoimmune diseases. Recently, we described a systemic lupus erythematosus associated with an IgA nephropathy in autoimmune-prone (NZW x C57BL/6)F(1) overexpressing human Bcl-2 (hBcl-2) in B cells (transgenic (Tg) 1). In the present study, we analyze in detail a second line of hBcl-2 Tg mice overexpressing the transgene in all B cells and in a fraction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (Tg2). We demonstrate here that the overexpression of hBcl-2 in T cells observed in Tg2 mice is associated with a resistance to the development of lupus disease and collagen type II-induced arthritis in both (NZW x C57BL/6)F(1) and (DBA/1 x C57BL/6)F(1) Tg2 mice, respectively. The disease-protective effect observed in autoimmune-prone Tg2 mice is accompanied by an increase of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) hBcl-2(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)), expressing glucocorticoid-induced TNFR, CTLA-4, and FoxP3. Furthermore, the in vivo depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) in (DBA/1 x C57BL/6)F(1) Tg2 mice promotes the development of a severe collagen type II-induced arthritis. Taken together, our results indicate that the overexpression of hBcl-2 in CD4(+) T cells alters the homeostatic mechanisms controlling the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) resulting in the inhibition of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanna González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (Unidad asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Universidad de Cantabria, Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain
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29
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Nishie T, Miyaishi O, Azuma H, Kameyama A, Naruse C, Hashimoto N, Yokoyama H, Narimatsu H, Wada T, Asano M. Development of immunoglobulin A nephropathy- like disease in beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:447-56. [PMID: 17255313 PMCID: PMC1851871 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta4 galactosylation of glycoproteins plays important roles in protein conformation, stability, transport, and clearance from the circulation. Recent studies have revealed that aberrant glycosylation causes various human diseases. Here we report that mice lacking beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT)-I, which transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of N- and O-linked glycans in a beta-1,4 linkage, spontaneously developed human immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN)-like glomerular lesions with IgA deposition and expanded mesangial matrix. beta4GalT-I-deficient mice also showed high serum IgA levels with increased polymeric forms as in human IgAN. IgAN is the most common form of glomerulonephritis, and a significant proportion of patients progress to renal failure. However, pathological molecular mechanisms of IgAN are poorly understood. In humans, abnormal character of serum IgA, especially serum IgA1 with aberrant galactosylation and sialylation of O-glycans in its hinge region is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of IgAN. Mouse IgA has N-glycans but not O-glycans, and beta4-galactosylation and sialylation of the N-glycans on the serum IgA from beta4GalT-I-deficient mice was completely absent. This is the first report demonstrating that genetic remodeling of protein glycosylation causes IgAN. We propose that carbohydrates of serum IgA are involved in the development of IgAN, whether the carbohydrates are O-glycans or N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Nishie
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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30
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Majid FAA, Butler M, Al-Rubeai M. Glycosylation of an immunoglobulin produced from a murine hybridoma cell line: The effect of culture mode and the anti-apoptotic gene,bcl-2. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:156-69. [PMID: 17013932 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The impact of bcl-2 over-expression on the glycosylation pattern of an antibody produced by a bcl-2 transfected hybridoma cell line (TB/C3.bcl-2) was investigated in suspension batch, continuous and high cell density culture (Flat hollow fibre, Tecnomouse system). In all culture modes bcl-2 over-expression resulted in higher cell viability. Analysis of the glycans from the IgG of batch cultures showed that >95% of the structures were neutral core fucosylated asialo biantennary oligosaccharides with variable terminal galactosylation (G0f, G1f and G2f) consistent with previous analysis of glycans from the conserved site at Asn-297 of the IgG protein. The galactosylation index (GI) was determined as an indicator of the glycan profile (=(G2 + 0.5* G1)/(G0 + G1 + G2)). GI values in control cultures were comparable to bcl-2 cultures during exponential growth (0.53) but declined toward the end of the culture when there was a loss in cell viability. Low dilution rates in chemostat culture were associated with reduced galactosylation of the IgG glycans in both cell lines. However, at the higher dilution rates the GI for IgG was consistently higher in the TB/C3.bcl-2 cultures. In the hollow fibre bioreactor the galactosylation of the IgG glycans was considerably lower than in suspension batch or continuous cultures with GI values averaging 0.38. Similar low galactosylation values have been found previously for high density cell cultures and these are consistent with the low values obtained when the dissolved oxygen level is maintained at a low value (10%) in controlled suspension cultures of hybridomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A A Majid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Erlacher M, Labi V, Manzl C, Böck G, Tzankov A, Häcker G, Michalak E, Strasser A, Villunger A. Puma cooperates with Bim, the rate-limiting BH3-only protein in cell death during lymphocyte development, in apoptosis induction. J Exp Med 2006; 203:2939-51. [PMID: 17178918 PMCID: PMC2118188 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homology 3-only proteins has been investigated in mice lacking the individual genes identifying rate-limiting roles for Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death) and Puma (p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis) in apoptosis induction. The loss of Bim protects lymphocytes from apoptosis induced by cytokine deprivation and deregulated Ca++ flux and interferes with the deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes and the shutdown of immune responses. In contrast, Puma is considered the key mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. To investigate the hypothesis that Bim and Puma have overlapping functions, we generated mice lacking both genes and found that bim-/-/puma-/- animals develop multiple postnatal defects that are not observed in the single knockout mice. Most strikingly, hyperplasia of lymphatic organs is comparable with that observed in mice overexpressing Bcl-2 in all hemopoietic cells exceeding the hyperplasia observed in bim-/- mice. Bim and Puma also have clearly overlapping functions in p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis. Their combined loss promotes spontaneous tumorigenesis, causing the malignancies observed in Bcl-2 transgenic mice, but does not exacerbate the autoimmunity observed in the absence of Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Stratta P, Canavese C, Fenoglio R, Priolo G, Grillo A, Aimo G, Quaglia M, Pagni R. Dual effect of methylprednsolone pulses on apoptosis of peripheral leukocytes in patients with renal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:647-59. [PMID: 17026850 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that change in apoptosis may modulate the natural story of illness, and that many drugs may act through modulation of apoptosis, but the role of steroids in acting through apoptosis in different settings, including renal diseases, has still to be elucidated. We studied the in vivo effects of steroids by oral assumption (10 to 25 mg/deltacortene) or by intravenous pulses (300 to 1000 mg/dose) on apoptosis and cellular subsets of peripheral lymphocytes, by evaluating DNA-fragmentation and lymphocyte subsets in 79 subjects: 22 controls and 57 patients with various renal diseases (25 Lupus-GN, 19 membranous-GN (MGN), 6 rapidly progressive-GN (RPGN), 2 acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 5 on chronic dialysis. Baseline apoptosis was present in 1/22 (4.5%) of controls, 3/25 (12%) SLE, 2/6 (33.3%) RPGN and 10/19 (52.6%) MGN. A significant decrease in CD3+CD8+ cell count and a significant increase of the CD3+CD4/CD3+CD8+ ratio were found in apoptosis-positive subjects. DNA fragmentation did not change after oral steroids, paralleling a 22 to 32% decrease in total lymphocytes. Following intravenous methylprednisolone pulses, a deeper drop of all lymphocyte subsets was observed, while DNA fragmentation turned from present to absent in 2 MGN, but not in 2 RPGN, and from absent to present in 1 ARF and 1 SLE, independently of the dosage. We demonstrated that the presence of apoptosis in renal diseases is associated with decreased CD3+CD8+ cell count. Furthermore, steroid intravenous pulses, besides inducing a profound decrease in lymphocyte subsets, do exert a dual effect on baseline leukocyte apoptosis, eventually leading to a reversal of baseline patterns, either turning from negative to positive or from positive to negative. Oral steroid therapy did not influence baseline apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stratta
- Nephrology and Transplantation, Amedeo Avogadro University, Maggiore Hospital and Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) Novara, Italy.
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Marín MJ, García I, Peña M, Bolívar A, Zubiaga A, Lóez-Hoyos M. E2F1−/−C57BL/6 Mice Overexpressing a Human Bcl-2 Transgene in B Cells Develop a Mild Autoimmune Syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:156-65. [PMID: 16126955 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2, besides having an anti-apoptotic function, delays cell cycle progression at G1 to S. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in B cells induces an autoimmune syndrome (AIS) in pro-autoimmune genetic backgrounds. E2F1, a member of the E2F transcription factors, controls cell cycle, but it also induces cell death. E2F1(-/-) mice show an altered negative thymic selection but a conserved peripheral tolerance. As a consequence, these mice do not develop autoimmunity. Our aim was to evaluate whether deregulation of both apoptosis and cell cycle alters the mechanisms of tolerance and induces an AIS. C57BL/6 E2F1(-/-) mice were crossed with C57BL/6 mice overexpressing a human Bcl-2 transgene in B cells to obtain E2F1(-/-) hbcl-2 Tg mice. These mice were followed for up to 15 months of age with bleedings every three months to obtain serum and whole blood. The production of an AIS was assessed by quantitation of serum anti-DNA antibodies, renal light microscopy, and direct immunofluorescence in search of immunoglobulin deposits. E2F1(-/-) hbcl-2 Tg mice developed an AIS characterized by anti-DNA autoantibody production with renal damage observed after the 9th month of age. The lesions consisted mainly on cellular proliferation and mesangial deposits, compatible with a mesangial glomerulonephritis. The composition of deposits was predominantly of IgA, followed by IgM and IgG. Despite the development of renal damage, the AIS observed did not induce an accelerated mortality. The coexistence of an altered B cell apoptosis, together with the lack of E2F1, induces a mild AIS in the non-autoimmune background of C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
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