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Pasquali D, Giacomelli L, Pedicillo MC, Conzo G, Gentile G, De Stefano IS, Angelillis F, Santoro A, Miele F, Digitale Selvaggio L, Melcarne R, Pannone G. Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironment of the Thyroid Cancer: Relationship between Regulatory T-Cell Imbalance, and p-NFΚB (p65) Expression-A Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6817. [PMID: 37959281 PMCID: PMC10647421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory microenvironment is an essential component of all tumors, including thyroid cancer. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are often associated with thyroid cancer. CD25, expressed in Treg cells and B cells, has been found to be associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases and the NFkB pathway is critical to tumor formation, regulating immune-related genes, and pro-inflammatory cytokine. METHODS Protein expression of CD25 and NFkB and its phosphorylated form was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 80 patients with thyroid cancer (10 cases of cancers with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 70 cases without). RESULTS CD25 was mainly detected in the nucleus of the inflammatory cells such as in the thyrocytes and neoplastic cells. Protein staining was detected in the T-lymphocytes of the outermost zone of the lymphoid follicles. Moreover, in all cancer alterations, there were a higher level of p-NFkB than in the surrounding tissues. Again, p-NFkB staining was evident in neoplastic cells but not evident in inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Strong inflammatory infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment is correlated with an invasive phenotype. CD25 and p-NFkB levels were statistically significantly overexpressed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pasquali
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of General and Specialist Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (F.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Conzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Gentile
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ilenia Sara De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (F.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesco Angelillis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (F.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela Santoro
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Woman and Child’s Health and Public Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Lucia Digitale Selvaggio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rossella Melcarne
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (F.A.); (G.P.)
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2
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The Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Thyroid Function in U.S. Adult Males. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103330. [PMID: 34684331 PMCID: PMC8540204 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function has a close link with inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether the dietary inflammatory potential is associated with thyroid function. We aimed to assess the relationship among them using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This study was a cross-sectional study, where weighted multivariable linear regression, subgroup analyses, and interaction terms were employed. Thyroid function was assessed by eight indexes, including total and free T4 and T3, Tg, TgAb, TPOAb, and TSH. A total of 2346 male participants aged ≥20 years with an average age of 50.74 ± 17.68 years were enrolled. The mean DII score among participants was −0.46 ± 1.73, ranging from −4.12 to 4.41, and mean total thyroxine (T4) was 7.61 ± 1.51 μg/dL. We found a positive association between DII and total T4 (β = 0.07; p = 0.0044). Using subgroup analysis, this association became stronger in both the iodine-deficient and obese group (iodine-deficient group: β = 0.15, p < 0.0001; obese group: β = 0.14, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, men adhering to a more pro-inflammatory diet appeared to have higher total T4 levels. However, these hormone variations were still within the normal clinical range and more well-designed studies are still needed to validate the causal relationship between DII and thyroid function.
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Li H, Wu Y, Zhao R, Chen X, Ren W, Li H, Han P, Shao Y, Wang J. IL-1RN gene polymorphisms reduces thyroid cancer risk in Chinese Han population. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1140-1146. [PMID: 32790111 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-1RN polymorphisms on thyroid cancer (TC) risk in Han population. Genotypes of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs17042888, rs928940, rs3181052, and rs452204) were analyzed by Agena MassARRAY. Meanwhile, we used the logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and significant differences were evaluated by t test and χ2 test. Findings found that allele "G" of rs452204 and rs3181052 in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) reduced the risk of TC. (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55-0.94, p = .017; OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56-0.94, p = .017, respectively). Hierarchical analysis indicated that three SNPs (rs17042888, rs3181052, and rs452204) significantly reduced the risk of TC among females or individuals older than 48 years (p < .05). Our findings indicate that IL-1RN polymorphisms may contribute to a protective role against TC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Operation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruimin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanli Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Castellone MD, Melillo RM. RET-mediated modulation of tumor microenvironment and immune response in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T105-T119. [PMID: 28931560 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) arise from thyroid parafollicular, calcitonin-producing C-cells and can occur either as sporadic or as hereditary diseases in the context of familial syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A), multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN2B) and familial MTC (FMTC). In a large fraction of sporadic cases, and virtually in all inherited cases of MTC, activating point mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are found. RET encodes for a receptor tyrosine kinase protein endowed with transforming potential on thyroid parafollicular cells. As in other cancer types, microenvironmental factors play a critical role in MTC. Tumor-associated extracellular matrix, stromal cells and immune cells interact and influence the behavior of cancer cells both in a tumor-promoting and in a tumor-suppressing manner. Several studies have shown that, besides the neoplastic transformation of thyroid C-cells, a profound modification of tumor microenvironment has been associated to the RET FMTC/MEN2-associated oncoproteins. They influence the surrounding stroma, activating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), promoting cancer-associated inflammation and suppressing anti-cancer immune response. These mechanisms might be exploited to develop innovative anti-cancer therapies and novel prognostic tools in the context of familial, RET-associated MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR 'G. Salvatore'Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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5
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Ghoshal A, Garmo H, Arthur R, Carroll P, Holmberg L, Hammar N, Jungner I, Malmström H, Lambe M, Walldius G, Van Hemelrijck M. Thyroid cancer risk in the Swedish AMORIS study: the role of inflammatory biomarkers in serum. Oncotarget 2017; 9:774-782. [PMID: 29416653 PMCID: PMC5787509 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the underlying risks associated with thyroid cancer. We ascertained the association between commonly measured serum biomarkers of inflammation and the risk of thyroid cancer in Swedish Apolipoprotein-related MORtality RISk (AMORIS) study. 226,212 subjects had baseline measurements of C-reactive protein, albumin and haptoglobin. Leukocytes were measured in a subgroup of 63,845 subjects. Associations between quartiles and dichotomized values of inflammatory markers and risk of thyroid cancer were analysed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. 202 individuals were diagnosed with thyroid cancer during a mean follow-up of 19.6 years. There was a positive association between lower albumin levels and risk of developing thyroid cancer [Hazard Ratio for albumin ≤ 40 g/L: 1.50 (95% Confidence Interval = 1.04-2.16)]. When stratified by a metabolic score, we observed similar association for albumin with higher HR among those with metabolic score ≥ 1, as compared to those with metabolic score of 0 [HR 1.98 (95% CI = 1.11-3.54) vs 1.17 (95% CI = 0.72-1.89)] (P = 0.19). Apart from albumin, none of the serum markers of inflammation studied showed a link with the risk of developing thyroid cancer-suggesting that the role of inflammation may be more complicated and requires assessment of more specialised measurements of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunangshu Ghoshal
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology and Urology Research, London, UK.,Department of Palliative Medicine, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Hans Garmo
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology and Urology Research, London, UK.,Regional Cancer Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rhonda Arthur
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology and Urology Research, London, UK
| | - Paul Carroll
- Endocrinology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lars Holmberg
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology and Urology Research, London, UK
| | - Niklas Hammar
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Jungner
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiological Unit, Karolinska Institutet and CALAB Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Malmström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biostatistics, Research & Development, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lambe
- Regional Cancer Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Walldius
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology and Urology Research, London, UK.,Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Boi F, Pani F, Mariotti S. Thyroid Autoimmunity and Thyroid Cancer: Review Focused on Cytological Studies. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:178-186. [PMID: 28868258 PMCID: PMC5567004 DOI: 10.1159/000468928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been originally suggested by retrospective pathological studies and has recently been re-evaluated and proposed on the basis of several fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) studies. In FNAC studies, the association between HT and PTC is based on the comparison of anti-thyroid autoantibodies (ATA) (anti-thyroperoxidase [TPOAb] and anti-thyroglobulin [TgAb]), thyroid function (TSH), and cytology with histology of thyroid nodules and lymphocytic thyroid infiltration (LTI) of operated thyroid glands. Most of the pathological studies found a high prevalence rate of PTC in HT. In most FNAC studies, the risk ratio of PTC in HT patients was evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis: increased TSH levels represented the main and common independent risk factor of malignancy, although it resulted not consistently related to HT. On the other hand, several studies provided a positive relationship between ATA and PTC, particularly with TgAb. Two recent FNAC studies from the same referral center clearly demonstrated an independent risk for thyroid malignancy conferred by both TPOAb and TgAb, confirming the role of increased TSH levels, and found a significant association between PTC and ATA and diffuse LTI at histology. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that autoimmune thyroid inflammation and increased serum TSH concentration may be involved in thyroid tumor growth. The complex relationship between HT and PTC, which involves immunological/hormonal pathogenic links, needs to be further investigated with prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boi
- *Francesco Boi, MD, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS 554, Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, IT–09042 Cagliari (Italy), E-Mail
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7
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Liu Y, Su L, Xiao H. Review of Factors Related to the Thyroid Cancer Epidemic. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:5308635. [PMID: 28555155 PMCID: PMC5438865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5308635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, of which the incidence has dramatically increased worldwide in the past few decades. The reasons for the observed rapid increase still are not fully understood, but evidence suggests that overdiagnosis, with the advancement in detection methods and screening policies, is not the sole driver of the substantial increase of the incidence. However, the effect of environmental/lifestyle factors remains speculative other than that of radiation exposure at a young age. This review tries to give a balanced view of debated factors leading to the thyroid cancer epidemic, to offer some alternatives in understanding the controversies, and to suggest potential directions in the search of modifiable risk factors to help reduce thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China
- *Haipeng Xiao:
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8
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Xhaard C, Lence-Anta JJ, Ren Y, Borson-Chazot F, Sassolas G, Schvartz C, Colonna M, Lacour B, Danzon A, Velten M, Clero E, Maillard S, Marrer E, Bailly L, Mariné Barjoan E, Schlumberger M, Orgiazzi J, Adjadj E, Pereda CM, Turcios S, Velasco M, Chappe M, Infante I, Bustillo M, García A, Salazar S, Rodriguez R, Benadjaoud MA, Ortiz RM, Rubino C, de Vathaire F. Recreational Physical Activity and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Two Case-Control Studies. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5:132-8. [PMID: 27493888 PMCID: PMC4949366 DOI: 10.1159/000445887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity has been hypothesized to influence cancer occurrence through several mechanisms. To date, its relation with thyroid cancer risk has been examined in relatively few studies. We pooled 2 case-control studies conducted in Cuba and Eastern France to assess the relationship between self-reported practice of recreational physical activity since childhood and thyroid cancer risk. METHODS This pooled study included 1,008 cases of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) matched with 1,088 controls (age range 9-35 and 17-60 years in the French and Cuban studies, respectively). Risk factors associated with the practice of recreational physical activity were estimated using OR and 95% CI. Logistic regressions were stratified by age class, country, and gender and were adjusted for ethnic group, level of education, number of pregnancies for women, height, BMI, and smoking status. RESULTS Overall, the risk of thyroid cancer was slightly reduced among subjects who reported recreational physical activity (OR = 0.8; 95% CI 0.5-1.0). The weekly frequency (i.e. h/week) seems to be more relevant than the duration (years). CONCLUSION Long-term recreational physical activity, practiced since childhood, may reduce the DTC risk. However, the mechanisms whereby the DTC risk decreases are not yet entirely clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Xhaard
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Yan Ren
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Groupement Hospitalier Lyon-Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Bron, France
- Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Sassolas
- Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Schvartz
- Thyroid Cancer Registry of Champagne-Ardennes, Institut Jean Godinot, Reims, France
| | | | - Brigitte Lacour
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy, France
| | - Arlette Danzon
- Cancer Registry of Doubs, EA 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Michel Velten
- Cancer Registry of Bas-Rhin, EA 3430, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Enora Clero
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane Maillard
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Emilie Marrer
- Cancer Registry of Haut-Rhin, Mulhouse Hospital, Mulhouse, France
| | - Laurent Bailly
- Public Health Department, University Hospital Nice, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Jacques Orgiazzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Adjadj
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Celia M. Pereda
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Milagros Velasco
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Mae Chappe
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Idalmis Infante
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Marlene Bustillo
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Anabel García
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Sirced Salazar
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosa M. Ortiz
- National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carole Rubino
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent de Vathaire
- U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- *Florent de Vathaire, Radiation Epidemiology Group, U1018, Institut Gustave Roussy, Rue Edouard Vaillant, FR–94805 Villejuif (France), E-Mail
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9
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Joung JY, Kim TH, Jeong DJ, Park SM, Cho YY, Jang HW, Jung YY, Oh YL, Yim HS, Kim YL, Chung JH, Ki CS, Kim SW. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: major genetic alterations and prognostic implications. Histopathology 2016; 69:45-53. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Y Joung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dae J Jeong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoon Y Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye W Jang
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoon Y Jung
- Department of Pathology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Young L Oh
- Department of Pathology; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | | | | | - Jae H Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sun W Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Center; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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10
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Integrated Analysis of Thyroid Cancer Public Datasets Reveals Role of Post-Transcriptional Regulation on Tumor Progression by Targeting of Immune System Mediators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141726. [PMID: 26536459 PMCID: PMC4633176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a well-differentiated thyroid tumor that accounts for approximately 80% of thyroid cancer cases. On other hand, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a less frequent, but aggressive subtype, with poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, have emerged as potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which modulate the expression of cancer-related genes. Computational analyses estimate that a single miRNA may modulate hundreds of mRNA targets and, at the same time, cooperate with others to regulate one single mRNA transcript. Due to the large number of predicted targets and possible interactions, only a small number of miRNAs have characterized biological roles, and the panorama of miRNA-mediated regulation in thyroid cancer remains to be understood. Taking into consideration the large amount of gene expression data deposited in public databases we aligned miRNA target prediction and gene expression data from public PTC and ATC datasets to construct a network of post-transcriptional regulation in thyroid cancer. After a gene set enrichment analysis we identified signaling pathways and biological processes potentially modulated by the miRNAs deregulated in PTC and ATC. Our results show miRNA-mRNA interaction that could contribute with the de-regulation of key tumor-host mediators, such as extra-cellular matrix molecules, interleukins and interleukin receptors, which could drive a more aggressive behavior and tumor progression. Moreover, our analysis through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that aberrant expression of ECM and cytokines genes is frequent in PTC and is associated with aggressive behavior and decreased overall survival rate. In conclusion, we shed light on the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancers, revealing a potential role of miRNAs in modulation of tumor-host interaction molecules, particularly ECM molecules and immune system mediators, which could stimulate crosstalk between tumors and the immune system to generate a more aggressive behavior. We propose a novel putative miRNA:mRNA network that could lead to a new path toward functional studies.
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Cunha LL, Marcello MA, Nonogaki S, Morari EC, Soares FA, Vassallo J, Ward LS. CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and COX2 expression may predict relapse in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:246-53. [PMID: 25130519 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE There is an increasing rate of papillary thyroid carcinomas that may never progress to cause symptoms or death. Predicting outcome and determining tumour aggressiveness could help diminish the number of patients submitted to aggressive treatments. We aimed to evaluate whether markers of the immune system response and of tumour-associated inflammation could predict outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS We studied 399 consecutive patients, including 325 papillary and 74 follicular thyroid carcinomas. MEASUREMENTS Immune cell markers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, including tumour-associated macrophages (CD68) and subsets of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20, CD45RO, GRANZYME B, CD69 and CD25. We also investigated the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in tumour cells and the presence of concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis. RESULTS Concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis was observed in 29% of the cases. Among all the immunological parameters evaluated, only the enrichment of CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0·001) and expression of COX2 (P =0·01) were associated with recurrence. A multivariate model analysis identified CD8+ TIL/COX2 as independent risk factor for recurrence. A multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional-hazards model adjusted for the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis demonstrated that the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis had no effect on prognostic prediction mediated by CD8+ TIL and COX2. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we suggest the use of a relatively simple pathology tool to help select cases that may benefit of a more aggressive approach sparing the majority of patients from unnecessary procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leite Cunha
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marjory Alana Marcello
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Cristina Morari
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | - José Vassallo
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology (Ciped), Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
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Kim JR, Kim BH, Kim SM, Oh MY, Kim WJ, Jeon YK, Kim SS, Lee BJ, Kim YK, Kim IJ. Low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D is associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics in female patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2014; 24:1618-24. [PMID: 25133449 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D has recently attracted attention because reduced levels are associated with the prevalence and aggressiveness of several cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between preoperative serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) vitamin D) levels and clinicopathologic characteristics in female patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). METHODS A total of 548 female patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC between June 2012 and May 2013 were included. Blood samples were obtained within two weeks prior to surgery. Patients were categorized into four quartiles by preoperative serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels. The clinicopathologic features of PTC were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Preoperative 25(OH) vitamin D was significantly lower in patients with a tumor size of >1 cm (p = 0.041) or lymph node metastasis (LNM; p = 0.043). No significant trends in several clinicopathologic features were observed in relation to increasing serum vitamin D concentrations except decreasing tumor size (p = 0.010). Patients in the second quartile had a greater occurrence of T stage 3/4 (odds ratio (OR) 2.03 [confidence interval (CI) 1.19-3.44]; p = 0.009), LNM (OR 2.03 [CI 1.19-3.44]; p = 0.009), lateral LNM (OR 5.03 [CI 1.66-15.28]; p = 0.004), and extrathyroidal extension (ETE; OR 1.95 [CI 1.15-3.29]; p = 0.013) than those in the fourth quartile. Multivariate analysis showed that patients in the second quartile had a greater occurrence of T stage 3/4 (OR 1.89 [CI 1.08-3.30]; p = 0.026), LNM (OR 2.04 [CI 1.20-3.47]; p = 0.009), lateral LNM (OR 5.12 [CI 1.68-15.59]; p = 0.004), and ETE (OR 1.81 [CI 1.04-3.15]; p = 0.036) than those in the fourth quartile. When the subjects were recategorized into two groups by median 25(OH) vitamin D levels, those with values below the median had a significantly higher risk of T stage 3/4, LNM, lateral LNM, stage III/IV, and ETE. All values except ETE sustained significance after adjustment. CONCLUSION Lower preoperative serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels appear to be associated with poor clinicopathologic features in female patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ryang Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Busan, South Korea
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Interleukins as markers of inflammation in malignant and benign thyroid disease. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:667-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Ward LS. Immune response in thyroid cancer: widening the boundaries. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:125450. [PMID: 25328756 PMCID: PMC4190695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between thyroid cancer and thyroid inflammation has been repeatedly reported and highly debated in the literature. In fact, both molecular and epidemiological data suggest that these diseases are closely related and this association reinforces that the immune system is important for thyroid cancer progression. Innate immunity is the first line of defensive response. Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular antigen that induced them. Both branches of the immune system may interact in antitumor immune response. Major effector cells of the immune system that directly target thyroid cancer cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes. A mixture of immune cells may infiltrate thyroid cancer microenvironment and the balance of protumor and antitumor activity of these cells may be associated with prognosis. Herein, we describe some evidences that immune response may be important for thyroid cancer progression and may help us identify more aggressive tumors, sparing the vast majority of patients from costly unnecessary invasive procedures. The future trend in thyroid cancer is an individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo,
13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- *Laura Sterian Ward:
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Boufraqech M, Fassassi C, Kebebew E. TLR-10 polymorphism and papillary thyroid cancer: one more SNP to consider? Endocrine 2013; 43:10-1. [PMID: 23138464 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li X, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Kandil E. The nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway as a therapeutic target against thyroid cancers. Thyroid 2013; 23:209-18. [PMID: 23273524 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proteins, a family of transcription factors found virtually in all cells, are known to play crucial roles in the growth of a number of human malignancies. The ability of NF-κB to target a large number of genes that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis, provides clues toward its deregulation during the process of tumorigenesis, metastatic progression, and therapeutic resistance of tumors. SUMMARY In addition to the signaling pathways known to be involved in thyroid tumorigenesis, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase and janus kinase cascades, studies implicate the NF-κB pathway in the development of both less aggressive thyroid cancers, papillary and follicular adenocarcinomas, and progression to aggressive thyroid cancers, such as anaplastic adenocarcinomas. A constitutively activated NF-κB pathway also closely links Hashimoto's thyroiditis with increased incidence of thyroid cancers. The NF-κB pathway is becoming one of the major targets for drug development, and a number of compounds have been developed to inhibit this pathway at different levels in cancer cells. Some of these targets have shown promising outcomes in both in vitro and in vivo investigations and a handful of them have shown efficacy in the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS This review discusses the recent findings that demonstrate that the inhibition of NF-κB, alone or with other signaling pathway inhibitors may be of significant therapeutic benefits against aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Li
- Department of Surgery and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699, USA
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Recreational physical activity and risk of papillary thyroid cancer among women in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 37:46-53. [PMID: 23116823 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the relationship between physical activity and thyroid cancer risk, and few cohort data on this association exist. Thus, the present study aimed to prospectively examine long-term activity and risk of papillary thyroid cancer among women. METHODS 116,939 women in the California Teachers Study, aged 22-79 years with no history of thyroid cancer at cohort entry, were followed from 1995-1996 through 2009; 275 were diagnosed with invasive papillary thyroid cancer. Cox proportional-hazards regression provided relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between thyroid cancer and combined strenuous and moderate recreational physical activity both in the long-term (high school through age 54 years or current age if younger than 54 years) and recently (during the three years prior to joining the cohort). RESULTS Overall, women whose long-term recreational physical activity averaged at least 5.5 MET-hours/week (i.e. were active) had a non-significant 23% lower risk of papillary thyroid cancer than inactive women (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.04). RR estimates were stronger among normal weight or underweight women (body mass index, BMI<25.0 kg/m(2), trend p = 0.03) than among overweight or obese women (trend p = 0.35; homogeneity-of-trends p = 0.03). A similar pattern of risk was observed for recent activity (BMI<25 kg/m(2), trend p = 0.11; BMI≥25 kg/m(2), trend p = 0.16; homogeneity-of-trends p = 0.04). Associations for long-term activity did not appear to be driven by activity in any particular life period (e.g. youth, adulthood). CONCLUSIONS Long-term physical activity may reduce papillary thyroid cancer risk among normal weight and underweight women.
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Couto JP, Almeida A, Daly L, Sobrinho-Simões M, Bromberg JF, Soares P. AZD1480 blocks growth and tumorigenesis of RET- activated thyroid cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46869. [PMID: 23056499 PMCID: PMC3462763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent RET activation is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In these cancers, RET activates the ERK/MAPK, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the JAK/STAT3 pathways. Here, we tested the efficacy of a JAK1/2- inhibitor, AZD1480, in the in vitro and in vivo growth of thyroid cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic RET. Thyroid cancer cell lines harboring RET/PTC1 (TPC-1), RET M918T (MZ-CRC1) and RET C634W (TT) alterations, as well as TPC-1 xenografts, were treated with JAK inhibitor, AZD1480. This inhibitor led to growth inhibition and/or apoptosis of the thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro, as well as to tumor regression of TPC-1 xenografts, where it efficiently blocked STAT3 activation in tumor and stromal cells. This inhibition was associated with decreased proliferation, decreased blood vessel density, coupled with increased necrosis. However, AZD1480 repressed the growth of STAT3- deficient TPC-1 cells in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that its effects in this cell line were independent of STAT3 in the tumor cells. In all cell lines, the JAK inhibitor reduced phospho-Y1062 RET levels, and mTOR effector phospho-S6, while JAK1/2 downregulation by siRNA did not affect cell growth nor RET and S6 activation. In conclusion, AZD1480 effectively blocks proliferation and tumor growth of activated RET- thyroid cancer cell lines, likely through direct RET inhibition in cancer cells as well as by modulation of the microenvironment (e.g. via JAK/phospho-STAT3 inhibition in endothelial cells). Thus, AZD1480 should be considered as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of RET- activated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Couto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Cancer Biology, Porto, Portugal
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Li X, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Kandil E. The nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway as a therapeutic target against thyroid cancers. Thyroid 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kollara A, Brown TJ. Expression and function of nuclear receptor co-activator 4: evidence of a potential role independent of co-activator activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3895-909. [PMID: 22562579 PMCID: PMC3492700 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NcoA4), also known as androgen receptor-associated protein 70 (ARA70), was initially discovered as a component of Ret-Fused Gene expressed in a subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Subsequent studies have established NcoA4 as a coactivator for a variety of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptors α and γ, and receptors for steroid hormones, vitamins D and A, thyroid hormone, and aryl hydrocarbons. While human NcoA4 has both LXXLL and FXXLF motifs that mediate p160 coactivator nuclear receptor interactions, this ubiquitously expressed protein lacks clearly defined functional domains. Several studies indicate that NcoA4 localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm and affects ligand-binding specificity of the androgen receptor, which has important implications for androgen-independent prostate cancer. Two NcoA4 variants, which may exert differential activities, have been identified in humans. Recent studies suggest that NcoA4 may play a role in development, carcinogenesis, inflammation, erythrogenesis, and cell cycle progression that may be independent of its role as a receptor coactivator. This review summarizes what is currently known of the structure, expression, regulation, and potential functions of this unique protein in cancerous and non-cancerous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kollara
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, 6-1001TB, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
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21
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Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Tarricone E, Iaccarino L, Gorza L, Doria A. Cutting edge issues in polymyositis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 41:179-89. [PMID: 21191666 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the target tissue of immunoflogistic processes in patients affected with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). IIM are classified into three major forms: polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis. Recent data suggest that, in the major subsets of myositis, antigens in muscles drive a B-cell antigen-specific immune response. Moreover, some non-immunological mechanisms have been advocated. In this regard, an increased expression of Jo-1 and Mi-2 in muscle biopsies from PM and DM patients compared to normal muscle has been demonstrated; these candidate autoantigens in myositis are expressed at high levels in regenerating muscle cells rather than in mature myotubes. Myositis autoantigen upregulation has also been observed in neoplastic tissues, thus representing a potential link between cancer and autoimmunity in myositis. Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) are disease markers and target intracellular proteins involved in key processes such as translocation and nuclear transcription. Myositis target antigens encompass aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the Mi-2 helicase/histone deacetylase protein complex, the signal recognition particle ribonucleoprotein, together with novel target antigens including p155/140, CADM-140, and SAE. Despite their high specificity for autoimmune myositis, MSA target non-muscle restricted proteins ubiquitary to all cell types, making the specific muscle involvement difficult to explain. Non-immunological mechanisms also seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of IIM; activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response due to muscle regeneration and inflammation but independent to MHC-1 up-regulation has been recently reported in patients with myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ghirardello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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Brown R, Francis GL. Autoimmune thyroid disorders. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:432890. [PMID: 22254147 PMCID: PMC3255311 DOI: 10.4061/2011/432890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Brown
- Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wixted JHF, Rothstein JL, Eisenlohr LC. Identification of functionally distinct TRAF proinflammatory and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (PI3K/MEK) transforming activities emanating from RET/PTC fusion oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3691-703. [PMID: 22158616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.322677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas that harbor RET/PTC oncogenes are well differentiated, relatively benign neoplasms compared with those expressing oncogenic RAS or BRAF mutations despite signaling through shared transforming pathways. A distinction, however, is that RET/PTCs induce immunostimulatory programs, suggesting that, in the case of this tumor type, the additional pro-inflammatory pathway reduces aggressiveness. Here, we demonstrate that pro-inflammatory programs are selectively activated by TRAF2 and TRAF6 association with RET/PTC oncoproteins. Eliminating this mechanism reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production without decreasing transformation efficiency. Conversely, ablating MEK/ERK or PI3K/AKT signaling eliminates transformation but not pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Functional uncoupling of the two pathways demonstrates that intrinsic pro-inflammatory pathways are not required for cellular transformation and suggests a need for further investigation into the role inflammation plays in thyroid tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H F Wixted
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Villagelin DGPN, Santos RB, Romaldini JH. Is diffuse and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration in papillary thyroid cancer a marker of good prognosis? J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e403-8. [PMID: 21765238 DOI: 10.3275/7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine neoplasia, representing 70 to 80% of all diagnosed thyroid cancers. Furthermore, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a frequent inflammatory thyroid disease and the main cause of hypothyroidism. The relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and PTC remains controversial. METHODS Surgery for PTC was performed at our institution on 157 consecutive patients. They were classified by the degree of lymphocyte infiltration (LI). LI was classified as diffuse LI or peritumoral LI (only in or around the tumor), or absent. In addition, age, gender, tumor size, histopathological findings, lymph-node metastasis, extra- thyroidal extension, multifocal tumor, coexistence of LI and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Out of the 141 patients included in the study, 83 (59%) had diffuse LI and 22 (16%) had peritumoral LI. In 36 patients (25%) LI was absent. A comparison of patients in the 3 groups revealed no significant difference in their genders, ages, smoking status, thyroid function, or nodule size at the time of surgery. The characteristics of PTC showed no differences in lymph-node metastasis, tumor invasion into contiguous neck structures, angioinvasion, or PTC subtypes. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification and classes did not differ among the 3 groups. During the follow-up, 64 out of 141 patients with PTC (55%) had recurrences from 6 to 130 months after the initial treatment. After a mean follow-up period of 8 yr we observed a significantly (p=0.01) high recurrence (66.6%) in the LI absent group with 24 of 36 patients when compared to patients from the diffuse LI group (32 out of 83 patients; 38.5%) and peritumoral LI group (8 out of 22 patients; 25%). CONCLUSIONS Although the role of the inflammatory-immune cells is complex and little understood, we found a more favorable course of PTC in the presence of LI (diffuse or peritumoral); this supports the hypothesis that LI represents a form of immune reaction to control tumor growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G P N Villagelin
- Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual-IAMSPE/SP, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Soyluk O, Boztepe H, Aral F, Alagol F, Özbey NC. Papillary thyroid carcinoma patients assessed to be at low or intermediary risk after primary treatment are at greater risk of long term recurrence if they are thyroglobulin antibody positive or do not have distinctly low thyroglobulin at initial assessment. Thyroid 2011; 21:1301-8. [PMID: 22136265 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), recurrences during long-term follow-up (R-LTFU) occur even in those who appear to have an excellent prognosis after initial thyroid surgery and usually, radioactive iodine (i.e., "primary treatment"). Initial studies that predict R-LTFU are not well defined. Values for serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements when serum thyrotropin (TSH) is >30 μU/mL, as a result of either recombinant TSH or L-thyroxine withdrawal, referred to here as stimulated Tg (STg), have been previously evaluated. The aim of the current study was to determine the parameters associated with R-LTFU in patients with PTC categorized as having low-risk disease 9 to 12 months after their primary treatment. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 469 patients with PTC with a mean follow-up 5.8±3.9 years. Study patients had to have no uptake in the first postablative diagnostic (131)iodine whole body scan (WBS) performed 9-12 months after primary treatment, a normal cervical ultrasonography (C-US), and STg of <2 ng/mL if their test for antithyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg) was negative. The first two criteria were required for patients with a positive anti-Tg test, and their nominal serum Tg concentrations were not analyzed. RESULTS Twelve patients developed recurrences (2.6%) in cervical region. Greater tumor size, higher STg, and positive anti-Tg tests at initial evaluation were associated with greater R-LTFU. The recurrence rates were 1.5% (7/450) and 26% (5/19), respectively, in patients with negative and positive anti-Tg tests at initial evaluation. Recurrence-free survival was lower in the patients with initial lymph node metastases, positive anti-Tg tests, and STg of ≥0.3 ng/mL at the first postablative WBS (p=0.022, 0.001, 0.035, respectively, by log-rank test). Regression analysis in patients who were anti-Tg negative revealed that STg ≥0.3 ng/mL at this first WBS was the only parameter related to recurrence (p=0.031, odds ratio: 10.30, confidence interval: 1.23-83.3). CONCLUSION Patients with PTC traditionally categorized as low risk during their first 9 to 12 months after primary treatment have a greater risk of R-LTFU if their postablative STg is ≥0.3 ng/mL, or they have positive anti-Tg, even at this early stage. Periodic C-US is important in these patients and should probably be more frequent in patients with PTC who have positive anti-Tg tests or STg ≥0.3 ng/mL in the first year after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Soyluk
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Huang BY, Hseuh C, Chao TC, Lin KJ, Lin JD. Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis present with less aggressive clinical stage and low recurrence. Endocr Pathol 2011; 22:144-9. [PMID: 21647844 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-011-9164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are the most common differentiated thyroid cancers. Previous studies report that Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) concomitant with PTC is unusual and improves prognosis compared to classical PTC. Few previous studies address FTC concomitant with HT. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed data from one institution and compared clinical presentations and results of treatment of PTC and FTC with and without HT. In addition, studies comparing presentation and long term follow-up prognosis in classical PTC and FTC were conducted. A total of 1,788 PTC patients and 209 FTC patients underwent thyroidectomy with or without lymph node dissection and follow-up at Chang Gung Medical Center in Linkou, Taiwan. All thyroid carcinomas were pathologically classified according to World Health Organization criteria. Histological patterns of PTC were categorized as classical PTC, or PTC with HT. Follicular thyroid carcinoma patients were categorized as FTC or FTC with HT. The dataset contained a total of 1,703 PTC cases categorized as classical PTC, 85 cases of PTC with HT, 201 cases of FTC and eight cases of FTC with HT. Analysis of Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) stage revealed a higher percentage of classical PTC in stage IV than HT group (12.03% vs. 4.70%). Mean tumor size of classical PTC was larger than HT group. Although 42.3% of FTC cases presented with distant metastases, no cases of FTC with HT presented with distant metastasis. Cancer-specific mortality was higher in classical PTC group than in PTC with HT. There was 53.2% of FTC without HT assigned recurrent status, and six of them died of thyroid cancer. No cancer mortality or recurrence in HT with FTC. PTC and FTC with HT presented with better clinical stage and better prognosis after same therapeutic modality. In conclusions, both PTC and FTC with HT have less aggressive clinical presentation and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bie-Yu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung and Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Shin St. Kweishan county, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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27
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Cunha LL, Ferreira RC, Marcello MA, Vassallo J, Ward LS. Clinical and pathological implications of concurrent autoimmune thyroid disorders and papillary thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:387062. [PMID: 21403889 PMCID: PMC3043285 DOI: 10.4061/2011/387062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooccurrences of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and thyroid cancer (DTC) have been repeatedly reported. Both CLT and DTC, mainly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), share some epidemiological and molecular features. In fact, thyroid lymphocytic inflammatory reaction has been observed in association with PTC at variable frequency, although the precise relationship between the two diseases is still debated. It also remains a matter of debate whether the association with a CLT or even an autoimmune disorder could influence the prognosis of PTC. A better understanding about clinical implications of autoimmunity in concurrent thyroid cancer could raise new insights of thyroid cancer immunotherapy. In addition, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in autoimmune disease and concurrent cancer allowed us to identify new therapeutic strategies against thyroid cancer. The objective of this article was to review recent literature on the association of these disorders and its potential significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Cunha
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), 126 Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, 13083-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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28
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Kim HS, Ahn KS, Lee JH, Chae YS, Won NH, Choi JS, Kim CH. Effect of Selective Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor in TCDD Pre-exposed Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma Cell Line. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cheil Endocrinology Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Seok Chae
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Won
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Sang Choi
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Russo MA, Arciuch VGA, Di Cristofano A. Mouse models of follicular and papillary thyroid cancer progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:119. [PMID: 22654848 PMCID: PMC3356054 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of well-differentiated thyroid cancers progress or recur, becoming resistant to current therapeutic options. Mouse models recapitulating the genetic and histological features of advanced thyroid cancer have been an invaluable tool to dissect the mechanisms involved in the progression from indolent, well differentiated tumors to aggressive, poorly differentiated carcinomas, and to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the lessons learned from models of epithelial cell-derived thyroid cancer showing progression from hyperplastic lesions to locally invasive and metastatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika A. Russo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
| | - Valeria G. Antico Arciuch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Antonio Di Cristofano, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Room 302, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. e-mail:
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30
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Guarino V, Castellone MD, Avilla E, Melillo RM. Thyroid cancer and inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:94-102. [PMID: 19835928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer types are strongly associated with chronic inflammatory or infectious diseases whereas others are not, but an inflammatory component is present in most human neoplastic lesions. This review focuses on various aspects of thyroid cancer and inflammation. The incidence of thyroid cancer, in particular of well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), is increased in autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid cancer often has an inflammatory cell infiltrate, which includes lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells, whose role in thyroid cancer is still not completely understood. However, most experimental evidence suggests these cells exert a protumorigenic function. Moreover, oncoproteins typically expressed in human PTCs, such as RET/PTC, RAS, and BRAF, trigger a proinflammatory programme in thyreocytes. These data suggest that inflammatory molecules are promising targets for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guarino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR G. Salvatore, Italy
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31
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French JD, Weber ZJ, Fretwell DL, Said S, Klopper JP, Haugen BR. Tumor-associated lymphocytes and increased FoxP3+ regulatory T cell frequency correlate with more aggressive papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2325-33. [PMID: 20207826 PMCID: PMC2869546 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ten to 30% of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) develop recurrent disease and may benefit from innovative adjuvant therapies. Immune-based therapies are under investigation to treat many types of cancer. The role of the immune system in PTC is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether tumor-associated lymphocytes (TAL), in the absence of background thyroiditis (LT), contribute to disease severity. We hypothesized that the type of lymphocytes associated with PTC would correlate with parameters of disease. DESIGN This retrospective study analyzed archived PTC samples for the presence of TAL and/or LT. A group of patients with TAL was evaluated for lymphocyte subsets by immunohistofluorescence. PATIENTS AND SETTING One hundred PTC patients were analyzed for LT and TAL, and 10 PTC patients with TAL were assessed for lymphocyte subsets at University of Colorado Hospital. MAIN OUTCOME We assessed correlations between disease and the presence of TAL, LT, and lymphocyte subset frequency. RESULTS Patients with TAL exhibited higher disease stage and increased incidence of invasion and lymph node metastasis compared with patients without lymphocytes or with LT. CD4(+) T cell frequency correlated with tumor size (r = 0.742; P = 0.017). FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency correlated with lymph node metastases (r = 0.858; P = 0.002), and CD8 to Treg ratio correlated inversely with tumor size (r = -0.804; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS TAL and high Treg frequency in primary thyroid tumors correlates with more aggressive disease. Future prospective studies may identify Treg frequency as a predictive factor in PTC, and the suppressive effects of Treg should be considered in the design of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Selected inflammatory conditions increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the micro-environment of tumours epidemiologically unrelated to inflammation. An intrinsic (driven by genetic events that cause neoplasia) and an extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions which predispose to cancer) pathway link inflammation and cancer. Smouldering inflammation in the tumour microenvironment contributes to proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, response to hormones, and chemotherapeutic agents. Emerging evidence also suggests that cancer-related inflammation promotes genetic instability. Thus, cancer-related inflammation represents a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Ahmad A, Banerjee S, Wang Z, Kong D, Majumdar APN, Sarkar FH. Aging and inflammation: etiological culprits of cancer. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 2:174-86. [PMID: 19997527 DOI: 10.2174/1874609810902030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical phenomenon of aging, as universal as it is, still remains poorly understood. A number of diseases are associated with aging either as a cause or consequence of the aging process. The incidence of human cancers increases exponentially with age and therefore cancer stands out as a disease that is intricately connected to the process of aging. Emerging evidence clearly suggests that there is a symbiotic relationship between aging, inflammation and chronic diseases such as cancer; however, it is not clear whether aging leads to the induction of inflammatory processes thereby resulting in the development and maintenance of chronic diseases or whether inflammation is the causative factor for inducing both aging and chronic diseases such as cancer. Moreover, the development of chronic diseases especially cancer could also lead to the induction of inflammatory processes and may cause premature aging, suggesting that longitudinal research strategies must be employed for dissecting the interrelationships between aging, inflammation and cancer. Here, we have described our current understanding on the importance of inflammation, activation of NF-kappaB and various cytokines and chemokines in the processes of aging and in the development of chronic diseases especially cancer. We have also reviewed the prevailing theories of aging and provided succinct evidence in support of novel theories such as those involving cancer stem cells, the molecular understanding of which would likely hold a great promise towards unraveling the complex relationships between aging, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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34
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Pufnock JS, Rothstein JL. Oncoprotein signaling mediates tumor-specific inflammation and enhances tumor progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5498-506. [PMID: 19380798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The RET/PTC3 (RP3) fusion protein is an oncogene expressed during the development of thyroid cancer and in thyroid epithelial cells of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. RP3 has two immunological properties: 1) it encodes a chimeric protein including peptides that may be targets of antitumor immune responses and 2) it is a tyrosine kinase that can activate NF-kappaB transcriptional programs, induce secretion of proinflammatory mediators, and stimulate innate immunity. To distinguish the antigenic properties of the RP3 oncoprotein from its signaling function, a transplantable tumor system was developed. Tumors expressing the functional, but not mutant, form of RP3 show enhanced infiltration of CD8(+) lymphocytes, myeloid-derived CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells, and enhanced growth in immunocompetent mice. In contrast, RP3 signaling mutant-expressing tumors maintained enhanced infiltration of CD8(+) lymphocytes did not enhance recruitment of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells and showed a decreased tumor incidence. These results implicate a role for RP3 function in enhancing a tumor-suppressive innate inflammatory response. These experiments support a mechanism whereby oncogenes can directly recruit and activate innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in enhanced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Pufnock
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology and Otolaryngology, Thomas Jefferson University, Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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35
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Flavin R, Jackl G, Finn S, Smyth P, Ring M, O'Regan E, Cahill S, Unger K, Denning K, Jinghuan Li, Aherne S, Tallini G, Gaffney E, O'Leary JJ, Zitzelsberger H, Sheils O. RET/PTC rearrangement occurring in primary peritoneal carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2009; 17:187-97. [PMID: 19147513 DOI: 10.1177/1066896908329593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RET/PTC rearrangements are initiating events in the development of a significant proportion of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Activated RET/PTC mutations are thought to be restricted to thyroid disease, but this study proposes that these events may also occur in nonthyroid tumors. A total of 57 nonthyroid papillary tumors were examined for RET/PTC rearrangements using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, Taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Taqman single nucleotide polymorphism detection was used to analyze for expression of mutated BRAF T1799A. In all, 20% (3/15) of primary peritoneal carcinoma had detectable RET/PTC1 rearrangements by all 3 methodologies. A further case of similar histotype had an alternate RET/ PTC rearrangement. No RET/PTC1 rearrangements were detected in the remaining tumor cohort. All 57 tumors were homozygous for wild-type BRAF. The results indicate that RET/PTC rearrangements occur in a small subset of nonthyroid papillary tumors. These rearrangements may not be directly implicated in tumor growth; rather representing "passenger" mutations reflecting RET instability in secondary tumor subclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Flavin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Medical School, Dublin, Ireland.
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36
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Jin L, Burniat A, Dumont JE, Miot F, Corvilain B, Franc B. Human thyroid tumours, the puzzling lessons from E7 and RET/PTC3 transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1874-83. [PMID: 18985036 PMCID: PMC2600679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rearranged RET/PTC3 (papillary thyroid carcinoma) proto-oncogene and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncogene induces in the mouse a neoplastic transformation of thyroid follicular cells. We present a detailed immuno-histological study (170 mouse thyroids: RET/PTC3, E7, wild type, 2- to 10-month-old) with cell cycle proliferation and signalling pathway indicators. The characteristics of both models are different. There is an 'oncogene dependent' cellular signature, maintained at all studied ages in the E7 model, less in the RET/PTC3 model. During tumour development a large heterogeneity occurred in the Tg-RET/PTC3 model within a same tumour or within a same thyroid lobe. The Tg-E7 model was less heterogeneous, with a dominant goitrous pattern. The solid tumour already described in the RET/PTC3 models associated with cribriform patterns, suggested 'PTC spindle cell changes' as in humans PTC rather than the equivalent of the solid human PTC. Proliferation and apoptosis in the two thyroid models are related to the causal oncogene rather than reflect a general tumorigenic process. The thyroids of RET/PTC3 mice appeared as a partial and transient model of human PTCs, whereas the Tg-E7 mice do not belong to the usual PTC type.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRIBHM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique.
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37
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Burniat A, Jin L, Detours V, Driessens N, Goffard JC, Santoro M, Rothstein J, Dumont JE, Miot F, Corvilain B. Gene expression in RET/PTC3 and E7 transgenic mouse thyroids: RET/PTC3 but not E7 tumors are partial and transient models of human papillary thyroid cancers. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5107-17. [PMID: 18583418 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied gene expression profiles in two mouse models of human thyroid carcinoma: the Tg-RET/PTC3 (RP3) and Tg-E7 mice. RP3 fusion gene is the most frequent mutation found in the first wave post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs). E7 is an oncoprotein derived from the human papillomavirus 16 responsible for most cervical carcinoma in women. Both transgenic mice develop thyroid hyperplasia followed by solid differentiated carcinoma in older animals. To understand the different steps leading to carcinoma, we analyzed thyroid gene expression in both strains at different ages by microarray technology. Important biological processes were differentially regulated in the two tumor types. In E7 thyroids, cell cycle was the most up-regulated process, an observation consistent with the huge size of these tumors. In RP3 thyroids, contrary to E7 tumors, several human PTC characteristics were observed: overexpression of many immune-related genes, regulation of human PTC markers, up-regulation of EGF-like growth factors and significant regulation of angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling-related genes. However, similarities were incomplete; they did not concern the overall gene expression and were not conserved in old animals. Therefore, RP3 tumors are partial and transient models of human PTC. They constitute a good model, especially in young animals, to study the respective role of the biological processes shared with human PTC and will allow testing drugs targeting these validated variables.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/physiopathology
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Space
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Gland/physiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Burniat
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1044, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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39
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Degeorge KC, Degeorge BR, Testa JS, Rothstein JL. Inhibition of oncogene-induced inflammatory chemokines using a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2008; 5:3. [PMID: 18304343 PMCID: PMC2268934 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) are small molecule agents originally formulated to inhibit the oncogenic functions of Ras. Although subsequent analysis of FTI activity revealed wider effects on other pathways, the drug has been demonstrated to reduce Ras signaling by direct measurements. The purpose of the current study was to determine if FTI could be used to inhibit the inflammatory activities of a known Ras-activating human oncoprotein, RET/PTC3. RET/PTC3 is a fusion oncoprotein expressed in the thyroid epithelium of patients afflicted with thyroid autoimmune disease and/or differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Previous studies have demonstrated that RET/PTC3 signals through Ras and can provoke nuclear translocation of NFκB and the downstream release of pro-inflammatory mediators from thyroid follicular cells in vitro and in vivo, making it an ideal target for studies using FTI. Methods For the studies described here, an in vitro assay was developed to measure FTI inhibition of RET/PTC3 pro-inflammatory effects. Rat thyrocytes transfected with RET/PTC3 or vector control cDNA were co-cultured with FTI and examined for inhibition of chemokine expression and secretion measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Immunoblot analysis was used to confirm the level at which FTI acts on RET/PTC3-expressing cells, and Annexin V/PI staining of cells was used to assess cell death in RET/PTC3-expressing cells co-cultured with FTI. Results These analyses revealed significant mRNA and protein inhibition of chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl1 with nanomolar doses of FTI. Neither RET/PTC3 protein expression nor apoptosis were affected at any dose of FTI investigated. Conclusion These data suggest that FTI may be applied as an effective inhibitor for RET/PTC3-oncogene induced pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine C Degeorge
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology/Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19107, USA.
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40
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Ward LS, Morari EC, Leite JL, Bufalo NE, Guilhen ACT, Araujo PPCD, Tincani AJ, Assumpção LVM, Matos PS. Identifying a risk profile for thyroid cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:713-22. [PMID: 17891234 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The large use of simple and effective diagnostic tools has significantly contributed to the increase in diagnosis of thyroid cancer over the past years. However, there is compelling evidence that most micropapillary carcinomas have an indolent behavior and may never evolve into clinical cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new tools able to predict which thyroid cancers will remain silent, and which thyroid cancers will present an aggressive behavior. There are a number of well-established clinical predictors of malignancy and recent studies have suggested that some of the patient’s laboratory data and image methods may be useful. Molecular markers have also been increasingly tested and some of them appear to be very promising, such as BRAF, a few GST genes and p53 polymorphisms. In addition, modern tools, such as immunocytochemical markers, and the measure of the fractal nature of chromatin organization may increase the specificity of the pathological diagnosis of malignancy and help ascertain the prognosis. Guidelines designed to select nodules for further evaluation, as well as new methods aimed at distinguishing carcinomas of higher aggressiveness among the usually indolent thyroid tumors are an utmost necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sterian Ward
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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41
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Gasparre G, Porcelli AM, Bonora E, Pennisi LF, Toller M, Iommarini L, Ghelli A, Moretti M, Betts CM, Martinelli GN, Ceroni AR, Curcio F, Carelli V, Rugolo M, Tallini G, Romeo G. Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9001-6. [PMID: 17517629 PMCID: PMC1885617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703056104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncocytic tumors are a distinctive class of proliferative lesions composed of cells with a striking degree of mitochondrial hyperplasia that are particularly frequent in the thyroid gland. To understand whether specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are associated with the accumulation of mitochondria, we sequenced the entire mtDNA in 50 oncocytic lesions (45 thyroid tumors of epithelial cell derivation and 5 mitochondrion-rich breast tumors) and 52 control cases (21 nononcocytic thyroid tumors, 15 breast carcinomas, and 16 gliomas) by using recently developed technology that allows specific and reliable amplification of the whole mtDNA with quick mutation scanning. Thirteen oncocytic lesions (26%) presented disruptive mutations (nonsense or frameshift), whereas only two samples (3.8%) presented such mutations in the nononcocytic control group. In one case with multiple thyroid nodules analyzed separately, a disruptive mutation was found in the only nodule with oncocytic features. In one of the five mitochondrion-rich breast tumors, a disruptive mutation was identified. All disruptive mutations were found in complex I subunit genes, and the association between these mutations and the oncocytic phenotype was statistically significant (P=0.001). To study the pathogenicity of these mitochondrial mutations, primary cultures from oncocytic tumors and corresponding normal tissues were established. Electron microscopy and biochemical and molecular analyses showed that primary cultures derived from tumors bearing disruptive mutations failed to maintain the mutations and the oncocytic phenotype. We conclude that disruptive mutations in complex I subunits are markers of thyroid oncocytic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gasparre
- *Unità di Genetica Medica, Policlinico Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi
| | | | - Elena Bonora
- *Unità di Genetica Medica, Policlinico Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Cardioangiologia ed Epatologia, U.O. Genetica Medica, Padiglione 11, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | - Matteo Toller
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica and Centro Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, University of Udine,33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Anna Ghelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica and Centro Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, University of Udine,33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Curcio
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica and Centro Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, University of Udine,33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Tallini
- Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Bellaria, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- *Unità di Genetica Medica, Policlinico Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi
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Eisenlohr LC, Rothstein JL. Oncogenic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2006; 6:107-14. [PMID: 17138254 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many models exist to explain the induction and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Despite their validation in a variety of animal models, the basis for autoimmune disease in humans remains unknown. Here, we propose that an important aspect of autoimmune disease is the active participation of the target organ due to endogenously produced co-stimulatory factors that cause prolonged antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation. Evidence suggests that a major source of such endogenous signaling comes from newly transformed cells within the target organ that produce pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology and Otolaryngology-HNS, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Mesa C, Mirza M, Mitsutake N, Sartor M, Medvedovic M, Tomlinson C, Knauf JA, Weber GF, Fagin JA. Conditional activation of RET/PTC3 and BRAFV600E in thyroid cells is associated with gene expression profiles that predict a preferential role of BRAF in extracellular matrix remodeling. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6521-9. [PMID: 16818623 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) are associated with nonoverlapping mutations of genes coding for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling effectors (i.e., the TK receptors RET or NTRK and the signaling proteins RAS and BRAF). We examined the pattern of gene expression after activation of these oncoproteins in thyroid PCCL3 cells, with the goal of identifying pathways or gene subsets that may account for the phenotypic differences observed in human cancers. We hybridized cDNA from cells treated with or without doxycycline to induce expression of BRAF(V600E), RET/PTC3, or RET/PTC3 with small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of BRAF, respectively, to slides arrayed with a rat 70-mer oligonucleotide library consisting of 27,342 oligos. Among the RET/PTC3-induced genes, 2,552 did not require BRAF as they were similarly regulated by RET/PTC3 with or without BRAF knockdown and not by expression of BRAF(V600E). Immune response and IFN-related genes were highly represented in this group. About 24% of RET/PTC3-regulated genes were BRAF dependent, as they were similarly modified by RET/PTC3 and BRAF(V600E) but not in cells expressing RET/PTC3 with knockdown of BRAF. A gene cluster coding for components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pathway was down-regulated in this group, potentially altering regulation of cell viability. Metalloproteinases were also preferentially induced by BRAF, particularly matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), MMP9, and MMP13. Accordingly, conditional expression of BRAF was associated with markedly increased invasion into Matrigel compared with cells expressing RET/PTC3. The preferential induction of MMPs by BRAF could explain in part the more invasive behavior of thyroid cancers with BRAF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Mesa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Pomérance M, Quillard J, Chantoux F, Young J, Blondeau JP. High-level expression, activation, and subcellular localization of p38-MAP kinase in thyroid neoplasms. J Pathol 2006; 209:298-306. [PMID: 16583356 DOI: 10.1002/path.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The p38 family of MAP kinases (p38-MAPKs) is involved in regulating the proliferation, survival, and migration of various cancer cells. The present study has investigated the expression, subcellular localization, phosphorylation, and activity of p38-MAPKs in normal and tumoural human thyroid tissues and in thyroid cell lines. The expression and nucleo-cytosolic compartmentalization of the alpha-isoform of p38-MAPKs (p38alpha-MAPK) were studied by western blotting in the WRO and B-CPAP cell lines, which are derived from human follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas, respectively, and in the non-transformed rat thyroid cell lines FRTL-5 and PCCL3. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression and subcellular localization of p38alpha-MAPK, and of the phosphorylated forms of p38-MAPKs (P-p38-MAPKs) in human toxic adenomas (TAs), follicular adenomas (FAs), papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs). The activity of p38-MAPKs in PTCs and FTCs was revealed by immunohistochemical detection of their typical phosphorylated substrate, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3). p38alpha-MAPK was expressed in all cell lines and this expression was restricted to the cytosolic compartment. p38 MAPK activity was involved in regulating DNA synthesis in B-CPAP cells. p38alpha-MAPK and P-p38-MAPKs were strongly expressed in PTC and FTC cells, although only in the cytoplasm, whereas they were only very weakly expressed in FA cells, and absent in adjacent normal tissues. They were also expressed at a high level in TAs, but they were found in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Finally, phospho-MK2/3 immunostaining followed very similar patterns to those of p38alpha-MAPK and P-p38-MAPKs in PTCs and FTCs. Taken together, these results show for the first time that the p38-MAPK signalling cascade is functional in two types of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. The observation that p38-MAPK hyper-expression occurs in FTC, but not in FA, may provide an additional diagnostic tool for malignancy in some thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pomérance
- INSERM U486, Transduction Hormonale & Régulation Cellulaire, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France.
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Scouten WT, Francis GL. Thyroid cancer and the immune system: a model for effective immune surveillance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:353-366. [PMID: 30764074 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancers, including papillary and follicular variants, are a useful model with which to examine interactions between cancer and the immune system. Differentiated thyroid cancers are detected in only 20,000 individuals annually in the USA, but thyroid microcarcinomas (< 1 cm in diameter) are far more common. This suggests that the immune system might restrain the growth of these microcarcinomas. On the clinical level, patients with lymphocytes that infiltrate into papillary thyroid cancer have improved survival, supporting the notion that immune system activation might improve this. Together, these observations suggest that the growth and distant spread of thyroid carcinoma are suppressed by mechanisms of immune surveillance, possibly involving lymphocytes, macrophages and their secreted products. In this review, we examine the general hypothesis of immune surveillance and the data pertaining to the roles of lymphocytes, dendritic cells and cytokines in the immune response against thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Scouten
- a Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Portsmouth Naval Medical Center, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA.
| | - Gary L Francis
- b Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, PO Box 980140, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Weber GJ, Choe SE, Dooley KA, Paffett-Lugassy NN, Zhou Y, Zon LI. Mutant-specific gene programs in the zebrafish. Blood 2005; 106:521-30. [PMID: 15827125 PMCID: PMC1895186 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-11-4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis involves the production of stem cells, followed by the orchestrated differentiation of the blood lineages. Genetic screens in zebrafish have identified mutants with defects that disrupt specific stages of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis, including the cloche, spadetail (tbx16), moonshine (tif1g), bloodless, and vlad tepes (gata1) mutants. To better characterize the blood program, gene expression profiling was carried out in these mutants and in scl-morphants (scl(mo)). Distinct gene clusters were demarcated by stage-specific and mutant-specific gene regulation. These were found to correlate with the transcriptional program of hematopoietic progenitor cells, as well as of the erythroid, myeloid, and vascular lineages. Among these, several novel hematopoietic and vascular genes were detected, for instance, the erythroid transcription factors znfl2 and ncoa4. A specific regulation was found for myeloid genes, as they were more strongly expressed in vlt mutants compared with other erythroid mutants. A unique gene expression pattern of up-regulated isoprenoid synthesis genes was found in cloche and scl(mo), possibly in migrating cells. In conjunction with the high conservation of vertebrate hematopoiesis, the comparison of transcriptional profiles in zebrafish blood mutants represents a versatile and powerful tool to elucidate the genetic regulation of blood and blood vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Weber
- Children's Hospital Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Karp 7, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shinohara S, Rothstein JL. Interleukin 24 is induced by the RET/PTC3 oncoprotein and is an autocrine growth factor for epithelial cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7571-9. [PMID: 15326486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancers, like hematological malignancies, are commonly associated with chromosomal translocations leading to the formation of fusion proteins. Through altered signaling by fusion proteins, cell death and survival pathways are disrupted and the physiological balance of cell-cell communication may be lost. A consequence of this disruption is the release of factors by stressed cells that alert the host. One type of host response is leukocytic infiltration that may develop into chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease. Although inflammation can be associated with neoplastic tissue, the mechanism driving this process is largely unknown. Therefore, to address the mechanism of cancer inflammation we investigated the effects of an oncogene in a murine model system. A comprehensive genetic analysis revealed several soluble factors that were induced by RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)3 gene expression including several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immunologically relevant costimulatory molecules. Following a large genetic screen using RP3-expressing thyroid cells, we identified a highly abundant transcript and later identified it as interleukin 24 (Il24), a cytokine with diverse tumor suppressor and inflammatory activities. We show that RET/PTC3 induces Il24 expression in rat thyrocytes and that this expression is dependent on the signaling properties of its tyrosine kinase. Likewise, RET/PTC3 induces large amounts of Il24 following expression in murine thyrocytes, but its expression is dramatically reduced in poorly differentiated carcinomas, a finding that parallels the loss of RET/PTC3 expression. Consistent with its behavior as a tumor suppressor, the loss of Il24 coincided with the loss of RET/PTC3 in poorly differentiated mouse tumors. A functional role of Il24 in the autocrine growth/survival of RET/PTC3-expressing thyroid cells was identified helping to support its role in cellular transformation. These data suggest that the induction of Il24 by oncogenes may support tumor growth at the early stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Shinohara
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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