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Chang Y, Hummel SN, Jung J, Jin G, Deng Q, Bao X. Engineered hematopoietic and immune cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2023; 127:14-27. [PMID: 37611730 PMCID: PMC10615717 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past decade, significant advances have been achieved in human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation for treating various blood diseases and cancers. However, challenges remain with the quality control, amount, and cost of HSCs and HSC-derived immune cells. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) may transform HSC transplantation and cancer immunotherapy by providing a cost-effective and scalable cell source for fundamental studies and translational applications. In this review, we discuss the current developments in the field of stem cell engineering for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) differentiation and further differentiation of HSPCs into functional immune cells. The key advances in stem cell engineering include the generation of HSPCs from hPSCs, genetic modification of hPSCs, and hPSC-derived HSPCs for improved function, further differentiation of HPSCs into functional immune cells, and applications of cell culture platforms for hematopoietic cell manufacturing. Current challenges impeding the translation of hPSC-HSPCs and immune cells as well as further directions to address these challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sydney N Hummel
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Juhyung Jung
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Gyuhyung Jin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qing Deng
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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2
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Derakhshani M, Abbaszadeh H, Movassaghpour AA, Mehdizadeh A, Ebrahimi-Warkiani M, Yousefi M. Strategies for elevating hematopoietic stem cells expansion and engraftment capacity. Life Sci 2019; 232:116598. [PMID: 31247209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare cell population in adult bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood possessing self-renewal and differentiation capability into a full spectrum of blood cells. Bone marrow HSC transplantation has been considered as an ideal option for certain disorders treatment including hematologic diseases, leukemia, immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure syndrome, genetic defects such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, autoimmune disease, and certain solid cancers. Ex vivo proliferation of these cells prior to transplantation has been proposed as a potential solution against limited number of stem cells. In such culture process, MSCs have also been shown to exhibit high capacity for secretion of soluble mediators contributing to the principle biological and therapeutic activities of HSCs. In addition, endothelial cells have been introduced to bridge the blood and sub tissues in the bone marrow, as well as, HSCs regeneration induction and survival. Cell culture in the laboratory environment requires cell growth strict control to protect against contamination, symmetrical cell division and optimal conditions for maximum yield. In this regard, microfluidic systems provide culture and analysis capabilities in micro volume scales. Moreover, two-dimensional cultures cannot fully demonstrate extracellular matrix found in different tissues and organs as an abstract representation of three dimensional cell structure. Microfluidic systems can also strongly describe the effects of physical factors such as temperature and pressure on cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Derakhshani
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Abbaszadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi-Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Elias HK, Bryder D, Park CY. Molecular mechanisms underlying lineage bias in aging hematopoiesis. Semin Hematol 2017; 54:4-11. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Nakamura T, Shinriki S, Jono H, Guo J, Ueda M, Hayashi M, Yamashita S, Zijlstra A, Nakayama H, Hiraki A, Shinohara M, Ando Y. Intrinsic TGF-β2-triggered SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling axis is crucial for drug resistance and a slow-cycling state in bone marrow-disseminated tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1008-19. [PMID: 25504440 PMCID: PMC4359213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormant or slow-cycling disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in bone marrow (BM) are resistant to conventional therapy in various cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), although the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the intrinsic molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in BM-DTCs. We used in vivo selection of the human HNSCC cell line HEp3, which mimics non-proliferative BM-DTCs in mice, to establish BM-DTC-derived (BM-HEp3) and lung metastases-derived (Lu-HEp3) sublines. Both sublines had higher migration activity and shortened survival in a murine xenograft model compared with parental (P-HEp3) cells. Slow-cycling BM-HEp3 cells had intrinsically enhanced cisplatin resistance compared with Lu-HEp3 cells, which also manifested this resistance but proliferated rapidly. The drug resistance and slow-cycling state of BM-HEp3 cells depended on enhanced positive feedback of the signaling axis of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-C-X-C chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) via their overexpression. Interestingly, BM-DTCs highly expressed transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) to maintain SDF-1-CXCR4 overexpression. Inhibition of SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling by down-regulating TGF-β2 fully reversed the drug resistance of BM-HEp3 cells via reactivation of cell proliferation. These data suggest that the intrinsic TGF-β2-triggered SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling axis is crucial for drug resistance dependent on a slow-cycling state in BM-DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University and Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jianying Guo
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Hiraki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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5
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Xie J, Zhang C. Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:839-53. [PMID: 26246379 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would benefit clinical applications in several aspects, to improve patient survival, utilize cord blood stem cells for adult applications, and selectively propagate stem cell populations after genetic manipulation. In this review we summarize and discuss recent advances in the culture systems of mouse and human HSCs, which include stroma/HSC co-culture, continuous perfusion and fed-batch cultures, and those supplemented with extrinsic ligands, membrane transportable transcription factors, complement components, protein modification enzymes, metabolites, or small molecule chemicals. Some of the expansion systems have been tested in clinical trials. The optimal condition for ex vivo expansion of the primitive and functional human HSCs is still under development. An improved understanding of the mechanisms for HSC cell fate determination and the HSC culture characteristics will guide development of new strategies to overcome difficulties. In the future, development of a combination treatment regimen with agents that enhance self-renewal, block differentiation, and improve homing will be critical. Methods to enhance yields and lower cost during collection and processing should be employed. The employment of an efficient system for ex vivo expansion of HSCs will facilitate the further development of novel strategies for cell and gene therapies including genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Xie
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA
| | - ChengCheng Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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6
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TGF-β signaling in the control of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2015; 125:3542-50. [PMID: 25833962 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-618090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood is a tissue with high cellular turnover, and its production is a tightly orchestrated process that requires constant replenishment. All mature blood cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are the self-renewing units that sustain lifelong hematopoiesis. HSC behavior, such as self-renewal and quiescence, is regulated by a wide array of factors, including external signaling cues present in the bone marrow. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of cytokines constitutes a multifunctional signaling circuitry, which regulates pivotal functions related to cell fate and behavior in virtually all tissues of the body. In the hematopoietic system, TGF-β signaling controls a wide spectrum of biological processes, from homeostasis of the immune system to quiescence and self-renewal of HSCs. Here, we review key features and emerging concepts pertaining to TGF-β and downstream signaling pathways in normal HSC biology, featuring aspects of aging, hematologic disease, and how this circuitry may be exploited for clinical purposes in the future.
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Abstract
Future stem cell-based therapies will benefit from the new discoveries being made on pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells. Understanding the genes regulating pluripotency has opened new opportunities to generate patient-tailored therapies. However, protocols for deriving progenitor cells of therapeutic grade from these pluripotent stem cells are not yet worked out. In particular the potential of these cells in treating diseases when compared to their adult progenitor counterparts is unknown. This is crucial work that needs to be studied in detail because we will need to determine engraftment potential of these cells and their ability for multi-lineage engraftment in the in vivo setting before any clinical applications. The ability of these cells to engraft is dependent on their expression of cell surface markers which guide their homing patterns. In this review, I discuss murine hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from mouse ES cells. Stem cells in the bone marrow are found in the bone marrow niches. Our knowledge of the bone marrow niches is growing and will ultimately lead to improved clinical transplantation of bone marrow cells. We are, however, a long way in appreciating how hematopoietic progenitor cells migrate and populate lymphoid tissues. One of the variables in generating hematopoietic progenitor cells is that different labs use different approaches in generating progenitor cells. In some cases, the ES cell lines used show some variability as well. The cell culture media used by the different investigators highly influence the maturation level of the cells and their homing patterns. Here, mouse ES cell-derived progenitor cells are discussed.
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Bragado P, Estrada Y, Parikh F, Krause S, Capobianco C, Farina HG, Schewe DM, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. TGF-β2 dictates disseminated tumour cell fate in target organs through TGF-β-RIII and p38α/β signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1351-61. [PMID: 24161934 PMCID: PMC4006312 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In patients non-proliferative disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) can persist in the bone marrow (BM) while other organs (i.e. lung) present growing metastasis. This suggested that the BM might be a metastasis “restrictive soil” by encoding dormancy-inducing cues in DTCs. Here we show in a HNSCC model that strong and specific TGFβ2 signalling in the BM activates p38α/β, inducing a [ERK/p38]low signalling ratio. This results in induction of DEC2/SHARP1 and p27, downregulation of CDK4 and dormancy of malignant DTCs. TGFβ2-induced dormancy required TGFβ-receptor-I, TGFβ-receptor-III and SMAD1/5 activation to induce p27. In lungs, a metastasis “permissive soil” with low TGFβ2 levels, DTC dormancy was short lived and followed by metastatic growth. Importantly, systemic inhibition of TGFβ-receptor-I or p38α/β activities awakened dormant DTCs fueling multi-organ metastasis. Our work reveals a “seed and soil” mechanism where TGFβ2 and TGFβRIII signalling through p38α/β regulates DTC dormancy and defines restrictive (BM) and -permissive (lung) microenvironments for HNSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Bragado
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
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9
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Tesio M, Oser GM, Baccelli I, Blanco-Bose W, Wu H, Göthert JR, Kogan SC, Trumpp A. Pten loss in the bone marrow leads to G-CSF-mediated HSC mobilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2337-49. [PMID: 24127490 PMCID: PMC3804947 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the phosphatase and tumor suppressor gene PTEN induces G-CSF production in myeloid and stromal cells, thereby promoting HSCs mobilization from the bone marrow to the spleen and the initiation of lethal leukemia. The phosphatase and tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and plays a key role in cell growth, proliferation, survival, and migration. Pten conditional deletion using MxCre or Scl-CreERT leads to splenomegaly and leukemia formation, which occurs after the relocation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the bone marrow to the spleen. Unexpectedly, dormant HSCs in the bone marrow do not enter the cell cycle upon Pten loss, they do not lose self-renewal activity, and they are not exhausted. Instead, Pten deficiency causes an up-regulation of the PI3K pathway in myeloid cells, but not in HSCs. Strikingly, myeloid cells secrete high levels of G-CSF upon Pten loss, leading to the mobilization of HSCs from the bone marrow and accumulation in the spleen. After deletion of Pten in mice lacking G-CSF, the splenomegaly, myeloproliferative disease, and splenic HSC accumulation are rescued. Our data show that although PTEN has little if any role in normal HSCs, it is essential to prevent overt G-CSF production by myeloid and stromal cells which otherwise causes HSCs to relocate to the spleen followed by lethal leukemia initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Tesio
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Shah CA, Bei L, Wang H, Platanias LC, Eklund EA. HoxA10 protein regulates transcription of gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18230-48. [PMID: 22493287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.328401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HoxA10 is a member of a highly conserved family of homeodomain transcription factors that are involved in definitive hematopoiesis and implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). During normal hematopoiesis, HoxA10 facilitates myeloid progenitor expansion and impedes myeloid differentiation. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that control these events, we have been identifying and characterizing HoxA10 target genes. In this study, we identified the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2 or basic fibroblast growth factor) as a target gene that is relevant to the biological effects of HoxA10. We identified two cis elements in the proximal FGF2 promoter that are activated by HoxA10 in myeloid progenitor cells and differentiating phagocytes. We determined that Fgf2 expression and secretion are regulated in a HoxA10-dependent manner in these cells. We found that increased Fgf2 production by HoxA10-overexpressing myeloid progenitor cells induced a phosphoinositol 3-kinase-dependent increase in β-catenin protein. This resulted in autocrine stimulation of proliferation in HoxA10-overexpressing cells and hypersensitivity to other cytokines that share this pathway. Therefore, these studies identified expression of Fgf2 as a mechanism by which HoxA10 controls the size of the myeloid progenitor population. These studies also suggested that aberrant production of Fgf2 may contribute to leukemogenesis in the subset of AML with dysregulated Hox expression. Therapeutic targeting of Fgf2-stimulated signaling pathways might be a rational approach to this poor prognosis subset of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag A Shah
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Avagyan S, Aguilo F, Kamezaki K, Snoeck HW. Quantitative trait mapping reveals a regulatory axis involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PRDM16, transforming growth factor-β2 and FLT3 in hematopoiesis. Blood 2011; 118:6078-86. [PMID: 21967974 PMCID: PMC3234666 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-365080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process whereby BM HSCs renew to maintain their number or to differentiate into committed progenitors to generate all blood cells. One approach to gain mechanistic insight into this complex process is the investigation of quantitative genetic variation in hematopoietic function among inbred mouse strains. We previously showed that TGF-β2 is a genetically determined positive regulator of hematopoiesis. In the presence of unknown nonprotein serum factors TGF-β2, but not TGF-β1 or -β3, enhances progenitor proliferation in vitro, an effect that is subject to mouse strain-dependent variation mapping to a locus on chr.4, Tb2r1. TGF-β2-deficient mice show hematopoietic defects, demonstrating the physiologic role of this cytokine. Here, we show that TGF-β2 specifically and predominantly cell autonomously enhances signaling by FLT3 in vitro and in vivo. A coding polymorphism in Prdm16 (PR-domain-containing 16) underlies Tb2r1 and differentially regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), identifying lipid PPAR ligands as the serum factors required for regulation of FLT3 signaling by TGF-β2. We furthermore show that PPARγ agonists play a FLT3-dependent role in stress responses of progenitor cells. These observations identify a novel regulatory axis that includes PPARs, Prdm16, and TGF-β2 in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Blank U, Karlsson S. The role of Smad signaling in hematopoiesis and translational hematology. Leukemia 2011; 25:1379-88. [PMID: 21566654 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) of adult individuals and function to produce and regenerate the entire blood and immune system over the course of an individual's lifetime. Historically, HSCs are among the most thoroughly characterized tissue-specific stem cells. Despite this, the regulation of fate options, such as self-renewal and differentiation, has remained elusive, partly because of the expansive plethora of factors and signaling cues that govern HSC behavior in vivo. In the BM, HSCs are housed in specialized niches that dovetail the behavior of HSCs with the need of the organism. The Smad-signaling pathway, which operates downstream of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of ligands, regulates a diverse set of biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, in many different organ systems. Much of the function of Smad signaling in hematopoiesis has remained nebulous due to early embryonic lethality of most knockout mouse models. However, recently new data have been uncovered, suggesting that the Smad-signaling circuitry is intimately linked to HSC regulation. In this review, we bring the Smad-signaling pathway into focus, chronicling key concepts and recent advances with respect to TGF-β-superfamily signaling in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blank
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in oncogenic transformation by v-Rel. Virology 2011; 413:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Shah CA, Wang H, Bei L, Platanias LC, Eklund EA. HoxA10 regulates transcription of the gene encoding transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFbeta2) in myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3161-76. [PMID: 21087928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HoxA10 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is maximally expressed in myeloid progenitor cells. HoxA10 is overexpressed in a poor prognosis subset of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in vivo overexpression of HoxA10 in murine bone marrow induces myeloid leukemia. HoxA10 contributes to myeloid progenitor expansion and differentiation block, but few target genes have been identified that explain the influence of HoxA10 on these processes. The current study identifies the gene encoding transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) as a HoxA10 target gene. We found that HoxA10 activated TGFβ2 transcription by interacting with tandem cis elements in the promoter. We also determined that HoxA10 overexpression in myeloid progenitor cells increased Tgfβ2 production by the cells. Tgfβ2 stimulates proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Therefore, these studies identified autocrine stimulation of myeloid progenitors by Tgfβ2 as one mechanism by which HoxA10 expands this population. Because HoxA proteins had not been previously known to influence expression of pro-proliferative cytokines, this has implications for understanding molecular mechanisms involved in progenitor expansion and the pathobiology of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag A Shah
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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15
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Vidro EK, Gee S, Unda R, Ma JX, Tsin A. Glucose and TGFbeta2 modulate the viability of cultured human retinal pericytes and their VEGF release. Curr Eye Res 2009; 33:984-93. [PMID: 19085381 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802450976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the effects of glucose and exogenous TGFbeta2 on viability and VEGF release by human retinal pericytes (HRP). METHODS Human retinal pericytes (HRP) were cultured in 5 mM (physiologic) or high (18 mM) glucose with or without added TGFbeta2. Viable cells were counted; TGFbeta2 and VEGF in the conditioned media (CM) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS High glucose significantly reduced viable cell number and increased the levels of TGFbeta2 and VEGF. TGFbeta2 caused a significant dose-dependent effect on viable cell number and on the level of VEGF secreted into the CM by HRP in physiologic glucose, decreasing viable cell number, and increasing VEGF release per 1000 cells at a low concentration (0.1 ng/ml) and increasing viable cell number and decreasing VEGF release per 1000 cells at higher concentrations (1.0 and 10 ng/ml). TGFbeta2 affected neither parameter in high glucose. CONCLUSIONS Elevated glucose decreased HRP viability and modulated changes in TGFbeta2 and VEGF release. This suggests a novel mechanism for HRP dropout in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen K Vidro
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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16
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Avagyan S, Glouchkova L, Choi J, Snoeck HW. A quantitative trait locus on chromosome 4 affects cycling of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells through regulation of TGF-beta 2 responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:5904-11. [PMID: 18941179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment is subject to extensive quantitative genetic variation. We have previously shown that TGF-beta2 at low concentrations enhances flt3 ligand-induced growth of HSPCs, while it is potently antiproliferative at higher concentrations. This in vitro enhancing effect was subject to quantitative genetic variation, for which a quantitative trait locus (QTL) was tentatively mapped to chromosome 4 (chr.4). Tgfb2(+/-) mice have a smaller and more slowly cycling HSPC compartment, which has a decreased serial repopulation capacity, and are less susceptible to the lethal effect of high doses of 5-fluorouracil. To unequivocally demonstrate that these phenotypes can be attributed to the enhancing effect of TGF-beta2 on HSPC proliferation observed in vitro and are therefore subject to mouse strain-dependent variation as well, we generated congenic mice where the telomeric region of chr.4 was introgressed from DBA/2 into C57BL/6 mice. In these mice, the enhancing effect of TGF-beta2 on flt3 signaling, but not the generic antiproliferative effect of high concentrations of TGF-beta2, was abrogated, confirming the location of this QTL, which we named tb2r1, on chr.4. These mice shared a smaller and more slowly cycling HSPC compartment and increased 5-fluorouracil resistance but not a decreased serial repopulation capacity with Tgfb2(+/-) mice. The concordance of phenotypes between Tgfb2(+/-) and congenic mice indicates that HSPC frequency and cycling are regulated by tb2r1, while an additional QTL in the telomeric region of chr.4 may regulate the serial repopulation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Calabrese EJ. Dose-Response Features of Neuroprotective Agents: An Integrative Summary. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:253-348. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440801981965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Liang Y, Van Zant G. Aging stem cells, latexin, and longevity. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1962-72. [PMID: 18374916 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0093, USA
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19
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Hematopoietic stem cell aging: wrinkles in stem cell potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:201-11. [PMID: 17917133 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-007-0027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) continuously replenish the blood and immune systems. Their activity must be sustained throughout life to support optimal immune responses. It has been thought that stem cells may be somewhat protected from age because of their perpetual requirement to replenish the blood, however studies over the past 10 years have revealed dramatic changes in HSC function and phenotype with respect to age. When the number of HSC within murine bone marrow is measured, an increase in concentration and absolute number of HSC within the bone marrow is observed as the animal ages, paralleled with increased homogeneity of stem cell marker expression. Results from transplantation studies demonstrate that although there is a decline in hematopoietic output on a per-cell basis, the increase in number provides sufficient, yet abnormal, blood production throughout the lifespan of the animal. HSC may play a role in immunosenescence through cell-fate decisions leading to an overproduction of myeloid cells and an underproduction of lymphocytes. When examining gene expression of aged HSC, recent studies have highlighted several key factors contributing to increased inflammation, stress response and genomic instability. Here, we will review the general phenotype observed with aging of the hematopoietic system, focusing on the HSC, and compile recent expression profiling efforts that have examined HSC aging.
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Liang Y, Jansen M, Aronow B, Geiger H, Van Zant G. The quantitative trait gene latexin influences the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. Nat Genet 2007; 39:178-88. [PMID: 17220891 DOI: 10.1038/ng1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We mapped quantitative trait loci that accounted for the variation in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers between young adult C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice. In reciprocal chromosome 3 congenic mice, introgressed D2 alleles increased HSC numbers owing to enhanced proliferation and self-renewal and reduced apoptosis, whereas B6 alleles had the opposite effects. Using oligonucleotide arrays, real-time PCR and protein blots, we identified latexin (Lxn), a gene whose differential transcription and expression was associated with the allelic differences. Expression was inversely correlated with the number of HSCs; therefore, ectopic expression of Lxn using a retroviral vector decreased stem cell population size. We identified clusters of SNPs upstream of the Lxn transcriptional start site, at least two of which are associated with potential binding sites for transcription factors regulating stem cells. Thus, promoter polymorphisms between the B6 and D2 alleles may affect Lxn gene expression and consequently influence the population size of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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21
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Johannes F, Blizard DA, Lionikas A, Lang DH, Vandenbergh DJ, Stout JT, Strauss JA, McClearn GE, Vogler GP. QTL influencing baseline hematocrit in the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J lineage: age-related effects. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:689-99. [PMID: 16783647 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-006-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Baseline serum hematocrit varies substantially in the population. While additive genetic factors account for a large part of this variability, little is known about the genetic architecture underlying the trait. Because hematocrit levels vary with age, it is plausible that quantitative trait loci (QTL) that influence the phenotype also show an age-specific profile. To investigate this possibility, hematocrit was measured in three different age cohorts of mice (150, 450, and 750 days) of the C57BL/6J (B6) and the DBA2/J (D2) lineage. QTL were searched in the B6D2F(2) intercross and the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains. The effects of these QTL were explored across the different age groups. On the phenotypic level, baseline serum hematocrit declines with age in a sex-specific manner. In the B6D2F(2) intercross, suggestive QTL that influence the phenotype were located on Chromosomes (Chr) 1, 2, 7, 11, 13, and 16. With the exception of the QTL on Chr 2, all of these QTL exerted their largest effect at 750 days. The QTL on Chr 1, 2, 7, 11 and 16 were confirmed in the BXD RIs in a sex- and age-specific manner. Linkage analysis in the BXD RIs revealed an additional significant QTL on Chr 19. Baseline serum hematocrit is influenced by several QTL that appear to vary with the age and sex of the animal. These QTL primarily overlap with QTL that have been shown to regulate hematopoietic stem cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Johannes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Center for Developmental and Health Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, 101 Amy Gardner House, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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22
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van Os R, Ausema A, Noach EJK, van Pelt K, Dontje BJH, Vellenga E, de Haan G. Identification of quantitative trait loci regulating haematopoietic parameters in B6AKRF2 mice. Br J Haematol 2006; 132:80-90. [PMID: 16371023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The haematopoietic system is a complex organised tissue with a hierarchical structure. Identification of organisational pathways within the haematopoietic system is relevant for a better understanding of haematopoiesis in health and disease. We have analysed numerous haematopoietic parameters in two panels of a total of 157 genetically distinct B6AKRF2 mice, derived from an intercross between AKR and C57Bl/6 mice, strains known to differ in various stem cell traits. The major objective of our study was to assess the extent to which various haematopoietic parameters, such as stem cell numbers, progenitor cell cycling, progenitor cell mobilisation and neutrophil numbers in blood and bone marrow are coregulated. The genotypes of these mice were used to search for genetic loci that regulate these parameters. We found significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the number of stem cells (CAFC-35) in the bone marrow and the number of neutrophils in the blood. However, most haematopoietic parameters appeared to be controlled by non-heritable (epigenetic) factors, or by multiple QTLs. Our study reveals striking differences in structure of the haematopoietic hierarchy between individual mice. Surprisingly, stem and progenitor cell pool size and proliferation rate, as well as peripheral blood cell counts are all independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald van Os
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kumar R, Langer JC, Snoeck HW. Transforming growth factor-beta2 is involved in quantitative genetic variation in thymic involution. Blood 2005; 107:1974-9. [PMID: 16282338 PMCID: PMC1895709 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating thymic involution are unclear. In inbred mouse strains the rate of thymic involution and the function of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment are subject to quantitative genetic variation. We have shown previously that transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) is a genetically determined positive regulator of HSCs. Here, we demonstrate that genetic variation in the rate of thymic involution correlates with genetic variation in the responsiveness of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to TGF-beta2. Corroborating these correlations, thymic cellularity and peripheral naive T-cell frequency were higher in old Tgfb2+/- mice than in wild-type littermates. The frequency of early T-cell precursors was increased in Tgfb2+/- mice, suggesting that TGF-beta2 affects the earliest stages of T-cell development in old mice. Reciprocal transplantation experiments indicated that TGF-beta2 expressed both in the (micro)environment and in the hematopoietic system can accelerate thymic involution; however, the age of the stem cells appeared irrelevant. Thus, although thymic involution is largely determined by the aged environment, TGF-beta2 plays a major modulatory role that is subject to genetic variation and is possibly mediated through its regulatory effects on early hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kumar
- Department of Cell and Gene Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1496, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
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